medical aspects of arctic operations

7/29/2019 Medical Aspects of Arctic Operations

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AUG 22 1952ACCESSION No____ku dGI) ' e

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8VBiQ?, edial Asects o ni. OprationsSUPn To determine the problem nis operatios will present to thetica Srice, and formulate resmmadatiensfor the soluteo

ofthose probles,SO~n, Cor the etffet on the idvdual Goneraing phyuieal and metalcpacit, iniviul protective measures, diet, and training Inpersoal byimne.Cover te ?ffeso meIalunits required,pertaining to evacuation mtbods, hospitls, types of shelter andspecial requiremns, Waespecific reooid aticns onenPresribe atidulrotctive measres, diet and trainsg2 cops o o l units to be epoyedSpca edical equipwmt reqird,Coavvx t es M!IA STUDY SUORfCfls

64~ 4aartermater Sapplies.#*quipwmt and Services TDuring operationsnIteseo0.1

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AmTraininglome,*us tra l ian MU os,27 aig 454G Reprt, Rattle bpriace.s0 EQ.22 Fob 45AG? B0040Rpor X74, IEQ.18 Mr 45Intelligno. Review No. 25 &.54.a rctic scientific problemsaffecting military oeations and effect of Articcoditionson l*sk.Ox operations personnelWinter keois. &ak.z IIDMIS 1 Feb 46ovrrpr p abserverseport o Onad.. e $ 18 Feb 46frnsin Development, Vol.1.I$, AG?'.g 46German oldtraining and tactics WDE, 31 Jan 4eran unai trops "DMZS, Do* 44Ineri Report on bercte asz 194Alaskan maneer, ?148, cise wuon AG)',98 Way 47Report A4akanDwat entWner enters yCanadian Observers15Sn3 Mr 4494

S8i t. 7;5:,ty t 02C17? t .1AP Uhernc se lAskot 194 )&1Y j3AI ,:.i; tP4NCA + rt:> YERRaker Lake Force apt fW I L'ACa 3S iD { N D CP78 T}:,.;_ :DVObserverton ter~i Mask 1O

Fina Reort,- VI? Task force FrostbiteFinal ReortSFTask Fto llT.*Prr"alth Conditions A.ong S Aytroops in Alaska 1942470Helth of the r"the Army in the Arctic'.w Armored Cavalry Journal, oarAril 4701f War Comes to theuArcic'. l i Review. Jan 48

Water in the Arctic'ow Al Reie Apr 48'Inantry in MuntanOperations'" )il1 Reflow Mar 48"Supply Problems i Polar Opraions". lReiwOt 47


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Co 4 & acelStaff Collegeort ta nrth, ansas

SUJT . edal pets of ArtioOprations1. SP~E To determine the problems atioOprations will present tothe Mdica Srvice, so fora.lat rommendios for th e solutionof these probl.2. DICSION The eal asets of kti cprations as well a theproblems of other ams ad servies, have ben s ied i series ofcold wather operationsaidpreliminary corlusions havebeen aeae ,Conln iensameica l aspects are listed hew and the problemsae discussed i the anes referred to*

a. Personnel m aste caeull aand secially trained,bSpecial individual equimn and othing4an training i its useist~ essential. (annx 2,.: Personalhgin eand *sataionrequirespecal equipmetsad

special t raining r all personnel, (annex 5,)4, Messing presents problems in installations, rations, water andsanitation (annex 4.)e. First aid present. new problems and reuireas secialtrainingfo r allpersonnel, (n .)

f, wvsuton most be rapid and presents man problems. (aannex6gMed-a l equipment must bealtered and specialt equipment developedty,.n 7Fto m tetrqremets (ane ,), e majority of hopitals mas be bass units of peran or Sei.

pe t structurre, (nne 83,)i. Ahigher incidence of frost and Sowbltdnelss, upper respir..Eary ailments,. and carbon monoxide poisoning is -peculiar tAnetic Oertions,

3,psistingtye of medical units are Mequate, whe properly sa gemaetrained and equipped,~,ACTION flO bE), that lessons learned todat. be utilized intheslection and training of person sl in the conduct of training andoperations, and In the development of supplies mnd equipe t Thatresearch, devlopmet, and testing W continued in order to providebetter answers to the many robles which are only partially solvedto date.

V. :GRD~058724Maors Cavalry

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k r , t u M P~J9$~9t~ ~Personnelmast becarefuli eec ted and e vIberg is ependcbek t ai ~nob m oe apid riter in exreme old thena under~

icrnormallimatic conditions, Cl. Paul V:lKaneomnder of Task Force Frigid.is f the opinion that ma loses two per cent i efficiency fo r every degreebelow zero, Ee also states that 90 percent of a soldier'; time is spent infighting the elements when operating under arctic conditions, Other commandersand observers beer out Ccl, Zne's observations to a greater or leer degreebut it is obvious that men who are t fight i the Arctic gust be of soundmental and pysical health initially and must be fully conditioned if they areto operate efficietly under the added rigors of such cPaigning. -Studiescompleted to date, although neither fnal nr conlusive, indicate thatindividuals selected fo r asigens under conditions of extreme cold shouldpossess the following caractristics.

I, A iniu of 12 mnths military service.2,.fligh degree of physical fitness.30 ,A n imu grade of III n the Army General Classification Test,4o , High mtivation and incentive,5, A "normal' scre on psychological tests',, Origin from a small commnit

7, Zaschnical aptitude,8, Previous experience with cd .weather, (Men from m ot of the northern

United States possess this eharacteristie,)Training mst stresspysical conditioning and the "buddy system. whereby

pairs of men toh out for each other, mst be developed to a high degree,Leadership in all eelons, both in training and in th . fild, must be of to pquality and morale mat be kept high under trying conditions, The statementtat "incentive is worth enovercoat" has proven true on man occasions, The-folloingbasc principles must be perfectly instilled during training andfollowed religiously in the field:

1, War goggles at all times in th open during daylight hours to avoidsow-bl ndne,

2,Facing th e wind or walking .into th e wind mest be avoided wheneverpossible, With a high degree of wndhil frostbite an occur in one miuteand without th e casualty knowing it,

3, Avoid exposing uncovered extremities to the elements for long periods.Frostbite an occura a"o4'F ~i uncovered ha3Xn hand willl ~a r tob n witeafter tw miuels at v.5? Afer one~ sour of eoure at thids temptrature. twold~~ oEba gbl~Fav t b ~ataed~jj z&f

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bhxeagetory socks made wheeter the aopportuity presents itself,5. wet clothing must be dried throughly.6 Supplemeary dryhan gear and socks must be carried by all pro'nnl7? The dangers of carbon roxide poisoning st be realised and awoided,8, Proper exercise will increase het prductin but exercise should not

b sufficient to cause perspiration to mitt clothing. Clothing mut beloosened or rewrved in order t prevent perspiring as the result of necessary

9. Avoid spilling gsoline or other rapidly vaporizing substances onclothing or akin,

10,lNver touch etal surfaces with the bare skin11 , Bitter use liquor i any for, Acohl cases all th e outer blood

vessels of the body to dilates and produces a dissipation of body heat and* rapid drop in deep body tenperaure, A n under the influence of alcohl.if xposed isubsero nather, even for only a short time, can rapidly freezetodeath

Adequate instruction in first aid ust be given to every officer andnlisted Men through the tedium of et and dexmnstrations, Frostbite,

snow.blindness, trench toot end earbon monoxide poisoning should be especially

training in the use of special clothsig end equipmentis essetia (see

Training personal hygiene and sanitation msot b undertaken (see Amez3.

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peci0 individual 'I n l"" t

The rtic clothing which has bey en w oed b the Qae ruserG.neriha proven to be adequate freoi prtos.Tenwrtbrglass lined s re superior to' my pile wic has as yet beend .loped ed the a arend is toward fewer and thicker gh-ter lyr rvd arments as againtt

Clothing stb properly fitted snd must fit loo sely throughout.Fsteners taut bes designed and ser ed that they can be adjustewithout renving hedgeer end clothing ast b aable of being loosenedand readjusted with minianm effort,

mst be trained to loosen clothing allow circulation ofairinorder toavoid perspiration, r tydaness . greatly reduces the Insulatingvalue o oisoclothing and mast be a oidd

Wool sees cushion sle should be worn under ski sock, and cottondrawersarni ndershirto s tkoolendrawers and uder s ,The socks andundererwrneto the skin should be oh::eery day if possible andat least every other d Skisocks, woolen drawrs -n d undershirtsshouldbrotated daily in order that theyw thoroughly dry and provide i mprotectionGlea socks and undoe ar should b automati issue end suppliedwith the ration,

kis and swshoes in heir present state of developmentareadequ abut considerable training Is required before the average soldier can f.aiAy degree of familiarity or proficiency with either, Troops to be utilisedin arcticeation should b trained in the use of both skis and4 snows-hoesas it s erequently I pseible to wove on ttithout utilizing one or theother,

:l clothin and equipment rntb wie ocvred with white for useiarctic oeratons,

Although anirp ts in individal clothing and euipmentcnband are being made there are relatively few real deficiencies, A thermoscanteen at be prctdsa methd ofheating td itu rations in hefield mast be developed and an individual dielshelter wet be devised,

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Annex

tr ord erson e1 ,Heated latrines irst be, provie for troops in the field* Bodily

evacution is most difficult and on be dagrus insub*nserc tnprerswi wilI turn an uncovered hman hand whiteafter t minutes eoeand require its aputation oter one hour of exposure, t such temperatureswet mnwill put off evacution until it beesen absolute necessity andthe ills nenderedb faulty e iminationwill inevitably follow. Lgtine

imngans. or shelters mounted on sedsmy be, constructed to b towedbehind both administrative ad comat vehicles, and may be left i assemblyareast wen combat vehicles go into action, These wm eile lW rines = tar vd d t e set o t a a u s h

atr~e of 'gasoline sand fuel oil, Rvey soldier muot be resed withthe necessity fo r regularity in elimintion and provide with the mean tallow it,

Bested wanigans wilth waimp facilities shold b provided when troopsare to be from such fixed faiit ie s for long periods. Teeth shouldbe aoshed a least one daily, The bdshould be bathed atleast once a,week and vihen i is isosible t provide for a omrplete bath the feet,crotch, a*nd apits should b wiped daily or a least every other day witha ala.wt oprloh t h xetion.of socks and underwea wrn. to the skin, personal clot'hing can be worn for lon periods otimin the .W.trem cold, Clean cuehion sole socks antd cotton underwear should

bautomaic issue and supplied with the ration, Ti socks and. underwearworn next t the skin should be changed daily if possible and opatevery other day, Ski socks, woolen undrshirts and drawers should brotated daily in order that they thoroughly dr and afford full proesteti.on,.Priodicallys me will have to be sent toa.er chln.werefailiti a for acoMlte bath and comlte c ange of clothn are avaiable

The mrale fase provided a daily waohu$ saves cleasocks andund-erwear is obvious but the health factor =,at not be overlooked, Contrary

tpopular beief, a heard is but alight protection gainstthe cold in'addition to being unsaitary1 lirty, swety o; ir b sbads andfeet result in dirty* moist or greasy cot i ng and a consequet l niIn tie insuling value of the coth, Slovenliness lowers moralear. breodsIac of discipline as well as illness,. It t nt b tolerated ond the.ens 'avid it mtbe provided, ti

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~ssiesntsrobemsIn inStal otns ratonss wter endsanitation,

Adquate nourishment is a pre essential ithe fighting efficioeyof troops is to be nmintained in .y limate and i doubly ixiortent Inthe .rctic,In fairly stable situations i the field it is possible to operate anormal mess i sufftcenmt shelter an be provided to allow for preparation

andonsusption of the food, The ,Ja Shelter provides the best solo.tion t this problem but has th e disadvantage of requiig the. equivalent

o n 1/2 ton, long wheel base trck to transport the24 pound 161'32'shelter end the equivalent of 2 1/2 ton, long wheel base trucks

for the 6427 pound 241 z 48t shelter, As . loped at present the smallerJameswayr is byatr the more satisfactory ofth two,. TJexcwsa is aninsulated shelter with heap e. of half' a tube with the sem-circarends waled:_ in and fitted with doorsed in d, Ordinary tentage is Unrasuitable for cookin or inessin3 because of the excessive frost acunlatioon the side walls end ceilings,'i frost melts when the tent is isrando uses water to drip into food and on personnel,*Then the xistr freezes5is Imrposible to strike the tent,

The "'rstion-* with its several anstab .eooz ne, the large tinttof pot able water required for its preparation,.ad the further quadtiis

ofwaer necessar to provide fomss sanitation when this ration isse v pos furher problems, ntasotdoe ogdsacsbt' o r povr l n die bohation endatbr s et b,0aorried in heated vehicles o ontainters and storedineated shelter4 These requirements d4mndcareful planing andahigh

degree of ooordinstio u and ef ici ncy as w ll as special eq i mont, i nat e d fi u t e n o v d t er t o b nr veno ve r. o 2 ble. and every effort aut be made to provide anraion ftleast 400 calories as comrpared to t. usual 'pl ration of from350tLO0calories, Thwere is noeidence that extra fats need b added to the

ra-tion for use in arctic operations,The roblemsIncident tothe use of the"Allration preoludeitsuse i

misttie orcornbat stutia, For 'such stuatioxns thea "Vration aitispresently constitut4d aisaoya ndwt h a few minor improyemits it

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4Ab2 II tand serving and this feature allows fora 'Frtinii ;e~4euipmnt ndprso nlrequired to bundle tan n vngreaterreuto

in mess santti robles .fn eight can ration provides th e 4500caloriesre .r for lsode operating under conditions o extreme cold, Thefeetoonttobodui,2Y ,10

acesrypcket, and cigarette poacket now available to makea up this rationprovide sufficient variety to s atisfy all tastes over a siderb3eperiod,The followigmrovemets have been suggested.

. That an eg- opnn or similar brafast item b provided,2.That the fruit and'bread units each be packed a one cotainer

separable into tv~o cans b use of th e can opener;,3, .That the synthetic beverage powder be roplaced b additional

cofeeand that another source of vitain C b provided,4 Thteach type of unit be ett o ad within the pakg cas t

facilit ate issue,5,That soupso light broths b added to the ration, preferrably

ctal ns in sel f ain. .cns~ (A self heating ca has recenti been

Th6U rationne ehetda central issue point(a yet nstisfactory ethod for eati r dividuss in e ft l ass eeandeviedelivered to individueas ininsulated containr andons unedfrom its openedtin with the woodn spoons from the aso packet, 4 I - insu latedo tai. er provides for treasporting .4 cans ofheatedr tionsndon2uarb can of heated beverage and will keep isc ontents at edible tezo 'etuire

fo 14 hours at a temperature of af The container seaure a pproximely4 x I. i a16ounds and can be easily manhandled or carried on

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iosearateeegency rat inha eend.e lpdas ytbuttlhebroadunit andit o z f the units orm th " rlat nlend themselves W e'll. tothis role i eaten a snaeke tihroughout the days bn aself heating can ofsoup* srfeted and added to the ' ration ezocllent emergency rationcan aily be made up stailw ater pr smeno gea bI x: citxwrdin t

tad rd aterpun oa~tion units i t.esa stoag e t&&z are

housd i heatedh t~-1ts,~ Th watr syPLP~i~ trnp rt 4~~ okn quart it fkallP~~5~~Yloater van i itp isj~no pd oetremeg$8; col for~ me~ thanl one

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ha hour, If it is to exposed for a longer period th e 19.cotaierma y b used, A thermeos anteen fo useby the individual is a nooeoasaryitom which has yet not been provided,The Egineer Board is carrying outexperimets with -snow and ice elters, inerized water purification plats,and winterisd water tank trailers in order to further sim plify the waterpurification and distribution problem, Results published to date indicatetha these itoms are not entirely sisfctory In their present ated loen

Garbage ca be disposed of by placing it on top of thesnow nd allow-ing it to dehydrate, This es then stated with gsolie or fueloil and burned, When a unit is in, a b ac of short duration and in a

loality non to be inhabited by wild an 1lso garbage can be lf ntopof th e snow and will evetually be disposed of by the animals, Liquidwamstesnay be deposited in a spot of low terrain not adjent to a posiblewter sorce,


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~~~rbm end~tereo esocls~~; trai forIfheal

bulky Thclothingorn by the casualty, th e gloves necessary to theaid m.n and the need for inwodiate action if wounded men are to surive,will require a better thantavrae knowledge of first aid onth patoevery officer and enlisted rmn who is to engage It arctic oprations, idman will require assistance from combat troops end combat troops will brequired to adinister firset aid without benefit of aii *n

Mumn mast watol each, other constantly for sij fcronmnxd

. of crbon mnoxid

Poisoning or frosbieAlcoolicbeveaes t not be used on any occasion,

Tourniquets mat be used 'with extreme care and mut insectedfrequently since cold weather cuts down end inmgairs circulation to allthe rr ties

Sp~its ua .beal o clothin; t o t ti shoes or glovesof. th e casualty, rid ladin scissors or splint wii unloved hands,

SWill sick to any metal object at the tempratures encountered,aitext tonwounds to the elemets fo r extended periods, Alt a Lblood will f reezoeand help control bleeding the exposed tissues will becomefrost to an the healin pcoceae will be materially slowed dom

Vs e heat osreftlly ed be extremely gendtleintreatix. ftrtbittmombrs, evr rub tho fro tbttn area with.snow,

Ushe orphi e normally -nd t.the In ei on theas sirt,:careto avold largblocd vesseols., rclati i n e strong i. t1ze area.

ne srttos mstbeasrriedcle tThe:aid n' body t tf frozencan be thawed by o. .4 ;,the n te mut 0"ortwo minutes ,

Shock* he .silnd, s, andPfce w o ., b zseranac t r sroxuldotrotodIn the normoal m bur deep bod; tempeorature L=at be piainedh

and the patient mst b acat. d promptly.

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6,~Hvacatin mut b raid end press manY1P~,V Vt

Proits rapid and fefficient eauton o cs ate se bsolutnecesity, Bvminormounds can result in sock with it- oowaynloss. of deep body . temperature nd woundedran can die of freezing Invery short time, The c .sualtyms- kept warm while being evacuated.oIpossible the casualty should b given hot liquids, zonm-alcobolics anchmica heating pads should beaplied before evacuation isuzetsken.

The Ba*.,Sleeping. asa t acation, iswell suited for us.ireeclx, a b oe nal en feauto, I 1aU

tune dognto4 'h, casualty placed in he.bacan be expsed for a.period of one hour without danerot feeing,The SlanketflactricallyReated.. Casualtyis excellent when f ttb

to oper on the voltage provided by the electrical plant of the evacuatingvetfeor plans

The Adpor tite.skiwhh permts fastening the standard litterSstandard skis or th e Adaptor LUtter, toboggan, whic er its farseni

the standard litter to the standard teboggag may be used in the absence ofbetter means of evacuation, Prvacuation by ski o tobogan is slow, laboriuswastefulngemower sandis limited to open, soroth , ndherd snow coered

s gfoeCs, llttle, if any. protection i afforded the patient and in a shortim the casualty becomes virtuly o red with snow, These hs oSevuaio should be, used only ietreme.eergenies.

fs s tory dogs drivers c be obtained ad traineddog sledsmay be used with considerabl success fr front line eacut on, Theteamand driver move wih loe noise and present a lower silouttehe thatpr n dby amr propelled vhice, and con.travel from a2to 5 miles

per hour, Oly one ma is required to operatea dog teead he methodfaster ad more efficient than evac .&ion;.slinhed ytkior toboggan

litter,.fla ever, from 7 to B or 9 dogs are required for each sled, men anddogs =zt b espeially trained end the dogs imet b ed andkeeldProperly employed, this inetho4 anbepeticulsrl effective inevacuatingc.u ie from the front lines to aid stations from which point furtherev cuationc be e dn oaselsor li tx

The weasel , or Carriers argo, $9 used fo r cross.4country evacuationivesgb excllent' serice h, driven creflladn. g iven proer m ainteae,

It is a.lrc sil ute,9l"l irabhBious fullatrack layng veie, is~ man~euerable~ si~~ a~ ~fbQS1 ~fZ~ ~$~ ~~~O i~$~~~~~ ~1 '


14/22

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adan raw ro sotry at anapeeof fi eie per hour andsl1 tanwee, T ts preset state of dvelepiat it3ow.cryoneUttero. and two waoki dedsvrnsadertw litter cases In addition tth e rir The Weasel can further ttyrow.

vyThe Hlicoptr equippe With two eaution tubes has prove to beosfleut o *t t tver suessful i eaca casalies.r EEItsr a iaaiit an i tsaility toe inrestrictd areas a it 'an otfilent retbod of evstn..nation i sr t e r, 3 or 4, caa e ; a landg areasffient for lading the eopter i ater of utes,Casualties ineletially ewt&blakes ,nvcuationtubeshaekpcoaftrtable for periods of 2hours at *40F

Qlders and liaiso plaes havebeen used suoesaf 1yfor.evacutiobut more opentrrinad are laboriously proered landing and take offsrips are reqirod then are nesar for the Hlicopter,

Frther detail regardng the Wesel ad Helicoterandtothe eidlessuggested for evaouationar contained in 7.T

44

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15/22

Mmeetr+ uHrei'nrnts'

First idsitsms be designedso that they cn be used th glovedhands,

Kit, itel Private, should h 6 pill vialsistead' of 3 and iodineab. should be replaced with m erthiate switbs A aP pouch should b

designed so that.,when open, ech. item is exposed in an iniiual pocket,A whte cover should be provided fort uflage, Nits should be so designedthat they an 'be used with gloved handsen so that when open the contentsare potected from the elemets,

Kit, Madicatl Oicer, should embody theae modifiationts as set outabove,

:Kit, eal CO.should embody the samemdficat ins as setoutabove adi addition should be provided 'with bandage scissrs oraCse.stru .dca fleer',

Nylor gloves should ab urnishedt all meical personnel, Scissorsand splints cannot b handled wthout them as flesh 'will stick to any mdal

objct t tewerturs ecouterd. vemwith tv present gloves (nylonend reyon.tyon) 5 miuts s. hesafe limitof eposure a 0?

Th hms *rm Splint should be redesigned for usewit bulky arcticclothinga and the fraction Strap for the leg splint should b made adjustableor hargor to acomodate anetic ter

The Plasma Unit aspresently sonstituted cWasntbeuedi tefilunder arctiec coditilons, it will freeze at eperstureis below 32?, ad isdifficult to open, The cellophane tape sealin' the umit is-art a ulerly

The Blanket $~,arge Comle tw i is R/ equipmeut for theClearing . latoon is inadequate, The13 banketset i lgot keep the

casalierm ndar eces bggge They should b replaced b the.aar. rBaleigs Casualty auain~

Th fageein, asult rs:tatio, iin ga altwell sui d foruse in exteme old and oem be uea nalisaltin n nalenof eveosin parka type hood shouldab attachedto iv protection tthe casualty's head nd a six inch zipleec slit should bemade across the

bto tthr e su aly's right and# l tt4hel, so:that in'te pplcati

ofira~ le splint~ th oo rs ca b irte throughL th siPBjtand attaced~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fii~4>4ttpPHg~~~bi~ k t~ ~ lr ~~ra ~~ksrs

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16/22

rletria~l $ested casualty, i eleW&,t7i'tfitted "so as to 0o erate on the varying oltaees enoterd In the differen

~tallaiors antd evacuatioanrmeans It alsosho hve a pza~rka type- hoodattached give protection the csutz y's bead, A asulty may remainomtortable in this blaket fo r an indefinite period at extremely lowtemperatures.

Hlot liquids nnct be mad available fo r treating shook, A therms typectee to b carried by individuals should be developed and the'1194naulated container should be furnished to all uits, inat l latons, andevacuation veicles

The Chest, idioal ertent s NumbersI and , Coplete are bothtoo large, bulk and heavy for mobility In a forward aid station, Thecontents o both, as presently oonstitute4 are inadequate for use in afieold dispensary, The chests should be redesigned t be broken dcva topack sized 1o ads capableo beig carried bpersonnel in addition topesoona equipment and with the contents well protected from th e eleenand easily acessible, flexible containers should be provided for liquidssubject to freezing and any glass containers used for such liquids shouldbfilled n more then three quarters full,

A lightweight, waterprof, Insulated floored shelter shouldbeper-tteoted for use of the Uttealion Aid Sctioni fluid situations,.I soud.be capable of housing patients fo r treatment and of bingraorted bytwo IdiT, he Light Weight tyramttdal tent , which weighs 46 1/a2poundoltea ith aluminum polepins and carrying brags& ot insulated andis

too shal for tis p o but c an possibly be developed to fill an em rgency

The .Ysmesw Sheter, 16 ' x 32' provides a superior shelter fo r use blaic2ield its under extreme cold conditions ire all echelons from the

battalion aid station to the fedhospital* ec td, it fora half ninsulated tube with the semicircular ends 'walled up, The boxes in whichthe shelter is packed for transportation form the floor nd a ro overthe door and two windows in each end provide adequate ventilation, One.shelter will adequately hose an aid station and en gt bed quartersequialt et Tofoe1/ts oacednogeheelat ebruc t canasilbe tdonapfrepared site in~ one hourX y sig meandE disasrsmle and loaedinppox

as~~~~~~c~~~~~~~~~a,~~: ier~~2ar~~ns~~ ~ ~ A.i~-t b ,~I~l~ a~i~fa~~"~ ~t~ce~tsb~S ~be~ cas a~;~sa z~h~s~~;;X; b~~it an e~~h *Ot~~~~..Sj ~ ~~~BttD ~lb BfB~~ aT'a r~ 0


17/22

wt 2t

tey 5te Wsx . These operations om eperformed In eubo.zero tstatutes without particular difficulty

The 8427 pounds aL4' x h8'#Jamewey Shelter is unsatisfactory because

7f i houro l n n l e fo t t s, I e ursome7hs erect and over 2 1/2 hours to disessenible and has a y sma11parts ich are easily lost

The Stove, 'Pent M1941, has proton to.b satisfactory a method ofsoting field installations, Then coal is- usdaa fuel the Stove uses

one half ton per week,, en fitted with a Gasoline burner adapter, hichwilalso but diesel oil, the fuel ooneunrption rate is 6 gallon s in a2

h ors The stove is eimi constrution easy to transport a as axIblt,and sa fe and siurle in operation, Tw of these stove will ade quately heatw' 2 a o wy S e t r 4' t i h t a b s osheeting be placed under al stoves t prevent burning the floor but no

other extra precautions are necessayThe mst effective U, , military vehicle developed to date fo r front

line evacuation i th e arrier, Cargo* 11T9 or Weasel, It is a lowsilhouette,# pibous, fl taklaying vehicle, weighing 477 pounds(loaded), end has a ground pressure o only 1,9 pounds per square inch., Itis maeuverable. end when. driven carefully and given proper, maintenanice cantraw I practically anwhere and average five miles per hyour cross ountrydurivginter months without daeag to the vehicle,. I. its present designth e Wae can carry one litter case and two walking wa od or two Utteroases in addition t th e driver,.i should b fitted it a closed ab andhters should' be sald

The Canadian Penguin qno mbile has apprently proven t be superiortoeieseli some respects and its posblities:should be exloed

The Casnadians have reco ;a edtht n hites be designed and developedin three lasaesj I to n payloads 4 ton payloads and 10 ton payload, but itinot kown howfrthis development has progressed, The posibilities forln tx Hevauation, dspen s :ettee, and ta t facliie in suchconveyances suld not e overlooked,it has been smggested that s lepingacco2 dtto sn agalley for cooking ashin facilities anrd a toilet could

Theb Cnadia have~~~ as ls undth the fkar3t~ bbsi 4JdealW.nG Oceter~ of grvit i kept low,~jo~n~.s ~uprio to8~ig i runr orf~f trac~B ;s fo

%e~~s ~~~PP ~~PbS.* 1 iI ILV~~h a g~~ln~ ~iaaxi ~~$ir iii~~~~~~~rn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' -. ~~~~Q~ ~ ~1II~JkB~ Pt~; $Q~8X~1

~TPB :d9~~~~Ie ,d~~sg~s g~~m;ra~~d~np ssr~~xg i~e~asEE~a ~d p~.a~sn~i~~i~~ L~B o ~r~ ~~kpga~~rgjgg ~ oP %Ee~~8~ i ~1 ~~ta~E$$Qs ~ 69 /


18/22

trailrs, hy, asoa reomenad solid rubbr tiret~a'inThd~& tnzct iresfreeze Solid at low tqwirtra

Aotherconveyance which ight prove to be , prior to the .ea forfrout line evauation is the -Vat, developed der 24 years of experimntby , 1 U.Acker of California. The So.Cat has opencblated trapks r ierod pontoon skis, a flatn drive' that eaba the machine to .iperateover ic e or soft virgin snow with equal easeat Pspee of from four totwenty ytles per hour, Front supports are broad algis wthan be quikor pl oeO by teel if opera groundi encountered, five pereger closedmdel g haf only ZOO0 pounds nd sells cow ercially for aproximately

sO It is believed that this hil Bst reiementof imioa envey.ances which areskon to operae successfully in Ontario and Quebec a

ttor driven vehic les nnst be provided with means fo r pro-heabing themtors,. The best engine heater develo ad to date i the Reter,*tngine,Pert tion Supr ex . iodel16O, It is a small.pot-tyrpe.,electricalyignited gasoline burner with tic bhet a y be directe to any desired partof tie motor or vehicle,. hen operated overnight as a t n-by he.ater ithas al lo ard for ist sainga tseatrsd ownao 620P~* Te e ter$tcw rt~, er EanCrank, odel 796-IAeis reasnal stisfaatc7, It

a slf~cotaaed prek ttg uitdesigned for use on sall gasolineenries andat er .quipment, .eat is transmite h rouh .aflexiblemret$:duct an.d ilt embodies an open flame type burner which depends upon fuel airand ven ti a t i n g a i r for ope r a i on , I t i s s i aq e an de . .1ss i ly ttshr c r t s p o r

Tkehelicopteras15 0nd'YR 1i Ahave proven to bevery suce~.s I iemousting csltis, Their maneuverabiity and abit 1 to land in restrictedarea make the a particularly efficient net od of evacuatio n snow Covered34ae te n de

) tintes anid evcations are rapid end comfortabl forb the casualties.CegLicoptes should be equipped With instruments for night flying so thatevacuation can proceed o a hour schedule, anf hould be fitted for alarger fuel supply sot at their ffine radius will not be imited to thepresent 150 miles, I their present state of developm ethelicoper require

la~F ~ldboratri or~Bispensriesrq bu prearaion for~ their6~ landin nil equir~na~ ~nrei~3ss~,~~a~~% ~ rare~~~ arJi~i-~ S~~~~giP~UL

~~~~~618 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 1*tk~i~B~gt i~~t ~~ r ~$L~~~BC~~~r~~S~~aal flLEF~~g~C~ ~I~ ii iEi~;~flOt~fi~fl~~


19/22

ensi er.b3, t'r in most ee zn s prepan$o ~ brequired it patient are to be encouated byEaier,

Liasn and tran or type planes my be usead tor evm at infoiastallatons further to rear where aeua lending strips eon. be pro-pared, Packe runways or strips are required wether planes are fittedith whesels orskis.

T.,4


20/22

the ctof a ta l i ebase units of ermsnent or aem

Only in istallaions. housedinperanent or scmiopermeneivt strctescnadequate treatment be efficiently provided under arctic conditions, Th e

prbeso msig ousing, beatig and sanitation wihapp3ly t cropate necessarily xintilied when medical or surgical treaten is required.Fied hospital, 1Holding hospitals, 1vcuation bosptalsr urgoa

hositals Clearing stations, Collecting stations, and Battalion Aid stationsanbe housed in Jne vy h er, However, the problems listed abovemeavettte.utpplaon f x aas kttoma.s

mzz and that every. effort be made to move casualties well to the reartohe~ permanent or smio p eaet General and Convalescent hospitals asri as posible,

Consequently mos hospitals will have to be base units o permmaet orseiawpermenent structure 'with their chain of casualties coming to themnbair,

i ::i~~zen8~~J~t.~~~E ~tP~ ~ t~C~n~BFC&s9[1FffbSI~ Ifi~it~~~Ui

~i~s~e~i~a~


21/22

ailMen andcarbon vnoxide poiconk is elar to Artic eranxs,The higher icidence of frostbite d sno bflndnees is a natural result

of th e conditions under which men zasnz4 t ad orkduri Arote operations.It can only beredued byproper trainingad qimetad by j1 l personnelexercising proper precautions.atl41times 4

At operations to date hate resultei..n an alarming iiicroseein upperrespirator;yailents sing the personnelegae3 Pert of t.his imre e eonbe atibuted to the tact that the men, while in bas aps inwereftenhoused in overheated, poorly ventiated shelters, The increase was proba-blyAute agjra ate by the fact that new groups of observers rrived at theso ne of operations at frequent intervals and brought with them furtherinfect:ions, primarily of the upper respiratory variety, Insjpite of thosecontributin, factors it is believdthat fture operations will result in asigri 1lcant increase in such ailmentsunless prey nie measures.are toen,

The Canadians report that in their Operation Axk~f soe e7;ofthpersonnel suffered fnom cron monoxide poisonii",liethis oper4tioninvolved a 4100 mi tr ovem nan end the men were almost constantly withtheir vehicles, it i evident that in an aio operation there is gretdanger from catbon monoxide poisoning ir motor idoles are zlo ed , llpossible st epasust be taken to guard against It and facilities provided totreat it when it does occur,

The Canadians also report a significant i4 te at Inincidenoe of minerlesions oftheskin1 lips and mouth. a result fexposure to.winds coldmid sun, The oc1that t .e Iack of :efe iliti Qfor normal personalhygiene was aontribluting facter and streathe fect that such facilitiesmust eprovided,Te other diseases inoide t; ieloperaticons shoer no signifanttrends in the Artticoperat'Ion tu41ed. ?h1eis no special dentalproblem,On th e whols accide.nt were considerablyer under the averge xecany.buit t- believdthat under .ctual cotbt conditions the acoidoi rate willclimb consideraly becauseatc relatively unami iar equipments difficultterrain, bulky eloting, and I aired dv~ti dexterity peculiar to rticoperauions

~hsb~a~s~, ~.~,~assF~E~ ~~B~SQ a~9~6 n ~$QB~B

.i% .i. :: ii:i i :::; ;ii :? 'h2-~ ._g~:r::.I"i ; :

""1IICrlllClu


22/22

trd and uied,Ther isa no Lde itha etraal ch.nest:.Tb1e o;rncto

of x:t' t.r;.,eicl ntst o~ea@A'4eereabltr grctisorsonelshould berefally4elcts. .for physic.and a.utal charaeter.

&StiQS fadcondit ion end ciould be thoron l ndel ly t... r atned or thewr. which they' will be required to do,

Additienal motor ,4aintee per sonmel ahouldbeprovi d l metaluits eqloying u torized equipmst great deal o extra ettort#-.

required to keep motor v h c e running properly under extree r ndihioneadthe personniel requiredt keep all v tlce a cte mtdcunite op erative aa ltime eiould.be provided,:. Sic..e ot 0o41the aIdleatobe u e d b mied ical un it se i n etic o pera tion > 1 be o f p eci .I ypes,p c a r b e s It i si t a h a n

' 4sz I rovid be thoroughly trained in the oprationi tr cof the particular vehices to b mppyd,

dI f sleds aet tlzdfrrn ii mvcu atiozeFlcdrivers and handlers must be provide4 for their aoration,

litdial is mstbeadequately eqn.ipp d with pecal veiclesseltrtechnical euimnt , and personal clothing qtdI#n at, $Itr Imtbe thocu= l rains in the care anuse of theqi n tassignedto them

end intetetetoinj esuriesillua.sse3s peouisw:..2sto kxi c opr" ."atos,It i s ontia that al medical personnel seetd for traiing ard etiysent in eroie opec tions be torcn'-,2 l tw :rai .in at >brpased -norma

mical ni (&-'acobeforebeing -traine! or cE -e&oc;.trduty, . .tthese badle skills not loot uric thte iin for orA operations.

it .7

medical aspects of arctic operations

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