may 1 , 2013 eq: how can toxins be collected and identified? warm-up:
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MAY 1 , 2013 EQ: How can toxins be collected and identified? WARM-UP: Read the Case Study: Death by Tylenol on pg223 (Blue book)/ pg 234 (Orange book) and answer the following questions: How many people died as a result of ingesting what they thought to be was T ylenol? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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MAY 1, 2013
EQ: How can toxins be collected and identified?
WARM-UP:Read the Case Study: Death by Tylenol on pg223 (Blue book)/ pg 234 (Orange book) and answer the following questions:
1. How many people died as a result of ingesting what they thought to be was Tylenol?
2. What substance were they actually taking?3. How was the poison distributed?4. What is this known as?5. Has/have the perpetrator(s) been found? What is the
reward?
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TOXICOLOGY
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BLOOD ALCOHOL LAWS:*In 1992, the U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT) recommended that states adopt 0.08 % BAC as the legal measure of drunk driving.
*One is 4 times more likely to be involved in an automobile accident at the 0.08 level.
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TECHNIQUES USED IN
TOXICOLOGY:
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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGISTS:*The first step in analyzing drugs is a color test.
*Many drugs yield characteristic colors when brought into contact with specific chemicals.
*Useful for screening purposes only
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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGISTS:*Toxicologists have a very difficult job to do. They have to narrow down thousands of possibilities to one
*Post mortem blood tends to produce ethyl alcohol from bacterial action, therefore sometimes the collection of urine and vitreous humor (liquid in eye) is collected.
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BLOOD ALCOHOL:*Alcohol is ingested through the mouth, down the esophagus, to the stomach where 20% of it is absorbed through the portal veins.
*The rest of the alcohol is absorbed by the small intestines and carried to the liver, and moves up to the heart which distributes it to all your tissues.
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THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC):
Uses a solid stationary phase and a moving liquid to separate the parts of a mixture.
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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTOMETRY:
*Separates mixtures based on their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and a moving gas phase.
*After the mixture is separated it passes through a high-vacuum chamber, that passes a beam of high-energy electrons causing fragments to be separated according to their masses.
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INFRARED LIGHT/FUEL CELL DETECTORS:
A fuel cell converts energy from a chemical reaction into electrochemical energy.
Any alcohol present in the subjects breath flows into the chamber and a beam of infrared light passes through the chamber.
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SCREENING & CONFIRMATION TESTS:
Three most widely used screening tests:1. TLC2. GC3. Immunoassay-best for detecting the low drug levels associated with marijuana
Toxicologists follow up positive screening test with a confirmation test; GC/mass spectometry
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DETECTING DRUGS (Heavy Metals):
Environmental protection regulations restrict their availability to the general public.
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DETECTING DRUGS:*Hair is nourished by blood flowing through capillaries located close to the hair root.
*Hair grows at a rate of _____ per month, therefore it can be used to date drugs used over a period of weeks, months or years depending of the hair’s length.
1 cm
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DETECTING DRUGS:*Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of the most common poisons found in a forensic lab.
*It is a common way that some individuals commit suicide.
*When the amount of CO in the blood reaches 50-60% saturation, the results can be fatal.
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