World Applied Sciences Journal 22 (3): 345-358, 2013ISSN 1818-4952© IDOSI Publications, 2013DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.22.03.1752

Corresponding Author: Nazri Muslim, The National University of Malaysia.345

Mean Analysis of Student’s Levels of Knowledge, Understanding and Acceptance Towards Provisions of Islam and Malay in Federal Constitution

from the Perspective of Ethnic Relation in Malaysia

Nazri Muslim, Wan Zulkifli Wan Hasan, Jamsari Alias and Norazila Mat

The National University of Malaysia

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyse the knowledge, comprehension and acceptance levels amongstudents of Public Higher Learning Institute (IPTA) towards Provisions of Islam and Malay in the FederalConstitution in the context of ethnic relation in Malaysia. This study involved 800 respondents who wereselected from four IPTAs. Data of the study were obtained from analysed surveys using SPSS programme.Descriptive statistic such as frequency and percentage were used for describing respondent’s backgroundwhile mean analysis and standard deviation were used for evaluating level of student’s knowledge,comprehension and acceptance towards provisions of Islam and Malay. Result of the study indicates that thelevel of student’s knowledge, understanding and acceptance towards provisions of Islam and Malay in theconstitution is high, in overall. However there is significant difference in level of knowledge, understanding andacceptance according to Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnics. Based on the findings of this study severalproposals regarding the provisions of Malay and Islam have been brought forward.

Key word: Federal Constitution Provision of Malay Provision of Islam Ethnic Malaysia

INTRODUCTION language are addressed. Therefore, discussion on the

Malaysian from various ethnics is very committed Language and Malay privileges have a very closetowards strengthening the spirit of unity and integration relationship between one another in which one elementamong ethnics and regions. This is important to guarantee should not be put aside as it affects other traditionalthe viability of Malaysia as a multi-ethnic county and with elements.regions that are separated apart between the states. FromTable 1, it is clear that there are three large ethnics in Problem Statement: Issues pertaining ethnic relationshipMalaysia namely the Bumiputera, Chinese and Indian, in Malaysia have changed a lot in the past five decades.each consisting of 65.9%, 25.3% and 7.5% from the total According to Muzaffar, M. [3], controversy among thepopulation of Malaysia in the year 2005. This statistics races in Malaysia can be divided into a few phases.have revealed that there exist pluralism of society in On the 50’s, citizenship and social contract dominatedMalaysia which are divided into three large ethnics racial relationship, followed by the language issues on thenamely the Bumiputera that consists of the Malays and 60’s prior to the implementation of New Economic Policythe native people of Sabah and Sarawak, Chinese Indian (NEP), whilst quotas and urbanization shaped the ethnicand other ethnics. relationship during the 70’s and 80’s. On the 90’s and

This pluralism shows that issues pertaining language, during the millennium, religion-related issues influencedreligion, the privileges of the Malays and the position of ethnic relationship very strongly in this country. HeMalay Rulers are important factors to establish close added that if comparisons are made between issues inethnic relationship among Malaysians. According to racial relationship in Malaysia for the past five decades,Ratnam [2], these issues will determine the condition of the religion issues which came to emergence of late posedethnic relationship in the future by observing how a very critical impact. This opinion was supported byquestions on the privileges of the Malays, religion and Syed Husin [4] who view the sentiment of ethnic relation

institution of Malay Rulers, position of Islam, Malay

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Table 1: Composition of Malaysian Population, 2000-2010 (Millions of People)

Total Population (Million) Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2010Bumiputera 14.56 66.1% 16.06 65.9% 17.95 67%Chinese 5.58 25.3% 6.15 25.3% 6.52 24.3%Indian 1.63 7.4% 1.83 7.5% 1.97 7.4%Other Ethnics 0.27 1.2% 0.32 1.3% 0.35 1.3%Total Population 22.04 100% 24.36 100% 26.79 100%Source: Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan 2006-2010. [1]

Table 2: Reported Social conflict from Year 1996-2002 Conflict Type/Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 TotalReligion 7 2 25 11 8 9 3 65RacialBrawl 12 4 10 5 8 28 14 81Civil Disorder 0 0 4 2 2 1 1 10Assassination 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1Security 6 0 1 7 6 17 1 38Racial 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 7Economics 0 0 4 0 1 2 1 8Neighborhood 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 9Illegal settlement 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1Total 33 13 67 65 34 75 40 327Source: Cited from Azman Amin Hassan [5].

in the present time is at a high level which could cause Besides that, the Five Year National Unity andconflict and bloodshed. For example, in Malaysia, there Integration Action Plan (2005-2010) [8] states that issuesare 21 racial conflict cases between 1945 to Mei 1969. such as challenging social contract, religious and

Based on the statistics and monitoring by the language friction were frequently brought up and couldDepartment of National Unity and Integration, there evoke prolonged conflicts if it is not properly addressedwere 327 reported cases on social conflicts from 1996 to in the context of ethnic relationship in Malaysia. Similarly,2002. From Table 2, 81 cases related to racial brawl which the same happen to the perception of some non-Malaywere the highest, followed by 76 political cases, 65 communities who considered this social contract asreligious conflict and et cetera. Most of racial brawl cases something related to nationality which were given to theminvolved school students which were categorized as when they were immigrants. This is the reason why thediscipline problems. However, if prevention and non-Malay generation nowadays considers that it ismonitoring measures are not practiced, it will give serious something of the past. They could not see why it stillimpacts in the future. needs to be brought up, as for them; citizenship is

Referring to the question of social contract, the something that is given automatically. They are of theagreements which was not recorded were accepted by the opinion that this compromise is tied to a particular timeBumiputera and immigrants in which they are willing to and no longer relevant (Zainal) [9]. The Malays assumeaccept the special position of the Malays and other that the provision as something sacred, whereas some ofelements for the willingness of the Bumiputera to accept them argues whether that provision relevant and tied tothem as a citizen who are entitled the basic rights such as this particular day (Just Faaland, Jack Parkinson and Rais)the right to vote and others in return. However, a question [10].arises, that is how far this agreement would be accepted This becomes more apparent as the attitude ofby today’s younger generation (Awang) [6]. This is students who do not understand the traditional elementsbecause, at the early stage, tradition and the charisma of which have been the principal element of unity inthe leader were considered as a strong foundation to Malaysia. Clearly, there is a tendency in the youngerestablish the validity of laws, but today’s modern generation today who begin to question the socialcommunity needs a law that is based on rationale, parallel contract that has been the principal elements of unity andwith the changes that have taken place in the country understanding between ethnics. This group has started to(Faridah) [7]. question the special position of the Malays, the role of

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Malay language and the position of Islam as the official Election Appeals Committee or SUQUI demanded for thereligion of the country (Hasnah) [11]. This explanation traditional elements to be removed and this has caused anshows that there emerge a perception that the younger anger from various Malay organizations who are in thenon-Malay generation does not agree with the social opinion that the special position of the Malay which wascontract, whilst the younger Malay generation agrees guaranteed by the constitution are not to be argued bywith it, this perception has proven to be wrong SUQUI. The Prime Minister of Malaysia at that time, Dato’nevertheless. Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamed told Dewan Rakyat that the

Next, the position and implementation of traditional Malaysian Constitution and social contract, which is theelements in Federal Constitution has never been free from basis for a country of various ethnics would need to becriticism and arguments because non-Malay ethnics feel put aside should all 83 demands from SUQUI are acceptedthat the traditional elements have made the current system by the government. Instead, if all the demands which fallundemocratic. Questions and polemics on traditional under 17 titles were accepted, Malaysia will no longerelements arise and rose frequently. According to Faridah peaceful and would be impossible to advance[12], opposition regarding the provision for the Malays is (Utusan Malaysia) [15]. a tidal discussion. The equality concept pioneered under This shows that issues involving social contracts orthe slogan of Malaysian Malaysia was aimed towards the traditional elements in the constitution especiallyelimination of discrimination and unjust treatment that provisions related to Islam and special position of theresulted from the employment of Article 153, yet the Malays would always be a polemic, conflict andMalays were very unease, feeling that their future was at controversy in the Malaysian communities since thestake and viewing the slogan as an attempt to question formulation of the constitution up to this present day.and weaken their position which led to the separation of This is true especially when the general election is justSingapore from Malaysia in 1965 (Mohd. Salleh) [13]. around the corner. Ongoing polemics on this issue showThe process that was smoothly executed was the how important it is for the traditional elements to becitizenship process according to jus soli principles whilst understood and practised by today’s youngerthe conditions which said Malay language as the National generations as a social contract. Language and the position of the Malays were still Polemics on this issue shows that the level ofchallenged and undermined from time to time, whereas knowledge and understanding of the Malaysian isthis issue has already agreed by the non-Malays and still low and scarcely practiced, unlike when theapplied in the constitution which is the main law for all agreement on social contract was achieved during theMalaysians. formulation of the Federal Constitution of Malaya

Critics and oppositions on this matter resurfaced (Awang) [16]. The low level of awareness andduring the General Election of 1969 in which the position understanding on these traditional elements is inof the Malay Rulers, Islam, language and the special accordance to the opinion of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamedposition of the Malays was challenged by non-Malays who wanted the understanding of social contract among(Abdul Aziz) [14]. Critics and opposition on this matter the races which had existed way before the independenceduring the General Election of 1969 caused racial brawl to be improved. According to him, that particular action iswhich was referred as the 13 Mei 1969 Incident. As a necessary to prevent racial friction especially when thereresult, a state of emergency was announced, the are racial issues arise and which are exaggerated (UtusanParliament was suspended for two years and amendments Malaysia) [17].were made to the constitution which limits freedom of The same opinion was expressed by Raja Dr. Nazrinspeech and Sedition Act 1948 was revised. Shah [18] on his concerns over the tendency of people in

Next, the dispute on the special position of the was this country to lose sense of tolerance, causingraised back when recommendation from Vice Chairman of separation between ethnic and religious communities inthe Second National Economic Consultative Council which there are groups from the communities who felt(MAPEN II) requested the government to abolish the unease with the special treatment whereas other groupsprovision enjoyed by the Malays under the community view that the special treatment should not be disputed.restructuring policy if the government wanted to see the He also recommended that the younger generation shouldMalays advance and self-sustained. This recommendation try to understand that The Federal Constitutionclearly indicated that the special position of the Malays is guarantees the rights of all Malaysian, thus contributingcontinuously being brought up. The particular issue was towards continuing the success in nation formation andraised once again when Malaysian Chinese Organization efforts to preserve good ethnic relations.

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This is in line with the command of Yang di Pertuan can compete without any help. Secondly, those who tendAgong, when officiating the First Meeting for Second to reject the whole idea of privilege as opposed toTerm of the Twelve Parliament Dewan Rakyat, stressed democratic policies. that the history of independence and Federal Mohamed Suffian [36] assumes that the 153 ArticleConstitution needs to be explained to the younger was not intended to withstand the progress of thegenerations so that the better understand the basis of the non-Malays, but it was made so in order to ensureformation of the nation (Berita Harian) [19]. Does this progress of the Bumiputera and they cannot be blamedproblem reveal that the level of knowledge and since they lag behind in term of education, social andunderstanding as well as its appreciation towards the economic. The leaders of the Bumiputera have agreed toagreed social contracts during the formation of the this provision in return to a loose conditions forconstitution among the younger generations is citizenship in which enabling them to become citizensdecreasing? Awang [20] also in the opinion that there are only with a stroke of a pen. His discussion focused on thestill no research being conducted on the question of does debate why this matter is accepted in the constitution.today’s community, especially the younger generation Hashim [37] agrees with the opinion given by theunderstand issues pertaining social contracts or the Reid Commission on the special position of the Malays,more basic question of does the community understand which is the continuation of earlier treaties made betweenthe content of that social contracts. It is obvious now that the Malay states and British. Mohd Salleh [38] explainsfrom the above discussions, it reveals that there always that the special position of Malays includes employmentexists an attempt, from time to time to challenge this social in the civil service, award of scholarship and aids or othercontract including the special position of the Malays. educational facilities and permits and licenses required forThis question has been a never ending issue to be business and trade. Included in this special position arediscussed (Mohd. Noor) [21]. the articles 89 and 90 on Malay reserve land and the

Previous Research: Research on the Federal Constitution article 8(5). He further added that the special position iscan be divided into two. Firstly, those adopting historical not absolute, yet balanced with valid rights of other races.or political approaches as what being conducted by This matter was also touched by Milne and MauzyRatnam [22], Means [23], Karl von Vorys [24] and Heng [39] who explain that it is a haggling between the MalaysPek Khoon [25]. Ratnam [26] and Karl von Vorys [27], and non-Malays and the period for the implementation ofevaluate the development and expansion of the Malay this special position of the Malays. This situationpolitics whilst Heng Pek Khoon [28] investigates illustrates that an ambiguous short-term fairness betweendevelopment of political consciousness among the the various races claim was attained. Milne and MauzyChinese. A research by Means [29] focuses on few view shows that Article 153 was agreed upon whenimportant aspects in the constitution based on the Reid drafting the constitution and is difficult to determine itsCommission Report, memorandum from organizations and acceptance by the non-Malays in the long term. However,individuals and newspaper reports. Secondly, adopting Milne and Mauzy view that says that it is a hagglinglegislation approach as what being done by Hickling [30], between the Malays and non-Malays was refuted byMohamed Suffian [31], Sheriden and Groves [32], Ramlah [40]. Mohamed Suffian, Trindade and H.P Lee [33] and Abdul Harding [41] who touched on Article 153 which is theAziz [34]. However, the discussions from the perspective special position of the Malays explained that it wasof ethnic relation are still lacking and much focused on the something that was quite different in a constitution.problems of nation governance. The Federal Constitution does not protect minority rights

Research on the special position of the Malays has but the rights of the majority. However, this question canbeen touched by few researchers. Among them is a exist in the framework of the Constitution of Malaysia andresearch by Ratnam [35] which revolves on the the concept of discrimination can be adapted to theacceptance of the Malays and non-Malays towards the concept of equality which is a basic concept inspecial position of the Malays. He is in the opinion that constitutional law. the Malays agree on this matter in improving their Wan Mohd Nor [42] also discusses this aspect bystandard of living compared to other ethnic. While the saying that this privilege is something that is fair to theviews of non-Malays are divided into two, namely a Malays, for four reasons, namely to the role of givingmoderate willing to accept the idea that the Malays character and personality, establishing an internationalshould be given privileges until there is a term that they civilization, defending this nation from external threats

admission of Malays into The Royal Malay Regiment by

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and occupation and to be indulgence and showing Objectives of the Studygoodwill. For Joseph M. Fernando [43], the provisions ofthe special position of Malays created problems in thediscussion in the Working Committee of the AllianceParty. This is because the Alliance requested that thespecial position is reviewed after 15 years, but UMNOleaders did not agree because it will be disputed by theMalays.

The study by Awang [44] found that socialcontract mentioned is an important element in thehistory of the racial and nation building. Before the arrivalof British colonial, Malaya originally identified with itscore population of the Malays. When the colonistsbrought the Chinese and Indian in mass to become aworkforce for the manipulation of its own colonialeconomy, the country's demographic situation is directlytransformed. At the insistence of English, the Malaysmust accept the conditions of independence to be grantedonly if the families of the original immigrants areaccepted as citizens. In return to the granting ofcitizenship status, the leaders of other communities thenagreed to accept the provisions relating to theinterests of the Malays. Matters forming the basis ofthe agreement are the position of the Malay Rulers,position of Islam as the federal religion, Malay languageas the national and official language and the specialposition of the Malays and the Bumiputera. That's whatcalled a social contract in the context of the establishmentof this country after the being freed from the colonialshackles.

The study made by Rosfazila and Ayu NorAzilah [45] showed that the level of knowledge of theMalays of their special rights in the constitution isgood (97%) and the level of their understanding ofthe privilege is still low (62.5%). Although this researchis quantitative, but not comprehensive in nature due tosmall number of respondents and only consists of theMalays. It also tries to innovate the research on theconstitution by using a questionnaire and it is a goodstart.

Based on previous studies, there are gaps thathave not been studied on the perceptions of youngpeople in particular to the provisions of the Malays whichhave always been a polemic and issues in pluralisticMalaysian society from the perspective of ethnicrelations. This is because previous researches arequalitative in nature by referring to the current availabledocuments.

Objectives of the Study Are:

To identify student’s level of knowledge,understanding and acceptance towards provisions ofIslam and Malay in the constitution according tomean analysis. To identify student’s level of knowledge,understanding and acceptance towards provisions ofIslam and Malay in the constitution according tomean analysis based on Malay, Chinese and Indianethnics.

Methodology of the Study: This study is a descriptivestudy about the perception among students ininstitutions. According to Wiersma [46] this method isone of the best methods if the study is a study to measureor assess the attitudes, perceptions and performance of aprogram. Descriptive form is also used in line with theresearch needs, which is to look at a phenomenon that iscurrently happening (Mohd Majid) [47]. Therefore, forthat purpose, a set of questionnaire is designed andprepared by the researcher to achieve the objectives ofthe study. According to Tuckman [48], the questionnaireis an effective way to obtain information fromrespondents.

Population for this study is all students in year threefrom four selected universities namely UM, USM, UKMand UPM. Financial and time constraints have preventedthe researcher from conducting research in all PublicHigher Education Institutions. The selection of studentfrom UKM and UPM was done because they are exposedto ethnic diversity and all three universities are located inthe Klang Valley and Klang Valley also reflects thepopulation of Malaysia and the students consist of variedethnic. Although USM is not located in the Klang Valley,the university possesses the same features as UM, UKMand UPM and these four universities is among the firstuniversity that was established and classified as ResearchUniversity. This gives an impact on the enhancement ofstudent associations compared to new universities andhas always been the preferred choice of students whochose to enter Public Higher Education Institutions. Thissituation is very significant and realistic to the studentperception towards the issue, especially to something thatinvolves issues of ethnic relations.

The sample was made by means of cluster sampling.Cluster sampling can be used by determining the numberof such groups by state, district or county. The selection

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is appropriate if the population is large and scattered inuneven places. It can also save time and reduce variousproblems since the researcher classify samples in onebatch before the random selection done. Thus, todetermine the number of respondents, Sample SizeDetermination Table suggested by Krejcie and Morgan(1970) [49] was used.

Based on student population in four IPTA asindicated in Table 3, the sample size for this study was800. According to Sidek [50], the larger the sample size,the smaller the sampling error. To ensure that everycommunity is represented, then the random samplingstrata was used in the ratio according to ethnic Malays,Chinese and Indians of 60:30:10 and a total of 800students will be selected as respondents in this studybased on Sample Size Determination Table by Krejcie andMorgan (1970).

The instrument used for data collection in this studyis a set of questionnaires. According to Tuckman [51],questionnaires and interviews are two forms of aneffective instrument to obtain information fromrespondents apart from making observations. Allquestions are in positive form and respondents wererequired to state their perception according the Likertscale. The questionnaire consists of two parts namely PartA and B. Part A is related to the demographics of therespondents. Part B is related to the students' perceptiontowards the provision of the Malays in the Constitution.

In this study, the validity of the questionnaire isdetermined by a panel of experts. Four experts havereviewed which consists of two constitutional experts,each a specialist in ethnic relations and the constructionof a questionnaire. Reliability refers to the stability andconsistency of the instrument in measuring a concept.A popular test which is frequently used in measuringthe consistency of a concept is the Alpha Cronbach.The reliability of Cronbach Alpha value is between thevalues of 0.0 to 1.0. According to Mohd Majid [52],Alpha value exceeding 0.60 is often used as an index ofreliability in research. Therefore, in this study, theresearcher has set the Alpha value that exceeds 0.60 as areliable value for all parts of the questionnaires beingstudied. Next, to determine the reliability of thequestionnaire which was prepared, the researcher hasconducted a pilot study.

Data gathered was analyzed using StatisticalPackage for the Social Science (SPSS) version 16programs via min, standard deviation, Chi square andcross-tabulation. Descriptive statistics such asfrequency, percentage, mean score or min, cross-tablestatistics (crosstabulation) and the correlation coefficient

Table 3: Number Of Third Year Students In Four IPTA For 2009/2010Session.

IPTA Number Of Third Year StudentsUM 2595USM 3157UKM 4814UPM 3894Total 14460Source: Data from corresponding IPTA.

are used to describe the background of the respondent'sand analyze students’ perception of Islam and Malay inthe Federal Constitution.

Analysis of Data and Discussion: Student’s Level ofKnowledge on Islam, Malays and Constitution in Generalaccording to Mean of Each Item

Descriptive analysis using mean and standarddeviation is carried out on provision of Islam, provision ofMalay and constitution in order to identify items or issuesthat are in dispute among the students. Items which areless known, less comprehended and less accepted bystudents are categorized as sensitive items, with meanscore less than 3.68 that is at low and medium levels.Questions or items with mean above 3.68 are notdiscussed since they are well accepted by the studentsthus no issues arisen.

For questions or items that involve student’sknowledge on provisions of Islam, Malay andconstitution in general, mean and standard deviationvalues for items with mean lower than 3.68 are shown inTable 4. There are 17 items with lowest mean and theseitems are categorized to be at medium and lower levelswhich indicate that these items are less known by thestudents.

Student’s Level of Understanding on Islam, Malays andConstitution in General According to Mean of Each Item:For items or questions that involve student’sunderstanding on provisions of Islam, Malays andconstitution in general, values of mean and standarddeviation for items with mean value less than 3.68 isshown in Table 5. There are eight items with lowestcomprehension mean. These eight items depicts the lowlevel of students’ understanding on those matters.

Student’s Level of Acceptance Towards Islam, the Malaysand Constitution in General According to Mean of EachItem: For items or questions that involve student’sacceptance towards provisions of Islam, the Malays andconstitutional in general, values of mean and standard

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Table 4: Mean and Standard Deviation of Knowledge Level of Each ItemItem Mean S.DI know that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same,but total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to total number of voters in cities. 2.87 .971I know that Article 11 clarifies that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 3.04 1.051I know that Article 8 (5) (f) clarifies about intake into Royal Malay Army Regiment is specially offered to the Malays only. 3.09 1.109I know that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election,but still there was tolerance between the Malays and non-Malays in seats allocation. 3.36 1.082I know that Article 8 clarifies even though all people are the same in the aspect of laws but still there is exemption in job appointment for each religion. 3.42 1.029I know that Article 121(1A) clarifies about Civil High Court has no jurisdiction concerning whatever things which are under the jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.42 1.103I know that Yang di-Pertuan Agong has no rights to interfering or withdrawing any privilege of other ethnics to be given to the Malays. 3.43 1.048I know that Article 12 clarifies about each religious group has the right to establish and maintain a foundation for children’s education in the respective religion. 3.45 .928I know that Article 12 clarifies about Federal Laws and State Laws may provide special financial aid for establishing and maintaining Islamic foundation or educate or assist to conduct education in Islam to Muslims. 3.46 .952I know that Article 153 gives privilege to the Malays in permit and licence reservation for any business or employment. 3.47 .966I know that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.47 1.014I know that Article 150(6A) mentions clearly with regards to protecting the matters related to Malay language, Islam and Malay people even during emergency state. 3.49 .994I know that Article 11 clarifies about each group has the rights to manage own religious matters including establishing, maintaining or possessing properties or institution. 3.54 .969I know that Article 11 clarifies about Laws may be legislated for controlling or preventing development of any religious belief among Muslims. 3.54 1.094I know that citizenship status that is given by jus soli has caused more than 800,000 Chinese to obtain citizenship that gives the right to vote and thus number of Chinese voters increased abruptly in year 1958 from 11% to 35.9%. 3.55 1.074I know that Article 153 gives privilege to the Malays for a number of posts in public services. 3.58 .997I know that Article 89 mentions about Malay Reserved Land as part of privileged status of the Malays. 3.58 1.044

Table 5: Mean and Standard Deviation of Understanding Level of Each ItemItem Mean S.DI comprehend that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural is fixed to be less compared to number of voters in cities so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in total number of election seats. 3.15 .990I comprehend that only the Malays are allowed to join Royal Malay Army Regiment so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in military. 3.35 1.080I comprehend that Article 11 clarifies that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 3.50 .980I comprehend that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election, but still there was tolerance between the Malays and non-Malays in seat allocation. 3.52 .990I comprehend that Article 121(1A) is meant for prohibiting Civil High Court from interfering any jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.58 1.015I comprehend that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.64 .958I comprehend that Article 89 mentions about Malay Reserved Land for ensuring that the land possession is among the Malays only. 3.65 .999I comprehend that citizenship status that is given by jus soli has caused more than 800,000 Chinese to obtain citizenship that gives the right to vote and thus number of Chinese voters increased abruptly in year 1958 from 11% to 35.9%. 3.67 .998

Table 6: Mean and Standard Deviation of Acceptance Level of Each ItemItem Mean S.DI agree that number of voters in rural areas is less than voters in cities so as to ensure total number of seats for the Malays is more. 3.38 1.104I agree that only the Malays are allowed to join the Royal Malay Army Regiment. 3.52 1.188I agree that the government may use public money for any expenses relating to Islam such as wages and celebration of Islamic events. 3.57 1.211I agree that it is appropriate for allocating 30% of a housing estate as bumiputera lot that is given 10% discount of the house price to Malay buyers because the house can only be sold to Malays only. 3.64 1.258I agree that non-Malays have obtained immediate advantage compared to the Malays by being granted with citizenship by jus soli. 3.64 1.154I agree that only the devotees of a religion should take part in the ceremony of the respective religion. 3.66 1.030

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Table 7: Mean and Standard Deviation of Knowledge, Understanding and Acceptance Levels of Each Item According to Malay EthnicItem/Knowledge Level Mean S.DI know that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to total number of voters in cities. 2.92 .983I know that Article 11 clarifies that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 3.02 1.036I know that Article 8 (5) (f) clarifies about intake into Royal Malay Army Regiment is specially offered to Malays only. 3.29 1.103I know that Article 8 clarifies even though all people are the same in the aspect of laws but still there is exemption in jobappointment for each respective religion. 3.39 .988I know that Article 153 gives privilege to the Malays in permit and licence reservation for any business or employment. 3.39 .956I know that Article 12 clarifies about each religious group has the right to establish and maintain a foundation for children’s education on the respective religion. 3.45 .928I know that Yang di-Pertuan Agong has no rights to interfering or withdrawing any privilege of other ethnics to be given to the Malays. 3.45 1.011I know that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election,but still there was tolerance between Malays and non-Malays in seat allocation. 3.51 1.054I know that Article 153 gives privilege to the Malays for a number of posts in public services. 3.54 .993I know that Article 11 clarifies about each group has the right to manage own religious matters including establishing, maintaining or possessing properties or institution. 3.56 .949I know that Article 121(1A) clarifies about Civil High Court has no jurisdiction concerning whatever things which are under the jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.58 1.063I know that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.62 .984I know that Article 12 clarifies about Federal Laws and State Laws may provide special financial aid for establishing and maintaining Islamic foundation or educate or assist to conduct education in Islam to Muslims. 3.63 .899I know that Article 150(6A) mentions clearly with regards to protecting the matters related to Malay language, Islam and Malay people even during emergency state. 3.64 .969

Item/Understanding LevelI understood that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to number of voters in cities so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in total number of election seats. 3.23 .948I understood that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 3.47 .953I understood that only the Malays are allowed to join Royal Malay Army Regiment so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in military. 3.60 1.009

Item/Acceptance LevelI agree that intake of non-Malays into public service sector should be increased. 3.50 1.119I agree that issuance of permit and license need to be openly. 3.63 1.058

Table 8: Mean and Standard Deviation of Knowledge, Understanding and Acceptance Levels of Each Item according to Chinese EthnicItem/Knowledge Level Mean S.DI know that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to total number of voters in cities. 2.70 .899I know that Article 8 (5) (f) clarifies about intake into Royal Malay Army Regiment is specially offered to the Malays only. 2.71 .971I know that Article 11 clarifies that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 2.99 1.043I know that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election, but still there was tolerance between the Malays and non-Malays in seat allocation. 3.09 1.031I know that Article 12 clarifies about Federal Laws and State Laws may provide special financial aid for establishing and maintaining Islamic foundation or educate or assist to conduct education in Islam to Muslims. 3.10 .926I know that Article 121(1A) clarifies about Civil High Court has no jurisdiction concerning whatever things which are under the jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.12 1.105I know that Article 150(6A) mentions clearly with regards to protecting the matters related to Malay language, Islam and Malay people even during emergency state. 3.17 .950I know that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.19 1.001I know that Article 11 clarifies about Laws may be legislated for controlling or preventing development of any religious belief among Muslims. 3.25 1.115I know that citizenship status that is given by jus soli has caused more than 800,000 Chinese to obtain citizenship that gives the right to vote and thus number of Chinese voters increased abruptly in year 1958 from 11% to 35.9%. 3.27 1.092I know that Yang di-Pertuan Agong has no rights to interfering or withdrawing any privilege of other ethnics to be given to the Malays. 3.31 1.067

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Table 8: ContinueItem/Knowledge Level Mean S.DI know that Article 12 clarifies about each religious group has the rights to establish and maintain a foundation for children’s education on the respective religious. 3.38 .877I know that Article 89 mentions about Malay Reserved Land as part of privileged status of the Malays. 3.38 1.041I know that Article 8 clarifies even though all people are the same in the aspect of laws but still there is exemption in job appointment for each respective religion. 3.39 1.088I know that Article 11 clarifies about each group has the right to manage own religious matters including establishing, maintaining or possessing properties or institution. 3.44 .997I know that Article 12 clarifies that Religion for a child below 18 years old is determined by his/her parents or guardians. 3.54 1.116I know that Article 153 gives privilege to the Malays in permit and licence reservation for any business or employment. 3.56 .967I know that Article 153 gives privilege to the Malays for a number of posts in public services. 3.61 1.022I know that Article 12 clarifies about no one is to be forced to take part in religious ceremony other than his/her religion. 3.62 1.025

Item/Understanding LevelI understood that only the Malays are allowed to join Royal Malay Army Regiment so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in military. 2.84 1.036I understood that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to number of voters in cities so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in total number of election seats. 2.88 .954I understood that Article 121(1A) is meant for prohibiting Civil High Court from interfering any jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.21 1.032I understood that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election, but still there was tolerance between Malays and non-Malays in seat allocation. 3.21 1.073I understood that Article 89 mentions about Malay Reserved Land for ensuring that the land possession is among the Malays only. 3.33 1.070I understood that citizenship status that is given by jus soli has caused more than 800,000 Chinese to obtain citizenship that gives the right to vote and thus number of Chinese voters increased abruptly in year 1958 from 11% to 35.9%. 3.33 1.065I understood that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.36 .947I understood Article 150(6A) with regards to protecting the Malay language, Islam and Malay people even during emergency state so that these matters are well preserved. 3.38 1.029I understood that the government may provide special financial aid for establishing and maintaining Islamic foundation or educate or assist to conduct education in Islam to Muslims because Islam is Federal Religion. 3.46 .986I understood that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 3.49 .956I understood that laws may be legislated for controlling or preventing development of any religious belief among Muslimsbecause of the status of Islam as Federal religion. 3.54 .960I understood that amendments relating to Malay privilege rights, Malay language and Islam can only be done by majority votes of more than two third of each House of Parliament and with the approval by Conference of Malay Rulers to ensure that the matters are well preserved. 3.57 .984I understood that even though all people are the same in the aspect of laws but still there is exemption in job appointment for each respective religion because the religious affairs are managed by the devotees of the respective religion. 3.58 .886I understood that Yang di-Pertuan Agong has no rights to interfering or withdrawing any privilege to be given to the Malays so that the rights of other ethnics are protected. 3.59 .961I understood that each religious group has the right to establish and maintain a foundation for children’s education in the respective religion because each person is entitled for getting the respective religious education. 3.60 .893I understood that privileged status of the Malays, Malay language and Islam are elements of tradition because the matters have existed before the Constitution was legislated. 3.64 .954

Item/Acceptance LevelI agree that it is appropriate for allocating 30% of a housing estate as bumiputera lot that is given 10% discount of the house price to Malay buyers becausethe house can merely be sold to Malays only. 2.53 1.031I agree that quota and scholarship allocation in education for the Malays be retained. 2.56 1.119I agree that the Malays need to have privileged status. 2.66 1.178I agree that the government may use public money for any expenses relating to Islam such as wages and celebration of Islamic events. 2.71 1.074I agree that number of voters in rural areas is less than voters in cities so as to ensure total number of seats for the Malays is more. 2.71 1.049I agree that Malay Reserved Land is a privilege given to the Malays in order to ensure that the land is maintained only by the Malays. 2.80 1.135I agree that only the Malays are allowed to join the Royal Malay Army Regiment. 2.90 1.130I agree that the Malays had done sacrifice in seat allocation of 1955 Election even though dominating 50 out of 52 seats. 2.98 1.085I agree that amendments on provisions of Islam, Malay language and privileged status of the Malays need to be retained. 3.02 1.108I agree that matters related to Malay language, Islam and the Malays cannot be amended even during emergency state. 3.09 1.039I agree that non-Malays have obtained immediate advantage compared to the Malays by being granted with citizenship by jus soli. 3.18 1.086

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Table 8: ContinueItem/Knowledge Level Mean S.DI agree that only the devotees of a religion should take part in the ceremony of the respective religion. 3.23 1.040I agree that element of tradition namely privileged status of the Malays, Islam and Malay language has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.24 1.007I agree that only Muslims to be appointed for posts in Islamic institution even though appointment based on religion is not allowed. 3.28 1.105I agree that social contract refers to tolerance between the Malays and non-Malays whereby the Malays are given rights of Islam as Federal Religion, Malay language as National Language and privileged status of the Malays, whereas non-Malays are given rights of citizenship by jus soli. 3.47 1.019I agree that Federal Constitution was fully agreed by all the people of Tanah Melayu. 3.48 1.027I agree that laws may be legislated for controlling or preventing development of any religious belief among Muslims. 3.57 .954I agree that parents or guardians have the rights to determine the religion of those below 18 years old. 3.60 1.097I agree that the existing constitutional was legislated based on social contract among ethnics in Malaysia. 3.60 .956I agree that discussion regarding issues of Malay language, Islam and the Malays need to be controlled. 3.61 .989

Table 9: Mean and Standard Deviation of Knowledge, Understanding and Acceptance Levels of Each Item According to Indian EthnicItem/Knowledge Level Mean S.DI know that Article 8 (5) (f) clarifies about intake into Royal Malay Army Regiment is specially offered to Malays only. 3.07 1.253I know that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to total number of voters in cities. 3.11 1.041I know that Article 11 clarifies that no one is to be forced to pay any tax if the tax is not meant for his/her own religion use. 3.28 1.153I know that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election,but still there was tolerance between Malays and non-Malays in seat allocation. 3.32 1.251I know that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.38 1.056I know that Article 121(1A) clarifies about Civil High Court has no jurisdiction concerning whatever things which are under the jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.39 1.156I know that citizenship status that is given by jus soli has caused more than 800,000 Chinese to obtain citizenship that gives the right to vote and thus number of Chinese voters increased abruptly in year 1958 from 11% to 35.9%. 3.45 1.148I know that Article 89 mentions about Malay Reserved Land as part of privileged status of the Malays. 3.46 1.161I know that Article 11 clarifies about Laws may be legislated for controlling or preventing development of any religious belief among Muslims. 3.50 1.230I know that Article 12 clarifies about Federal Laws and State Laws may provide special financial aid for establishing and maintaining Islamic foundation or educate or assist to conduct education in Islam to Muslims. 3.50 1.050I know that Article 150(6A) mentions clearly with regards to protecting the matters related to Malay language, Islam and Malay people even during emergency state. 3.54 1.062I know that Article 12 clarifies no one is to be forced to take part in religious ceremony other than the ceremony of his/her respective religion. 3.64 1.200I know that Article 8 clarifies even though all people are the same in the aspect of laws but still there is exemption in job appointment for each respective religion. 3.65 1.078I know that Yang di-Pertuan Agong has no rights to interfere or withdraw any privilege of other ethnics to be given to the Malays. 3.65 1.187

Item/Comprehension LevelI understood that only the Malays are allowed to join Royal Malay Army Regiment so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in military. 3.41 1.097I understood that even though the Malays had more than 84% of registered voters and majority of 50 out of 52 seats in 1955 election, but still there was tolerance between Malays and non-Malays in seat allocation. 3.43 1.111I understood that Thirteenth Table clarifies about total number of voters for each constituency must be the same, but the total number of voters in rural areas is fixed to be less compared to number of voters in cities so as to ensure Malays’ dominance in total number of election seats. 3.47 1.173I understood that element of tradition has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.49 .996I understood that citizenship status that is given by jus soli has caused more than 800,000 Chinese to obtain citizenship that gives the right to vote and thus number of Chinese voters increased abruptly in year 1958 from 11% to 35.9%. 3.58 1.020I understood that Article 121(1A) is meant for prohibiting Civil High Court from interfering any jurisdiction of Syariah Court. 3.59 1.033I understood that Article 89 mentions about Malay Reserved Land for ensuring that the land possession is among the Malays only. 3.59 1.059I understood Article 150(6A) with regards to protecting the Malay language, Islam and Malay people even during emergency state so that these matters are well preserved. 3.64 1.054

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Table 9: ContinueItem/Knowledge Level Mean S.DItem/Acceptance LevelI agree that it is appropriate for allocating 30% of a housing estate as bumiputera lot that is given 10% discount of the house price to Malay buyers because the house can merely be sold to Malays only. 2.54 1.273I agree that quota and scholarship allocation in education for the Malays be retained. 2.73 1.368I agree that only the Malays are allowed to join the Royal Malay Army Regiment. 2.78 1.296I agree that the government may use public money for any expenses relating to Islam such as wages and celebration of Islamic events. 2.80 1.303I agree that number of voters in rural areas is less than voters in cities so as to ensure total number of seats for the Malays is more. 2.91 1.207I agree that the Malays need to have privileged status. 2.97 1.385I agree that Malay Reserved Land is a privilege given to the Malays in order to ensure that the land is maintained only by the Malays. 3.04 1.287I agree that non-Malays have obtained immediate advantage compared to the Malays by being granted with citizenship by jus soli. 3.09 1.346I agree that amendments on provisions of Islam, Malay language and privileged status of the Malays need to be retained. 3.12 1.384I agree that the Malays had done sacrifice in the seat allocation of 1955 Election even though dominating 50 out of 52 seats. 3.15 1.341I agree that Federal Constitution was fully agreed by all the people of Tanah Melayu. 3.18 1.318I agree that only the devotees of a religion should take part in the ceremony of the respective religion. 3.23 1.141I agree that matters related to Malay language, Islam and the Malays cannot be amended even during emergency state. 3.23 1.309I agree that the element of tradition namely privileged status of the Malays, Islam and Malay language has existed hundreds of years before constitution was legislated and the provision was included when Federal Constitution was legislated in 1957. 3.28 1.288I agree that social contract refers to tolerance between the Malays and non-Malays whereby the Malays are given rights of Islam as Federal Religion, Malay language as National Language and privileged status of the Malays, whereas non-Malays are given rights of citizenship by jus soli. 3.38 1.246I agree that laws may be legislated for controlling or preventing development of any religious belief among Muslims. 3.41 1.193I agree that only Muslims to be appointed for posts in Islamic institution even though appointment based on religion is not allowed. 3.45 1.273I agree that the existing constitutional was legislated based on social contract among ethnics in Malaysia. 3.47 1.230I agree that discussion regarding issues of Malay language, Islam and the Malays need to be controlled. 3.61 1.180I agree that interpretation on Malays need to be widened without restricting to descendant. 3.66 1.138

deviation for items with mean values lower than 3.68 are Student’s Acceptance Level Towards Islam, the Malaysshown in Table 6. There are six items with lowest mean. and Constitutional in General of Each Item According toThis shows that the items are less accepted by the Mean Based on Chinese Ethnic: For Chinese ethnic, datastudents. as shown in Table 8, there are 19 out of 32 items for

Student’s Acceptance Level Towards Islam, the Malays 32 items for understanding level and 20 out of 32 items forand Constitutional in General According to Mean Based acceptance level. This shows that more items are noton Malay Ethnic: Next, further analysis on student’s level known, not understood and not accepted by the Chineseof knowledge, understanding and acceptance is ethnic.conducted by taking into account student’s ethnic.Descriptive statistics involving mean and standard Students’ Acceptance Level Towards Islam, the Malaysdeviation are calculated for items representing student’s and Constitutional in General of Each Item According toknowledge, understanding and acceptance for every Mean Based on Indian Ethnic: For Indian ethnic, data asethnic of Malay, Chinese and Indian. Then, mean values shown in Table 9, there are 14 out of 32 items forof student’s level of knowledge, understanding and knowledge level below mean value of 3.68, 8 out of 32acceptance according to ethnic are compared with mean items for understanding level and 20 out of 32 items foraccording to high, medium and low levels. For every acceptance level. This shows that, similar to the Chineseethnic, items with mean values of level of knowledge, ethnic, more items are less known, less understood andunderstanding and acceptance lower than mean value of less accepted by the Indian ethnic. 3.68 are accounted for. As shown in Table 7, for Malayethnic, there are 14 out of 32 items for knowledge level CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONbelow 3.68, 3 out of 32 items for understanding level andonly 2 out of 32 items for acceptance level. This indicates The above data show that several matters are notthat the Malay ethnic does not have many items below exposed to students and so, result in low mean value of3.68 that is, at medium level and below. less than 3.68. Matters such as total number of voters in

knowledge level below mean value of 3.68, 16 out of

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a constituency, no one is to be forced to pay tax which is They are believers of various religions and come from allnot meant for own religion use, intake into Royal Malay kinds of background like cities and rural, educationArmy Regiment and so on. Similar pattern also occur at streams of primary and secondary schools, studyunderstanding level but with slightly more items programmes, qualifications, high and low incomes and socompared to knowledge level because the students on.have been explained the reasons behind a provision.This rational has increased the student’s acceptance on It is suggested that all the matters with low mean areprovisions of Islam and the Malays in the constitution. given focus, meaning widely explained and not justFindings of the study based on ethnic, show significant concentrate on Islam as the federal religion, Syariahdifference between the Malays, Chinese and Indians. Court’s jurisdiction and Article 153 namely special rightsMany of the Malays possess knowledge level with mean of the Malays. Some of the matters that need to be givenvalue less than 3.68. However, for understanding level attention are total number of voters in each constituency,and acceptance level concerning Islam and the Malays, intake into Royal Malay Army Regiment, tolerancethere are only few that come with low mean value. This between Malays and non-Malays during seat allocationelucidates that even though Malay students possess less in 1955 election, issuance of citizenship and allocation ofknowledge on the provisions of Islam and the Malays, 30% bumiputera lot in a housing estate (Nazri) [55]. they still comprehend and accept it.

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