2017

Módulo 2 - Water Quality variables and the objetives of

Water Quality diagnosis Classes supporting Material:

• saMpling and preservation of Water and sediMent saMples

•Water Quality Monitoring and assessMent

CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATE

MISSIONTo promote and monitor the execution of environmental and sustainable development

public policies, ensuring the continuous improvement of environmental quality in order to addressthe expectations of the State of São Paulo’s society.

VISIONTo improve the standards of excellence in environmental management and the services

provided to users and to the population as a whole, ensuring CETESB's ongoing evolution in acting as anational and international reference in the environmental field and in protecting public health.

VALUESThe values, principles and standards that guide CETESB's actions are

established in its Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.

SAO PAULO STATE GOVERNMENTGovernor

SECRETARIAT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTSecretary

CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANYOF SÃO PAULO STATEChief Executive Officer

Corporate Management Board,acting

Director of Control andEnvironmental Licensing

Director of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment

Director of Engineering andEnvironmental Quality

Geraldo Alckmin

Ricardo Salles

Carlos Roberto dos Santos

Carlos Roberto dos Santos

Geraldo do Amaral

Ana Cristina Pasini da Costa

Eduardo Luis Serpa

Technical CoordinationGeog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro Midaglia

Biol. Dr. Claudio Roberto Palombo

FacultyEng. San. Gabriela Mello

São Paulo, Abril de 2017

CETESBENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATEAv. Profº. Frederico Hermann Júnior, 345 - Alto de Pinheiros -

CEP: 05459-900 - São Paulo - SPhttp://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br / e-mail: cursos@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br

https://www.facebook.com/escolasuperiordacetesb/

MÓDULO 2 - WATER QUALITY

VARIABLES AND THE OBJETIVES OF

WATER QUALITY DIAGNOSIS

CLASSES SUPPORTING MATERIAL:

• SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION OF

WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES

• WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND

ASSESSMENT

© CETESB, 2017This material is for the exclusive use of participants in the Specialized Practical Courses and TrainingSessions, and its total or partial reproduction, by any means, is expressly forbidden withoutauthorization from CETESB - Environmental Company of São Paulo State.

Carlos Ibsen Vianna LacavaManager of the Operational Support Department - ETTânia Mara Tavares GasiManager of the Knowledge Management Division - ETGIrene Rosa SabiáCourses and Knowledge Transfer Sector - ETGC

Executive CoordinationClaudia Maria Zaratin Bairão e Carolina Regina MoralesETGC Technical Team:Rita de Cassia Guimarães e Yhoshie Watanabe Takahashi.

This booklet was diagrammed by ETGC - Courses and Knowledge Transfer SectorGraphic Publishing: Rita de Cassia Guimarães - ETGC / Cover: Vera Severo / Printing: Gráfica-CETESB

ORGANIZING INSTITUTIONS:

ANA – National Water Agency

CETESB – Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

ABC/MRE – Brazilian Cooperation Agency/Foreign Affairs Ministry

PARTNERS:

ACTO – Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization

UN Environment – GEMS/Water Program

FOREWORD

Water is one of the most important assets for biological activity and throughout the universe it hasbeen sought out as something essential for life, yet it is unfortunately treated in an inconsequential way bymost members of humanity. The human perception is that water is infinite and inexhaustible. Because ofthis, it is inadequately approached in ecological terms.

A full understanding of the correlation water-quality and quantity versus multiple uses - must be fullyunderstood in order to change this behavior so as to leave future generations with possibilities for survivalthat unite their basic needs with environmental preservation.

The conception of a course of this magnitude indicates that there is a need for a continuous knowledgeacquisition that requires topics that might gradually lead us to a comprehensive understanding of thenatural aquatic environment (increasingly rare) and its progressive alterations, regarding external as wellas internal metabolism in the aquatic ecosystem, in order to fully understand nature and the influence ofhuman beings.

Based on these initial conceptualizations, the course will therefore be aimed at learning about thevarious types of aquatic environments and their main compartments, emphasizing intrinsic inorganic andorganic characteristics, correlations between changes that are native and non-native in origin and thosethat are primarily considered to be natural environments without any anthropogenic interference.

Thus, over time, the knowledge acquired in each of these modules will lead to an increasingly richerunderstanding of the influence that human actions have on the balance of aquatic ecosystems.

Geog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro MidagliaBiol. Dr. Claudio Roberto PalomboTechnical Coordination

Claudio Roberto Palombo(cpalombo@sp.gov.br)

A Biologist at CETESB since 1980, Claudio Roberto Palombo graduated fromthe Institute of Biosciences at the University of São Paulo and has a bachelor’sdegree in Ecology (1978). He also received a master's degree (1989) anddoctorate (1997) from the Department of General Ecology in the Institute ofBiosciences at the University of São Paulo. He has experience in limnology withan emphasis on altered environments. He is a University Professor andTechnical Analyst of FEHIDRO Projects related to aquatic ecosystems and has

developed methodologies for integrated weed management.

Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia(cmidaglia@sp.gov.br)

Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia holds a degree in Geography from the Faculty ofPhilosophy, Literature and Human Sciences at USP - Geography Dept. (1984),and a degree as a Translator and Interpreter in English from the the Ibero-American Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences (1982). She did herpostgraduate studies in "Rural and Land Ecology Survey" at the ITC-Faculty ofGeo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) at the University ofTwente in Enschede, The Netherlands. She received a master's degree in HumanGeography from the Faculty of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences atUSP - Geography Dept. (1994). She has experience in the environmental areawith an emphasis on the monitoring of water quality. She completed her PhD in2009 at FFLCH-Geography, presenting the proposal for the Index of a SpatialScope for the Monitoring of Surface Water (IAEM), focusing on the spatialmanagement of water resources and its relationship to population growth,

demonstrating the vulnerabilities caused by anthropogenic pressure.

Gabriela de Sá Leitão de Mello(gabrielaleitao@hotmail.com)

A Sanitary Engineer trained at the Mauá Institute of Technology (2001) and has amaster’s degree in Civil Engineering from the Polytechnic School of the University ofSão Paulo (2005), Gabriela de Sá Leitão de Mello was an environmental analyst atthe Environmental Company of São Paulo State - CETESB from August 2007 toSeptember 2012 working in the fields of water quality and licensing and inspection.From 2002 to 2015, she was a professor at the University Center of the MauáInstitute of Technology and a professor at the Faculty of Engineering of theUniversity Center of the Santo André Foundation from 2005 to 2015. She taughtundergraduate courses including Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental Pollution and Sanitation, as well as postgraduate courses. She beganher doctorate in 2012 at USP's School of Public Health completing all her credits,but stopped her enrollment in 2014 due to a change of country. In 2015, shelectured at two universities in Peru: Pontificia Universidad del Peru - PUCP andUniversidad Científica del Sur. She is currently working with Golder Associates as aSpecialist in Water Quality.

SUMMARY

Water Quality Variables And The Objectives Of Water Quality Diagnosis- Eng. San. Gabriela Mello ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 13Chapter 1Physical Variables of Water Quality .............................................................................................................................. 15Chapter 2Chemical Variables of Water Quality ............................................................................................................................ 24Chapter 3Types of diagnosis: emergency care, monitoring activities, trend analysis, impact assessment, analysis ofcompliance with legal standards .................................................................................................................................. 47

Bibliographic References ............................................................................................................................................. 57

List of Tables

Table 1 - Oxygen saturation content dissolved in fresh water at sea level, at different temperatures (in mg/L)(Derísio, 1992) ......................................................................................................................................... 25

Table 2 - Concentrations and loads of BOD in different types of effluents (Braile and Cavalcanti, 1993) ................. 28

List of Figures

Figure 1 - Color tone difference caused by natural sources in the merging of the Rio Negro with the Amazon River(Photo: A.Camolez, 2011) ........................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 2 - Procedure for determining color using the spectrophotometer at the CETESB Laboratory ofInorganic Chemistry Photo: R. Rossetti (2017) ........................................................................................ 16

Figure 3 - Particle distribution in a sample of water .................................................................................................. 16Figure 4 - Negative esthetic effect of treated water (Available at: <http://avozdoportoal.blogspot.com.br/2015/01/

agua-barrenta-continua-sem-solucao.html>Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................ 17Figure 5 - Solids fractions (Available at: <http://www.c2o.pro.br/analise_agua/a1833.html>

Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................................................................................... 19Figure 6 - Imhoff Cone used to determine the amount of sedimentable solids at the CETESB Inorganic

Chemistry Lab. Photo: C.L. Midaglia ,2017 .............................................................................................. 20Figure 7 - Secchi Disc (Available at: <http://www.corporacionsystemar.com/producto/138-disco.-secchi>

Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................................................................................... 21Figure 8 - Use of Secchi Disc (Available at:: <http://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAABdHEAE/parametros-

qualidade-agua> Accessed in August of 2016) ......................................................................................... 21Figure 9 - Dissolved oxygen concentration in relation to biodiversity (Available at: <http://www.quimlab.com.br/

guiadoselementos/variaveis_quimicas.htm> Accessed in: August of 2016) ............................................. 26Figure 10 - Self purification of a water body (Available at: <http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/358980/> Accessed on

August of 2016) ....................................................................................................................................... 27Figure 11 - The reaction in determining CDO (Available at:<http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/9162028/> Accessed

in August of 2016) .................................................................................................................................... 28Figure 12 - Example of a eutrophicated water structure, with excessive algae growth (Arquives of the Banco

Interáguas-CETESB) ............................................................................................................................... 33Figure 13 - Incrustation of a water pipe (Available at: <http://inspecaoequipto.blogspot.com.br/2013/08/

inscrustacao-em-caldeiras.html>Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................................ 33Figure 14 - Bioaccumulation caused by Mercury (Available at: <http://scienceblogs.com.br/rastrodecarbono

/2013/01/rastro-de-mercurio/> Accessed August of 2016) ....................................................................... 36Figure 15 - Salt Wedge Intrusion (B) (Available at: <http://www.tnh1.com.br/noticias/noticias-detalhe/meio-

ambiente/250-mil-a-beira-do-colapso-crise-hidrica-avanca-degrada-reservas-e-cria-ilhas-de-desabastecimento-em-maceio/?cHash=ff51354ca59fe0f719d2a7d1e68a894f> Accessed in Augustof 2016) ................................................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 16 - Photo of foam forming on the São Pedro Hydroelectric Power Plant, in Itu. (C.L. Midaglia, 2015) ............. 43Figure 17 - Graph of the environments affected by chemical emergencies treated by the CETESB in 2015

(SIEQ, 2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 47

SUMMARY

Figure 18 - Evolution in the registered cases of fish mortalities from 2010 to 2015 (CETESB, 2016) ......................... 48Figure 19 - Proportion between the causes of fish mortality from 2010 to 2015, dealt with by CETESB

(CETESB, 2016) ..................................................................................................................................... 48Figure 20 - Separated and combined sewage systems (Von Sperling 2005) .............................................................. 49Figure 21 - Point and diffuse pollution sources and examples of points for water samples (adapted from Von

Sperling 2005) ......................................................................................................................................... 50Figure 22 - Measure of BOD5,20 (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) ................... 51Figure 23 - Average of ammoniacal nitrogen (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years

(CETESB, 2008) ..................................................................................................................................... 51Figure 24 - Average of total phosphorus (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) ........ 52Figure 25 - Nickel (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) .......................................... 52Figura 26 - Zinc average (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) ................................ 52Figure 27 - Hypothetical example a quality parameter’s variation throughout time (SANCHEZ, 2006) ......................... 53

WATER QUALITY

VARIABLES AND THE

OBJECTIVES OF WATER

QUALITY DIAGNOSIS

ENG. SAN. GABRIELA MELLO

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in conventiat of raw wafate to fortive to the leted water.

s in the puve effect. It tion.

ution due th the com

onegative oits elemen

7th most ab0.9% and

nd cryolite (de, for exaerals or otre normally h undergroar high moons of up natural wat

also releaonducting w

to very hi

eived by its le complex

presence oiron, man

onate anionsother anion

ional stationater due to rm calcium evels of har

blic water st can also

to industriampounds th

of all chemital form, m

bundant eleoccurring

(Na3AlF6). Hample biolother chemifound in n

und sourceuntains or to 10 mg

ters is 2,800

ase fluoridewires.

igh degree

capacity toes, not pro

of calcium nganese, ss (more pros such as n

ns generallythe use of sulfate. H

rdness that

supply can cause fouli

l activity isat produce

cal elemenmostly foundment foundmostly in tHowever, inogically avcal compoatural wate

es. In placeareas with . L-1or mor0 mg. L-1, in

e into natu

s of hardn

o precipitateoducing any

and magnestrontium, zoperly bicarnitrate, silica

y have a hahydrated li

However, thwould prov

cause an ung in hot w

s insignificae it are no

ts. It is so rd in its comd in the earthe form ofn order for tailable fluonents and

ers and highs where thgeological

re are foun Kenya.

ral waters,

ness due to

e soap, thaty foam unt

esium, maizinc, alumrbonate, whate and chlo

ardness thaime. Lime rhe amountsvoke proble

unpleasant water pipes

ant in relatiormally use

reactive thambined forrth's crust wf fluorite (Cthere to exoride, idea

water mush concentraere are fluodeposits w

nd. The hi

such as

o the

t is, in til the

nly in inum,

hich is oride.

at is a reacts s are ms in

taste s and

on to ed in

at it is rm as with a CaF2), ist an l soil st be ations oride-with a ghest

glass

40

OtheFluorwherdistripart elimitheir

Fluorin teemorethe ofluoriand netwfluori2914L-1 in

k

Oils subsfoundsewapubligreas

Oils subsdoessolubwaxesolub

The wastprobpreseadhebetwoxyg

In thelevalegisbodie

er sources ride ingestereas the fluibuted throuis retainednation depedegree of e

ride is addeeth. Fluoride resistant torganic proidation of wimplement

work. Accoride above

4/11 of the n drinking w

k) Óils and

and greasestances are d in naturaage, effluenic roads. Inses in wate

and greasestances thats not volatilble in n-hexes, mineral ble in hexan

low solubilitte treatmenlems in watence of fatt

eres to the gween the sugen from the

eir decompation of DBlation recomes.

of fluoride ed through uoride in foough the humd in the teends on a exposure to

ed to the pude reduceso the action

otein substawater must ing effectivrding to stu1.5 mg. L-1

Ministry of water.

d Greases

es are organusually hy

l waters, usnts from mendustrial diser bodies, am

es, accordit can be exlize during xane, comp

oils etc. Tne.

ty of oils annt plants uter treatmenty material gills. It alsourface of te atmosphe

position procBO5,20 and mmends th

are toothpwater is a

od is not fuman body, eeth. Fluorinumber of

o this substa

ublic water ss the solubiln of bacteriaance and th

be done uve fluoride udies carrie1 increase tHealth esta

nic substandrocarbonssually comiechanical w

sposals are mong them

ng to the axtracted fromevaporation

prise fatty aThis parame

nd greases using biolont when prein the watecauses ae

he water are to the wa

cess, oils aCOD, causat oils and

pastes, chelmost compully absorbemuch of it de can befactors suc

ance.

supply in orlity of the ma and inhibihe calcifyinsing strict cresidual co

ed out in the incidenablishes a m

nces of mines, fats and eing from inworkshops, the ones trefineries,

analytical pm the sampn of the socids, animaeter is usua

is a negativogical proceesent in water bodies caesthetic proband the atmater.

and greasessing damag

greases b

ewing gumspletely absoed. Once ais retained

e excreted ch as the p

rder to offemineralized ting enzymag material control, usiontrol progthe United ce of dentamaximum v

eral, vegetaesters, amodustrial wagas statio

that most crefrigerator

procedure uple by usingolvent at 10al fats, soapally also id

ve factor regesses and ter sources an cause ablems and rmosphere,

s reduce disge to the aqe absent fr

s, vitamins orbed by th

absorbed, flin the bonethrough therson’s sta

r protectionpart of the atic processof the toothng good do

grams in thStates, co

al fluorosisvalue for flu

able or animong others. ste and disns, and the

contribute tors, soaperie

used, consg a certain 00 ° C. Theps, greasesentified by

garding theoils and

used for puasphyxia in reduces thepreventing

ssolved oxyquatic ecosrom class 1

and mediche human uoride is ra

es, while a he urine anate of health

n against ca tooth, makses that dish. Howeveosing equiphe water soncentratio. Ordinance

uoride of 1.5

mal origin. T They are r

sposal, dome drainage o an increa

es, etc.

ist of the ssolvent andese substas, vegetable

MSH - ma

eir degradatgreases c

ublic supplythe fish, si

e area of co the transf

ygen, due tsystem. Bra1, 2 and 3 w

cines. body, apidly small

nd its h and

avities king it ssolve r, the

pment upply ns of e No. 5 mg.

These rarely

mestic from

ase of

set of d that nces,

e oils, aterial

ion in cause y. The nce it ontact fer of

to the azilian water

41

l)

Phenefflueimpre Phenof se Resoeffluecompwate Wheusedand o

m

Analydeterundeblue chain

The haveeffluethosefunct

The

The aesthcasestatePauloexistthe rcity, soil a

) Phenoli

nols and thents from egnating re

nols are toxewage treatm

olution No. ents dischapounds are

er bodies, fo

n present ind in the treaodor in the

m) Detergen

ytically, mrgents or s

er certain sactive sub

n alkyl benz

source of te 3 to 6 mgents with ae processintion.

variable’s

indiscriminhetic impac

es of foam fe of São Pao Metropolitence of rapriver bed thbiologically

and other m

c Compou

heir derivaindustries

sins, electri

xic to humanment and in

430/11 of Carged into we quite restor example.

n the naturaatment for pwater.

ts (Surfactan

meaning acurfactants a

specified cobstances" (Mzene sulfona

the detergeg . L-1 of deabout 2000 ng metal p

importanc

nate dischacts due to tformation oaulo. Locatetan Region

pids leads tat have at

y contaminamaterials, ma

nds

tives appeworking w

ical (plastic

ns, aquatic ndustrial eff

CONAMA swater bodierictive, from

al waters ofpublic supp

nts or Tensio

ccording toare definedonditions. TMBAS) andate (LAS),

nts found netergents, a

mg. L-1 ofparts, empl

e:

arge of dethe formatio

occurs in thed on the b, it receivesto the relealeast 50 cmated as theaking them

ar in natuwith rubber) and steel

organisms fluent treatm

stipulates aes. In naturm 0.003 mg

f a spring, tply forming

oactive subst

o the rec as compo

These compd their concwhich is us

natural wateand the detf the activeloy special

tergents inon of foamshe municipabanks of thes the city’s sase of foamm. Then duee foam impr

oily.

ral waters r processincomponent

and the miment system

limit of 0.5 ral waters, g L-1 of tot

he phenolschlorophen

ances that re

commendedunds which

pounds are centrations sed as the s

ers is mosttergent indue principle.

detergents

nto natural s (Figure 16ality of Pirae Tietê Rivsewage, lar

ms that conte to winds, regnates its

through thng, glues ts.

cro-organisms.

mg L-1 forthe standatal phenols

react with nols that ca

eact with Me

d analyticah react with

referred toare relative

standard in a

ly domesticustry, whichOther indu

s that hav

waters lea6). One of pora do Boer, downstr

rgely withouinuously fothe foam s

self onto th

he dischargand adhes

sms that are

r total phenards for phes in class 1

the free chause a foul

ethylene Blu

al methodoh methyleneo as "methe to the stranalysis.

c sewage, wh releases ustries, inclve a degre

ads to negthe most c

om Jesus, iream of theut treatmentrm layers a

spreads ovee surface o

ge of sives,

e part

ols in enolic or 2

lorine taste

e)

ology, e blue ylene raight

which liquid uding asing

gative critical in the e São t. The above er the of the

42

Additlineaalkyl subsbiodeToxicbe m

Detecommalso

n

PestSincepestichlor

Chloeffecfats.

Figure 1

tionally, dear alkyl ben

benzene sstitution ocegradabilitycity tests w

more widely

ergents havemercial detknown to e

n) Chlorina

icides can e these pesicides classrophosphor

rinated pesct. Most com

Organochl

16- Photo of fo

etergents cazene sulfon

sulfonates (Accurred at y tests havewith aquatic

used in pol

e also beenergents emxert a toxic

ated and O

consist of sticides aresified as cous and ca

sticides sucmpounds arorine pestic

oam forming o(C.L

an exert toxnates (LAS)ABS) becau

the begine been deve

organisms lution contr

n blamed fomployed hav

effect on zo

Organochlo

inorganic se highly toxichlorinated rbamates.

ch as DDTe hydrophocides have

on the São PedL. Midaglia, 20

xic effects ) has progruse it is conning of eloped, this

have beenrol programs

or the acceve phosphoooplankton

orinated Pe

ubstances, ic, they havor organo

T, HCH, Alobic but hav

a low acut

dro Hydroelec015).

on aquaticressively rensidered bithe 1980s effect is no

n improved s.

eleration of orus in their, a natural p

sticides

such as sve been repchlorinated

drin and Lve a high sote toxicity,

ctric Power Pla

c ecosystemeplaced the iodegradabs and althot yet knowand there

eutrophicatr formulatiopredator of

ulfur, mercuplaced by s, pyrethrins

indane havlubility in hybut present

ant, in Itu.

ms. The strbranched

le. In Brazihough stan

wn in a safeis a tenden

tion. Most oons and thealgae.

ury, fluorinesynthetic ors, phospho

ve long resydrocarbont chronic to

raight chain l, this ndard way.

ncy to

of the ey are

e etc. rganic orous,

sidual s and

oxicity

43

probtissu

CurredegraOrgaas bchemecos

The collo

Contrespidistuother

o

Polycformehydroby thTheythe ebenzperylinden

The depepersinaphincreone in thsincemore

PAHthe elife, atumospecmuta

CONas it

lems due toes.

ently, the uadation rate

anic Pollutaeing highly

mical, biologsystems eve

affinity of ids is impor

tamination iratory expo

urbances in rs. In cases

o) PAH (Po

cyclic aromed by lineaogen in thehe United y have beenenvironmenzo(a) fluoralene, chrysne (1,2,3-cd

behavior, end on theiistent in the

hthalene, whease in the of the moste environme they tende susceptibl

s can causentire populamphibiansor formationcies. The maagenic and g

NAMA Resoalso does f

o their capa

se of organe in the envnts, such a

y toxic to livgical and pen in small c

pesticides rtant for und

by organoosure, whicbalance, b

s of inhalatio

olycyclic arom

matic hydroarly or anguir structure.States Envn carefully snt: acenaphanthene, bene, dibenzd) pyrene, n

transport ar physicoche environmehich is relatnumber of t important

ment. The md to have ale to biodeg

se toxicologlation of pla

s, reptiles, bn, acute toxiain researcgenotoxic p

olution No. 3for indene (

acity for acc

nochlorines vironment. Mas Aldrin anving organiphotolytic (lconcentratio

for adsorpderstanding

ochlorine pch can attaehavioral con, cough, h

matic hydroca

carbons arularly conne Of the poly

vironmental studied due hthene, acebenzo(a) pzo (a, h) annaphthalene

and destinahemical andent and havtively solublring and wiproperties

more water a low adsorgradation du

gical effectsants and anbirds and mcity, bioacch themes o

properties.

357/2005 es1, 2, 3-cd) p

cumulation

is prohibiteMany of thend DDT. Thsms and blight) degraons.

ption in susg their mobi

pesticides ck the cen

changes andhoarseness

arbons)

re a class ected benzeycyclic arom

Protectionto their tox

enaphthylenpyrene, bennthracene, e and pyren

ation of thd biochemive a low sole. In most cith the moleregarding tsoluble co

rption in thue to their s

s on the gronimals (micrmammals). Tcumulation aof these com

stablishes lipyrene, of 0

along the f

ed or restrice pesticides his group ofbioaccumulaadation and

spended mlity in water

occurs thrtral nervoud involuntars and hyper

of semi-voene rings, cmatic hydrocn Agency axicity, persisne, anthracnzo(k) fluophenanthre

ne.

hese compocal charactolubility in wcases, this ecular weighthe transpormpounds ae soil parti

simpler struc

owth, metaroorganismThese effecand the skin

mpounds ha

imits for sev0.05 μg/L.

food chain a

cted becausare on the

f pollutants ative. They d affect hum

mineral matr bodies.

rough the s system, cry musculartension may

olatile orgacontaining ocarbons, six

as being prstence and pene, benzo

oranthene, ene, fluoran

ounds in teristics. Us

water, with solubility deht of the cortation of th

are more eacles. Additicture.

bolism ands, terrestriacts may be n damage oave been the

veral PAHs

and in biolo

se due to itlist of 12 Pis characteare resista

man health

tter and or

skin, oral causing ser activity, ay occur.

anic compoonly carbonxteen are nriority pollupredominano(a) anthra

benzo(g, nthene, fluo

the environsually PAH'the excepti

ecreases wompound. These compoasily transpionally, the

d reproductial plants, aq associatedof various aeir carcinog

in water bo

ogical

ts low riority erized ant to h and

rganic

and nsory mong

unds, n and ames tants. nce in cene, h, i)

orene,

nment s are ion of ith an

This is ounds ported y are

ion of quatic d with nimal genic,

odies,

44

MinisPAH(BRA

p

The well Statioand thermThesqualialso proce

Concso-caevalu

The THMsourcconcOrdintrihalcons

q

Bipheresula casubswhicare c BPCcapaformthe p BPCvolatcapaand f

stry of Heas in drinkin

AZIL, 2011)

p) Trihalom

use of nonas the wateons. The tuoperational

motolerant se non-specity charactebe very u

esses.

cerning the alled trihalouate the sou

use of the M precursor

ces with centrations nance No. 2lomethanes

sumption.

q) Biphen

enyl-polychlt from the ratalyst. Thestitutions mah may vary

called BPC

s were useacitors and ulation of p

product was

s may entetilization of acitors, irregfrom the dis

alth Ordinanng water, b, a value al

methames

n-specific vaer quality of urbidity paral monitoringcoliforms acific variableristics in wseful for q

formation oomethanes,urce regard

trihalomethmeasuremepotential fof THMs in2914/11 of s of 0.1 m

yl-polych

hlorates genreaction of ey are alsay take pla

y from 1 to 1congeners.

ed worldwidto a less

plasticizers. s always imp

er the envif componengular storagsposal of ind

nce No. 29but adopts so recomm

Formation

ariables to a particula

ameter, for g of particuare other vles can be

water sourceuickly verif

of light orga during theing the amo

hane formaent can be for supply

n treated wathe Ministry

mg. L-1 as

lorates (B

nerically refea biphenyl o part of ce in BPC 10. Up to 20.

de and on aer extent iIn Brazil, th

ported from

ironment bynts contamge, smoke fdustrial efflu

914/11 doesthe standa

ended by th

Potential (

evaluate thr spring is aexample, i

ulate matervariables of

a valuablees that arefying chang

anochlorinee chlorinatioount of prec

ation potentused to co

y with theater during ry of Healththe accept

PCs)

fer to the clagroup with the Prioritmolecules

09 different

a large scain heat trahere are no

m the United

y accident minated by

from the inuents into r

s not estabard of 0.7 he WHO.

(THMFP)

he efficiencya common ps widely usial removalf this type

e tool for an intended f

ges in wate

compoundon processcursors of th

ial as a nompare the q

e possibilitytreatment

establishestance stand

ass of orgaanhydrous

ty Organic regarding tstructures

ale mainly iansfer fluidso records ofd States and

or loss duBPCs, lea

cineration oivers and la

blish a maxμg/L for be

y of a treatpractice in Wsed in WTS. The colorthat are c

n initial evafor public ser quality d

ds (such as , it becomehese compo

n-specific pquality of sey of prodand distribus a maximudard for w

nochlorine chlorine in Pollutants

the numbermay be obt

n transforms and as af the BPC pd Germany.

uring handliakage in trof BPC-conakes.

ximum valuenzo [a] py

tment systeWater Treat

Ss for the cor and denscommonly aluation of upply. Theyduring treat

chloroformes necessaounds.

parameter oeveral raw wducing eleution proceum value of

water for hu

compounds the presen

(POPs). r chlorine atained and

mers and eladditives in

production,

ing, througransformersntaining pro

ue for yrene

em as tment ontrol

sity of used. water y can tment

m), the ary to

of the water vated

esses. f total uman

s that nce of Many toms, these

ectric n the since

h the s and ducts

45

The whicBPCrepre

Toxicalteramatualongto syand CON

r)

Emeto de

Somstudiconcstudineurosemeactio

Thes

•

••

•

Sincecontaenvirlegis

aquatic envh get incos are usualesent a dete

cological sations in th

uration and g the trophiymptoms sugallbladder

NAMA Reso

) Emerging

rging polluteregulate th

e of theseies indicate

clusive cauies indicateological alen quality a

on.

se pollutants

• Pesticid(pentac

• Natural • Drugs:

hormon• Industria

brominaperfluor

e the effeaminants aronmental olation.

vironment irporated thlly adsorbedermining fac

studies havhe reproduc

teratogenicc chain thro

uch as chlor cancer m

olution No. 3

g Pollutants

tants have be body.

e compounde they mse-and-effe

e the possiterations,

and cancers

s can be div

des: Atrazinhlorophenosteroids: AFluoxetine, es al chemicated flamroctanesulfo

cts of thesare not nor health qu

is an imporhrough the d into the octor in the m

ve shown ctive functioc effects. Inough bioaccracne, hype

mortality rate357/2005 fo

been report

ds affect bay also in

ect relationbility that dimmunolog

s are related

vided into th

ne, lindane,ol), rifuralin;ndrogens, etamoxifan,

cals: Alkyme retaonates - PF

se pollutannormally inuality contro

rtant envirodischarge

organic mattmobilization

that contaons of organn the envircumulation.erpigmentaes. The ma

or water bod

ted as endo

biota by canduce canships havedisorders s

gical deficied to emergi

he following

, triclosan,

estrogens, p fluvastatin

ylphenols, rdants (OS)•

nts are stincluded inol bodies n

onment for of industri

ter, and sor of BPCs in

amination fnisms, causonment, the. Human ex

ation, eye paximum vadies is 0.001

ocrine disrup

ausing reprncers. Rege not yet such as birency, acceng pollutan

g groups:

DBCP (dib

phytoestrog, medetomi

phthalates(PBDEs),

ll not comn routine nor are they

the accumual effluentsrption-desornto the wate

from BPCssing disturbese effects

xposure to Broblems, anlue for BP1 mg L -1.

ptors or hav

roductive darding humbeen estab

rth defects, elerated puts with endo

bromochloro

gens; dine, propr

s, bisphensurfactan

mpletely undmonitoring

y included i

ulation of Bs. In sedimrption proce

er column.

s may probances in ss may propaBPCs mightnd elevatedCs stipulat

ving the pot

dysfunctionsmans, althblished, se behaviorauberty, redocrine disru

opropane),

ranolol, syn

nol-A, stynts (incl

derstood, plans of

in regulatio

BPCs, ments, esses

ovoke exual agate t lead

d liver ted in

tential

s and hough everal l and

duced upting

PCP

thetic

yrene, uding

these f the

ons or

46

Cha

I.

Undepropeefflueintereposs

II.

Accochemaqua

In thinvolsuchalwachan

The from ResoConsthe d

pter 3

Types analysistandar

erstanding terly interpreent sampleest parame

sible to carry

Emerge

ording to Cmical accideatic environm

Fig

e State of ve fish mor

h as reducedys possible

nges. In 201

graph in Fi2010 to 2

ources - servation). drought obs

of diagnos, impacds

the importaet the results. Such uneters, whicy out adequ

ncy Care

CETESB's ents were rement got aff

gure 17 – Gratre

São Paulortalities. Sud concentra

e to identify 15, there we

gure 18 sh2015, accor

UGRHI (The higheserved in tha

osis: emect assess

ance of all thts obtained

nderstandingh indicate

uate diagnos

Chemical egistered in fected, and

ph of the envieated by the C

, CETESB ch cases mations of disthe causes

ere 148 cas

ows the evrding to the(Agriculture/st number oat year.

ergency csment, an

he water quduring the

g allows ussignificant ses in differ

Emergenc 2015, and its quality w

ronments affeCETESB in 20

is also themostly derivssolved oxys or the souses of fish m

volution in te vocation /farming, of cases re

are, monnalysis of

uality indicaanalysis of

s to correctchanges i

rent situatio

cy Informatin approximwas altered

ected by chem15 (SIEQ, 201

e institution e from alteygen or redurces of con

mortality or o

he number of the UnitIn industrgistered in

itoring accomplian

ators is esseraw water,

tly define an water qu

ons.

tion Systemately 16% (Figure 17

mical emergenc17).

that deals rations in thuced pH. Hntaminationother aquati

of cases ot of Managrialization, 2014 can

ctivities, tnce with

ential in ord treated wa

and evaluatuality, mak

m (CEIS), of the case

7)

cies

with caseshe water qu

However, it n provoking ic organism

of fish mortagement of W

Industrial be explaine

trend legal

der to ater or te the king it

365 es the

s that uality, is not such

ms.

alities Water

and ed by

47

Nu

The and contapoten

umber of combetween

causes of fwere due

aminants sntially toxic

Figur

Main caInclusi

0

50

100

150

200

250

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Figure 18

mplaints of fisn 2010 and 20

fish mortalie to a lowuch as domalgae or cy

re 19 – Propor

auses of fish ve and/or oth

2010 20

Número de acordo

2010

Prinatendida

Inconclu

– Evolution infrom 2010 t

sh mortalities015. Agricultu

ties registew concentrmestic sewyanobacteria

rtion between dealt with by

mortality attehers/algae blo

011 2012

de Reclamao com a Voc

Paulo,

2011

ncipais causas pela CET

usiva e/ou outras

the registeredto 2015 (CET

s according ture/In industr

ered in 2015ration of d

wage and toa (Figure 19

the causes ofCETESB (CE

ended to by tooming/cyan

2013 201

ações de Mocação das 2, entre 2010

2012

sas das morTESB no per

Flora

d cases of fishESB, 2016).

to the 22 UGRrialization/Ind

5 were idendissolved oxic substa9).

f fish mortalityETESB, 2016).

he CETESB fobacteria/co

14 2015

ortandades d2 UGRHs d e 2015

2013 20

rtandades dríodo de 201

ação de Algas/Cia

h mortalities

RH in the statdustrial/Cons

ntified in 76oxygen, thnces, and

y from 2010 to .

from 2010 to 2ntamination/

de peixes do est. São

Agropecuá

EmindustrializIndustrial

014 201

e peixes 10 a 2015 (%

nobactérias

CETESB, RAS

te of Sao Pauservation

6% of the che presencthe bloomi

o 2015,

2015 (%) low DO

ária

zação

15

%)

S, 2016

ulo,

cases, ce of ng of

48

Whedisch357 oof the

III.

The of thethe vdrain

AdeqimpobecarainwPlantsysteone (Figu

S

ther or not harge of effof 2005) mue alteration

Monitor

main monite conformitverification

nage networ

quate routinortant in orause, in Brwater in indts, but to sems. Howevin which ra

ure 20).

Figu

eparator sys

a fish is kifluents outsust be addrs provoked

ring Activit

oring activitty of the eff

of the dirrks.

ng of efflueder to protrazil, a seependent dsurface waver, there ainwater is s

ure 20 - Sepa

tem/sewage

illed, any eside the staressed as qin the wate

ies

ties regardinluents relearecting of e

ents and ratect water parator sys

drainage linater bodies.are countriesent along w

rated and com

network/rain rainw

emergency andards estquickly as poer and take

ng the qualased accordeffluents a

ainwater wibodies andstem has es. These a. Only efflues that adowith the sew

mbined sewag

water netwowater network

(accidental tablished byossible in othe approp

ity of the wading to the cnd rainwat

thin an indd effluent tbeen adopare not direuents are dopt the comwage to the

ge systems (Vo

ork/W.T.P./com W.T.P

spillage of y CONAMA

order to idenriate contro

ater bodies current legaer toward

dustry or ottreatment spted, whichected to Sewdirected towbined syste

e Sewage T

on Sperling 20

mbined syste

f products oA Resolutiontify the inte

ol measures

are the anaal standardsthe approp

ther businesystems. Thh separateswage Treatwards treatem, which iTreatment P

005).

em/sewage an

or the n No. ensity s.

alysis s and priate

ess is his is s the tment tment is the

Plants

nd

49

Thusgettinindusdraincontathat conc

Regaresoland indusqualieffluebodyalso the mis demodeeffluebetwbalanConcstandinten

s, the moning properlystrial effluenage netwoaminants suis connec

cessionary.

arding the lutions No. the condit

stry, or othity standardent and waty, samples sbe diffuse

mixing zoneefined as thels accepteent release

ween the phnce betweecentrations dards for th

nded uses o

Figure 21

Point po

itoring of iny routed, meent then therk. If rainwauch as oils acted to a

analysis of357 of 2005ions and ser business

d according ter body sashould be c(Figure 21)

e. Accordinge region of ed by the

e point andhysical anden the effluof substan

he recipient of the water

– Point and d

ollution/conce

ndustries oreaning that e rainwaterater flows tand greasetreatment

f complianc5 and 430 ostandards fs that manto its class

amples muscollected up, and downg to CONAMthe receivicompetent is delimite chemical ent and recces that arbody may body.

iffuse pollution(adapted f

entrated dischdisch

r other bust if it does nr should bethrough indes then it shsystem, th

ce of the eof 2011, addfor effluent

nages liquidsification anst be collectpstream fronstream of tMA Resolung body, wt environmeed by the sparametersceiving bodre not in acbe allowed

n sources andfrom Von Sper

harge/watercharge/waterc

sinesses mnot come ine adequateustrial areaould be dire

he industry

effluents thadress the clt release ind effluents, d the emissted during tm the sourthem, takingtion No. 43

which is estiental agensurface in ws is achievedy, being spccordance w provided th

d examples of rling 2005).

course/diffuseourse

ust verify tnto contact ely routed tas, coming iected to the

itself or

at are relealassificationn Brazil, remust meet

sion standathe monitorces of pollug into accou

30 of 2011, mated basecy, that exwhich a baed, as wellpecific for ewith the esthey do not

points for wat

e pollution/di

that rainwawith any tyto the rainwinto contac

e sewage sythe respon

ased, CONn of water bespectively.t both the wrd. For exa

ring. In the wution, whichunt the extethe mixing

ed on theorxtends fromalance of ml as a bioloeach paramtablished qcompromis

ter samples

istributed

ater is ype of water t with ystem nsible

NAMA odies . The water mple, water

h may ent of zone

retical m the mixing ogical meter. quality se the

50

IV.

Fresallowanalyof wa

For preseCleafor thBODfor thmakishow(dete

Fig

F

Trend A

hwater quaw for the cysis of a waater quality

example, ented a stun-up Projeche spatial e

D5,20, ammonhe temporaing it possibws the varierioration), y

ure 22 – Aver

Figure 23 – Av

Analysis

ality evaluatonfiguration

ater body mchange.

the 2007 dy that alloct, which haevaluation niacal nitrogl evaluationble to calcuable’s tendyellow (unc

rage of BOD5,3

verage of amm

tion is compn of trendsakes it poss

CETESB Iwed for theas been in took into cgen, total pn the annuaulate the tredency alonghanged) an

30 (2007) and

moniacal nitrog(C

plemented s regardingsible to iden

Inland Wate evaluationoperation s

consideratiophosphorus,al averagesend by Lineg the last nd gray (unc

the tendency

gen (2007) anCETESB, 200

by tempora analyzed ntify the mo

ter Quality n of the effesince 1992.on the mea, nickel and

s of the prevar Regressten years:

calculated)

over the prev

nd the tendenc8).

al and spatiparameters

ost critical st

Report (Cctiveness o The metho

ans of the qd zinc, relatvious ten y

sion Analysigreen (im

(Figure 23-2

ious 10 years

cy over the pre

ial analysess. The temtretches in t

CETESB, 2of the Tietê odology adoquality varitive to 2007years were is. The bar provement)27).

(CETESB, 20

evious 10 yea

s that mporal

terms

2008) River opted ables

7, and used, color

), red

008).

ars

51

Figur2008)

F

The Ta Clestab

re 24 – Averag).

Figure 25

Figure 26 – Z

Tietê Riverlass 4 wablished max

ge of total pho

- Nickel (2007

Zinc average (2

, along moster body bximum limits

osphorus (200

7) and the ten

2007) and the

st of its passby State Ds for the an

07) and the te

ndency over th

e tendency ove

sage througDecree Noalyzed varia

endency over

he previous 10

er the previous

gh the Alto . 10.755/77ables. How

the previous

0 years (CETE

s 10 years (CE

Tietê Basin7 and, theever, chang

10 years (CE

ESB, 2008).

ETESB, 2008

n, is stipulaterefore, hages in the v

TESB,

).

ed as as no values

52

of thebodie

V.

The typesespe

In a for ein suopera

Folloenviridentassevariadata.envirconsvalue

ese variablees in relatio

Impact A

change in ws of actionecially in the

matrix for tlectrical sub

urface wateration stage

owing the ronmental dtify and pre

essing the ation, both fo. In Figureronmental sider the see of T2 as a

Figure

es in spaceon to environ

Assessmen

water qualits, such as

e constructio

the identificbstations, itr quality durs.

activities odiagnosis, iedict the imwater qualor the prepae 28, hypparameter

easonal varian impact ca

e 27 - Hypothe

Environmen

e and time mnmental san

nt

ty is a nega industrieson and ope

cation of pot is possiblering the pre

of an enviit is possibmpacts of ity of a rivaration of a othetical, oover time.

iation, the van be overv

etical example(SA

ntal indicator

made it posnitation acti

ative enviro, roads, laration stage

otential impae to considee-constructio

ronmental ble to gathe

an enterprver, one sh sampling pone can o. If the bavalue of T1valued..

e a quality parANCHEZ, 200

r or paramete

ssible to evaons.

onmental imndfills, sewes of any of

acts for traner the potenon, construc

impact stuer the inforrise for its hould take plan and forobserve theaseline stu can be us

rameter’s varia06).

er/Project imp

aluate the b

mpact resultwage treatmf these proje

nsmission lntial impactction, post-c

udy, basic mation neesubsequeninto accou

r the collectie natural dy’s elaborsed as a re

ation througho

plementation

behavior of w

ting from sement plantsects.

ine projectst as the chaconstruction

studies, oeded in ordnt evaluatiount its seaion of secobehavior oration does

eference an

out time

water

everal , and

s and anges n and

or an der to on. In sonal ndary of an s not

nd the

53

VI.

In adiscrhavesalin

With No. 3beingand foresestabaccounde

For mainassequalibiochmetareleaReso

Combodiestandeffluethe e

In adalwaparawhicCON

Analysis

accordance riminates the salinity bee waters, w

respect to357: Speciag the one tpreservatio

sees less noblishment o

ording to inerstand the

each of thntained for essed basedity parametehemical oxyals. CONAMase of effluolution No.4

mpliance wites. When rdards of thent meets tenvironment

ddition to Cys be consmeters, suh establish

NAMA Reso

s of compl

with the he waters oelow 0.05%which presen

o freshwateral Class, Clthat presupon of the naoble uses. Tof the watertended useobjectives o

he classes,each wate

d on compler, from theygen demaMA Resoluuents, whic430 of 2011

th quality steleasing an

he receivinghe release tal agency s

ONAMA reulted, as thch as the es limits fo

olution.

iance with

intended uof the nation, brackish wnt salinity g

r, there areass 1, Clasposes noblatural balanThe classifir quality goes. In this of water bod

there is aer body thaliance with e conventioand, to toxtion No. 3ch was th.

tandards an effluent ing body mustandards bshould esta

solutions Nhey may est

COPAM/Cor Total Sus

legal stan

uses, CONnal territorywaters, withreater than

e 5 classesss 2, Class er uses, sunce of aquaication of woal to be revideo proddy classifica

an establisat guarante

the limits enal ones, s

xic contami57 of 2005en comple

nd release nto a body ust be met but not the ablish more

No. 357 andtablish moreERH-MG Jspended So

dards

NAMA Resy in fresh wh salinity be

3%.

s establishe3 and Clas

uch as suppatic commu

watercourseseached or muced by Aations.

shed qualityes the inteestablisheduch as dissnants ones5 also esta

emented an

standards of water, thaccording

receiving wrestrictive l

d 430, state e restrictiveJoint Normaolids, a par

solution Noaters, whic

etween 0.05

ed by CONAss 4, with thply for humunities, ands can be unmaintained

ANA it is po

y level to ended uses

by the ressolved oxygs, such asablishes stand modified

aims at tohe launching

to its claswater quality

imits for the

and munice limits or coative Rulingrameter not

o. 357 of ch are those5% and 3%

AMA Resohe Special C

man consumd Class 4, wnderstood ain a water

ossible to b

be achieves. The quasolution for gen, turbiditys pesticidestandards fod by CON

o preserve wg standards

ssification. y standardse effluent.

cipal laws sontain addig of May 2t included i

2005 e that

%, and

lution Class

mption which as the

body better

ed or lity is each

y and s and or the NAMA

water s and If the , then

hould tional 2008, n the

54

Ques

1c

2e

3B

4o

5v

6thsw

7e

stions:

) In your classification

2) What arexpressed in

3) With regaBOD. In you

4) Are thereof color and

5) In your cvalues in rel

6) In your che water tre

such as thewater, is the

7) With regaestablished

country, isns of water

re the minn mg L or %

ard to organur country, is

e cases in yoturbidity? W

ountry, areation to the

ountry is theatment proe evaluationere a limit to

ard to total that take in

s there anybodies? Ho

imum limit% of saturati

nic matter, Bs there also

our countryWhat are the

there also e range esta

here a concocesses for n of the triho these com

phosphorusto account

y law, resoow many an

ts establishion?

Brazilian lego a limit for

y of bodies oe causes of

water bodablished by

cern with thr public suphalomethan

mpounds?

s, in your cthe type of

olution or nd what are

hed for dis

gislation estCOD, TOC

of water thaf these occu

ies that natlegislation?

he formationply? Is ther

ne formation

country's legaquatic env

regulation the classes

ssolved oxy

tablishes a or DOC?

at have natuurrences?

turally have?

n of trihalome any contrn potential?

gislation, arvironment: l

that establs?

ygen? Are

limit only fo

urally high l

e high or lo

methanes drol in the so? And in tre

re different lotic or lenti

lishes

they

or the

levels

w pH

during ource, eated

limits ic?

55

8a

9

1c

8) What arealso used in

9) Regarding

0) Specify country. Che

e the variab your count

g seasonali

an occurreeck what ac

bles that matry?

ity, how is th

ence of fisctions were

ake up the

he rainfall r

h mortality taken and w

WQI used

regime in yo

that has twhether the

by CETES

our country?

ook place e cause was

SB? Is this

?

recently ins identified.

index

your

56

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instituições organizadoras

instituições Colaboradoras