medical errors why how

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O PINION POLL In today’s world .. Doctor’s have become more negligent! They do “anything” Expectations of patients are rising and difficult to meet. I am hearing more medical blunders than before. I know one doctor who is really good and trustworthy.

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Page 1: Medical errors why how

OPINION POLL

In today’s world .. Doctor’s have become more  negligent! They do “anything”

Expectations of patients are rising and difficult to meet.

I am hearing more medical blunders than before.

I know one doctor who is really good and trustworthy.

Page 2: Medical errors why how

Dr Nikhil D DatarMD DNB FCPS FICOG LLB DGO DHA   Consultant Gynaecologist Nanawati Hospital & HindujaHealthcare 

Founder President : Patient Safety Alliance 

MEDICATION ERROR : WHY? HOW?

Page 3: Medical errors why how

Harvard medical practice study

Dr Lucian Leap

Retrospective study of 30000 records. Incidence of adverse Events 3.7% 

Page 4: Medical errors why how

Inferences:

• 50% of these AE are preventable. 

• Only 1% could fulfill the criteria of negligence

• The majority of them were not individual 

failures but the system failures. It was a defective 

system which was just waiting to fail.

Leap etal Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 35 (2008) 1–10

Page 5: Medical errors why how

THE RESPONSE

“The magnitude of this harm can be equated to two jumbo jets crashing every three days in the US”

New  York state medical council stated that they are happy to note that only few doctors are negligent.

Page 6: Medical errors why how

MEDICATION ERRORS IN US  HOSPITALS

Adverse events related to medication :6.5 per 100 admissions.

Errors at two stages : ordering stage and administering stage

(Bates etal Journal of American Medical Association 1995,274:29‐34)

Page 7: Medical errors why how

INTERNATIONAL DATA

Study No of Hospital Admissions

Adverse events  (%)

United states (Utah‐Colorado study)

14565 5.4%

Australia (Quality in Australian Health care study)

14179 16.6%

United Kingdom 1014 11.7%

Denmark 1097 9%

WHO Executive board 109th session Dec 2001

Page 8: Medical errors why how

DEATHS &  DISABILITY

Australia:

Medical errors resulting into unnecessary deaths: 18000/ per year

Disability : 50000 / per year

(Weingart SN etal BMJ 2000, 320(7237):774‐777)

United states:

Deaths  44000‐ 98000/ per year

Injuries  1000000 / per year

(Kohn” To err is human” National Academy press 1999

Page 9: Medical errors why how

COSTS

Cost of additional hospitalization, treating hospital acquired infection, loss on income, diability, medical expenses and cost of lititgation is estimated between 6 billion – 29 billion  USD per year

( CMO‐“An organization with a memory. Report of an expert group on learning from adverse events in the NHS “ London Dept of Health UK 1999)

Page 10: Medical errors why how

INDIAN SCENARIO

The probability of patients being harmed in developing world is higher than in industrialized nations. 

It is estimated that the risk of HCAI is up to 20 times higher than in industrialised countries and is approx 15‐30% in acute care.

In the area of medication safety, 77% of all reported cases of counterfeit and substandard drugs are from developing countries. At least 50% of medical equipment is unusable or only partly usable‐ resulting into patient harm

(Report by National consultation workshop on patient safety by Ministry of Health & Family welfare Govt of India)

Page 11: Medical errors why how

“Many people in the healthcare profession and

in the general public still believe that mistakes in

medical care are episodes of individual failure

and that most errors occur as a result of

someone not doing his or her job.” 

‐‐‐Don Burwick (Achieving safe and reliable health care)

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1991, Harvard medical practice study

1999, IOM :” To err is human”

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IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

Adverse event is an injury related to medical management in contrast to a complication of disease.

Error is  defined as “the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended (i.e. Error of execution) or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim (i.e. error of planning)”

Near miss” or “close call”  is a serious error or mishap that has the potential to cause adverse event, but fails to do so by chance or because it was intercepted.

Hazard is any threat to safety

http://www.who.int/patientsafety/events/05/Reporting_Guidelines.pdf

Page 14: Medical errors why how

WHO MEMBER STATES PASS A RESOLUTION ON

PATIENT SAFETY

To reduce harm and suffering of patients and families

Economic benefits of improving patient safety

(WHO Patient safety Curriculum guide , 2009  : 81)  

At the World Alliance for Patient Safety

Page 15: Medical errors why how

MEDICINE IS COMPLEX

Harvard Venuguard query:

250 primary problems+ 900 secondary problems+300 medicines+ 100 diagnostic tests+40 procedures

In ICU settings , 179 procedures per day .. Which can prove dangerous.

Page 16: Medical errors why how

MEDICINE IS POTENT

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MEDICINE IS DE-PERSONALIZED

Page 18: Medical errors why how

HOW RELIABLE IS HEALTH CARE?

1000010010 1000 1million 10million100000

hazardous Ultra-safe

Bungee jumping

Mountainclimbing

Chemical manufacturing

Scheduled airlines

European rail

Nuclear power

health

Page 19: Medical errors why how

WITH SIR JAMES REASON

57 per 100000 deaths happen due to unintended injuries..It is the 9th cause of mortality in the world.

Page 20: Medical errors why how

“SWISS CHEESE”  MODEL OF ERRORS

Sir James Reason

Page 21: Medical errors why how

Harm

Human/individual

factors

System/ organizational 

factors

Circumstances/

Patient factor

Page 22: Medical errors why how

RICHIE WILLIAMS

Great Armond street hospital is a reputed children’s hospital

Dr Dermot Murphy was a reputed hematologist

Dr John Lee was a specialist registrar in paediatric anaesthesia.

Page 23: Medical errors why how

Alan Aitenhead Prof of Anaethesia  Nottingham Univesrity:  

“Death was a result of catalogue of mishaps & failings in the hospital systems than gross negligence.”

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PHILOSOPHY OF ERRORS

Ignorance

Ineptitude

Samuel Gorovitz ( Journal of medicine and philosophy, 1970)

Situational Awareness

Page 25: Medical errors why how

HUMAN ERRORS

Criminal actions

Intended actions: violations

Routine

Optimising

Necessary

Unintended actions:

Inadequate information:  mistake

Attention failure: slip

Reliance on memory: lapse 

Page 26: Medical errors why how

FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

New procedure

Fatigue 

Boredom

Overcrowding

Inadequate sleep 

Inadequate food

Reliance on memory

Page 27: Medical errors why how

WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN?

Is it because we do not work hard?

Is it because  we do not concentrate?

Page 28: Medical errors why how

Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs.  I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod  uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg.  Aoccdrnig  to a rscheearch, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm.

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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS:

Nurse                                                         surgeon

anaesthetist

Page 30: Medical errors why how

WHO  STRATEGY

Learning  from other industries

Educating  and empowering patients

Encouraging error reporting

Evidence based medicine and uniformity of treatment

Preventing infection

Cost effectiveness 

Page 31: Medical errors why how

PATIENT SAFETY ALLIANCE

Empowering pateitns & supporting Health care professionals to prevent errors and harm during medical care. 

Page 32: Medical errors why how

THANK YOU

Change is a difficult process … even from worst  to best.

The society accepts change in technology  easily but not in ideology,