maukkha education magazine 6

8/6/2019 Maukkha Education Magazine 6

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udk,fxludk,fx aEG&moD rGefpmayoifwef;wpfck


17/15615

yk*vduausmif;rsm; tpdk;&ausmif;

rsm;ESifh twl ZGefvwGif jyefzGihfrnf

2010-2011 ynmoifESpfu zGihfcGihf&cJhaom

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ajymjycJhonf/

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ap&ef yk*vdu ausmif;Oya' tjrefqHk; ay:xGufvmzdkYvdktyfaMumif; ynma&; wuodkvfrS tNidrf;pm; 'kwd,

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rnfjzpfaMumif;udk today;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf [k

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tdEd,vdk wkdif;jynfrsKd;rS m oHk;bmom oifMum;a&;

pepf[m atmifjrifaewmyg/ tajccH Oya'uae wkdif;

&if;om; uav;i,f tcGihfta&;tjzpf rdcifbmomp

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1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif 'kwd,wef;

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udk,fxludk,fx pmay oifMum;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf;

aESmuf,SufcHcJh&onf/

(16? rwfv? 2011)


18/15616

udk,fydkif bmom&yfoif oifwef;ausmif; Oya'[m

uGefawmf avhvmrdoavmuf International

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ausmif;awG taeeJYyg tcktcsdefrS m udkufnDrI

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wJh Oya'jy|mef; xGuf&SdvmzdkY uGefawmfwkdY

arQmfvihfygw,f} [k armuudk ajymMum;cJhonf/

2011-2012 ynmoifESpftwGuf yk*vdu

ausmif;rsm;onf tpdk;& ausmif; zGihf&ufrsm;twdkif;

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tm; ,refESpfrsm;u nGefMum;csuftwdkif; ig;wef;rS

udk;wef; txd vufcH oifMum;&rnf[k od&onf/

(23 {NyD 2011)

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armhpudk&JU owif; wpfyk'f[m urmwvTm;udk zHk;vGrf;

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19/15617

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jrifhrm; cJhzl;ygw,f/ 1970? 1980 rsKd;qufrsm;eJY aemuf

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(12? {jyD? 2011)

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ajymjycJhonf/


20/15618

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(19? {jyD? 2011)

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80 &mckdifEIef;aom q&mrsm;u uav;rsm;


21/15619

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udk cHpm;ae&qJjzpfaMumif; okawoet& avhvmawGY

&Sd&onf/

(24 {NyDv 2011)


22/15620

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23/15621

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BMTA) ESihf q&mausmf0if;atmif (STTC, BM-

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BMTA, BMWEC, CDTCEP wdkY\

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udkufnD oihfavsmfrI&Sdaom oif&dk;nGef;wrf;udk jyKpkoGm;rnfaMumif; owif;&&Sdygonf/

(14? rwfv? 2011)

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24/15622

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vkyf&rSmyJav} [k jrpfxJ ai;Munfh&if; ajymjyonf/

(13 rwfv 2011)

uav;tm;vHk; ausmif;aeEdkifa&; wHiguav;rsm; twGuf r[kwfao;


25/15623

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Vigds Finnbogadttir

UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador

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26/15624

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27/15625

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28/15626

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rsm;udk NydKifyGJwpfck usif;y ay;vdkwJhtwGuf zdwfac:&jcif;jzpfw,f/ aemif

vm aemifom;rsm; taeeJY vnf; avhvmcGihf &&Sdaevdrfhr,f/}

]tck pka0; a&muf&SdaeMuwJh yef;csDausmfrsm; taeeJY -

Nidrf;csrf;a&; - udk taumif;qHk; azmfjyEkdifwJh yef;csDum;awG zefwD;

uav;yHkjyif

a&;qGJMu&r,f/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&;qGJEkdifMuw,f/ tJ'DtxJu taumif;qHk;? tBudKufqHk; yef;csDum; wpfcsyfudk

a&G;cs,frSm jzpfw,f/}

bk&ifBuD;u tckvdk rdefYMum;wJhtcg pka0; a&muf&SdaeMuwJh yef;csD ynm&Sif tausmftarmfrsm;[m rdrdwdkY&JUpdwful;? pdwfoef;awG tvdkuf ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;} yef;csDum;awGudk a&;qGJMuygawmhw,f/ a&;qGJMuwJh yef;csDum;awG

teuf aemufqHk;rSmawmh tESpfoufqHk; yefcsDum; 2 csyfudk qefcgwif a&G;cs,fcJhygowJh/

uav;wdkYa&....

uav;wdkYqdk&ifaum b,fvdk b,fyef;csDum;rsKd;udk a&;qGJ rvJ[if/ Nidrf;csrf;wJh ae&mav;udk awGUzl;Mu

&JUvm;/ bk&if[m ay;xm;wJh uwdtwkdif; taumif;qHk; wpfum;udkom a&G;cs,f&ygawmhr,f/ aemufqHk; a&G;cs,f

xm;MuwJh yef;csDum; 2 csyfudk eef;wGif;rSm&SdaewJh rSL;BuD;rwf&mawG&,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vma&mufMuwJh

wkdif;ol jynfom; vltrsm;wdkY[m pdwf0ifwpm; Munhf&IaeMuygw,f/yxryef;csDum;[m NidrfoufaewJh a&uefwpfuefyHkjzpfygw,f/ MunfvifoefYpifvSwJh MunfhrSefwpfcsyf

vdkygyJ/ teD;tem;u opfyifyef;refawGeJY jynhfpHkNyD; jrifhrm;vSwJh awmifMuD;awG&JUyHk&dyfawG a&uefxJrS m t&dyfxif

aeawmh wmaygY/ tay:rS m usjyefawmhvnf; aumif;uif jymjymMuD;&,f? qGwfqGwfjzLazG;NyD; El;nHhvSwJh wdrfwdkuf

jidrf;csrf;a&;

yef;csDum;


29/15627

av; awGeJYaygY/ awGYjrif&wJhvlwkdif;u 'Dyef;csDum;uawmhjzihf&if

Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,f azmfusL;xm;wJh vuf&mrGef yef;csDum;

jzpfw,f qdkjyD;awmh csD;usL; Muw,fwJh/ uav;wdkYaum tJ'Dvdk jrif

uGif;rsKd;udk awGUzl;Muyg&JUvm;/

'kwd, yef;csDum;rSmvnf; awmifwef;BuD;awG &SdaecJhygw,f/ 'gayrJh

bmtyifrSraygufa&mufawmhwJhawmifuwkH;BuD;awGjzpfaeowJh/ NyD;awmhvnf;

tifrwefrS Murf;wrf;vGef;wJh yHkoPmef&Sdaejyefw,f/ rufapmufvSwJh acsmufurf;yg;

awG&,f? ausmufaqmif ausmufwHk;awG&,feJY tjrif[m qdk;&Gm;vGef; vSygw,f/

cufxef &ufpufwJh awmifwef; Murf;Murf;BuD;awGaygYaemf/ yef;csDum;xJu aumif;

uifudk Munhfjyefawmhvnf; a'grmef[kef jyif;xefwJh yHkpHeJY wdrfndKwdrfrJvdIif;awG[m rdk;ayguf

Murf;Murf;awGudk &GmoGef;csaeygw,f/ wcsufwcsuf vif;vufaewJhyHk&SdwJh vQyfpD;aMumif;

[mvnf; wu,fhudk aMumcsrf;p&myg/ ausmufawmif&dkif;BuD;&JUab;eH&HrSmawmh tiftm;jyif;xefvSwJh aMumufp&m

a&wHcGef[m tjrKyf wpDpD xNyD;awmh qlqlnHnHeJY a&awG oGefcsaew,f/ 'Dyef;csDum;&JU jrifuGif;uawmh b,fvdkrSudk

Nidrf;csrf;w,fvdkY rqdkEkdifbl;/ uav;wdkYaum b,fvdk xifovJ[if.../

uav;wdkYa&....

'gayrJh PfynmeJY jynfhpHkwJh bk&ifBuD;[m 'kwd, yef;csDum;udk Munfh&IwJh tcgrS m a&wHcGefBuD;&JUaemuf

zuf ausmufwHk;eH&Hay:rSm csKHykwfav; wpfckudk awGYjrifrdowJh/ tJ'D csKHykwfav;xJrSm rdcif iSufrBuD;[m olr&JUaep&m

todkufav;udk aqmufvkyfxm;NyD;NyD/ tJ'Dae&mav;rSmaygY.../ tE&m,frsm;vSwJh t&kdif;tpdkif; ausmuf

awmifBuD;&,f? a'grmef jyif;xefvSwJh a&wHcGefBuD;&J Ue H&HeJY uyfvsufae&m csKHykwfav;xJrS m.../ rdcifiSufrBuD;[miSufi,f av;awGudk tpmcGHauR;vdkuf? uav;awGeJYtwl aw;oDcsif;awG oDqdkvdkuf? upm;vdkuf? tdyfvdkufeJY

aBumifhMurJhpGm? Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;? aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifudk &SdaecJhygw,f/ tifrwefrSudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm &SdaewJh rdom;pkav;aygY/

uav;wdkYa&...

bk&ifBuD;[m b,fyef;csDum;udk a&G;cs,fcJhw,fvdkY xifygovJ/ uJ.. tck yef;csDum; 2 csyfpvHk;taMumif;udk

uav;wdkYvnf; odNyDqdkawmh... b,fyef;csDum;udk Nidrf;csrf;a&;edrdwfyHk yef;csDum;tjzpf a&G;rvJ[if.../ bmjzpfvdkY

a&G;MurSmvJ.../

bk&ifBuD;uawmh 'kwd, yef;csDum;udk a&G;cs,fcJhygowJh../ olY&JUtaMumif;jycsufu 'DvdkwJhuGJU/]rif;BuD;rsm;eJY yef;csDausmfrsm;? wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;wdkY ..... }

bk&ifBuD;[m tm;& &Tifvef;pGmeJY &Sif;jyaecJhw,f/

] Nidrf;csrf;a&; qdkwm[m qlnHoHawG? 'kuqif;&JawG? tvkyfMurf;awGeJY tcuftcJawG r&SdwJh ae&mrSmom

&Sdaewmjzpfw,fvdkY ajymvdkY r&Ekdifygbl;/ b0 qdkwm[m tpOf ajzmihfjzL;om,mwJh c&D;r[kwfjyefbl;/ tJ'Dvdk tajc

taeawG? tcuftcJawG tMum;rSmvnf;yJ oifwdkY[m wnfNidrf pG m? aysmf&TifpGm? pnf;vHk; nDnGwfpGm&,f? cspfjcif;

arwm tjynfht0eJY &Sifoef aeEkdifjcif;onfomvQif ppfrSefaom ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;} jzpfayw,f/ }

armfuGef;xkd;MuwJh eef;wGif; ynm&Sifrsm;[mvnf; bk&ifBuD;&JU 'etjrifudk aemifvmaemifom;

taygif;wdkY odrSwfEkdifMuapzdkY ausmufpmwkdifrSm urnf;armfuGef; a&;xdk; vdkufygawmhowJh/&Tifvef;csrf;ajrYMuygap/

uav;wdkY&JU

q&marm&


30/15628

pmoifcef;xJrSm

xnfha&;cGihfr&Sda

o;wJh

taMumif;tcsif;t&mrsm;bmom&yf-jrefrm

pm

pmpDpmuHk; -(15r

Swf)

ajzqdkcsdef -45rde

pf

acgif;pOf-]uRe

fawmfwdkUpmoifa

usmif;}-

rdrdwdkYausmif;\yw

f0ef;usifESifh,if;ywf0ef;usifta

y:tjrifudk&Sif;v

if;ajzqkdyg/

'Dae&mrSm"e&Sifv

lwef;pm;udktm;ay;t

m;ajrmufjyKw,f/

'Dae&mrSmtcGifhta

&;eJYtmPmudkuv

drfuspfPfeJYto

Hk;csw,f/

'Dae&mrSm&dk;om;r

Icrf;ajcmufaew,f/

'Dae&mrSmawmwGi

f;Oya'udkbk&m;o

cifuzefqif;xm

;whJ

vufeufvdkYvufc

Hxm;Muw,f/

'Dae&mrSm*kPfyumoe&JUt

ykyfeHHYwdkYudkeHomoz

G,ftoHk;jyKMuw,

f/

'Dae&mrSmtmPm&Sifpepf&JUom;au

mifawGaysmfarGUw

,f/

'Dae&mrSmtmPm

&Sifpepf&JUaxmufwdkifawG&Sdw

,f/

'Dae&mrSmtmPm&

Sifpepfaumif;rGefpGm

vnfywfapEdkifwJh

taMumif;w&m;aw

G&Sdw,f/

'Dae&mrSmtrSm;u

dktrsm;uvufcHa

eo

trSefjzpfw,fvkdY,

lqaeMuw,f/

'Dae&mrSmao;Ekw

fnHhzsif;wJhtodP

fawGeJYb0udk

wnfaqmufzkdYBu

dK;pm;Muw,f/

'Dae&mrSmrdrd&JUyk*vwefz

dk;udkrdrdbmomzsu

fpD;jzpfaeMuw,f/

'Dae&mrSmwudk,faumif;0g'xGef;

um;w,f/

'Dae&mrSmwefzdk;q

dkwmaiGaMu;Opmv

dkYt"dyg,fzGifhqdkMuw,f/

'Dae&mrSmvlawGt

m;vHk;rdrdudk,fudka

ysmufqHk;aeMuw

,f/

'Dae&mrSmuRefaw

mf[mtaiGUysHrays

mufuG,fEdkifwJh0dn

mOf

taiGUtouftjzp

feJYom&Sifoefaew

,f/

armif&Sif;o

efY


31/15629

tE&m,f&SdwJh "gwfa&mifjcnfyrmPtaMumif; odaumif;p&m

tm&Sypdzdwf a'owGif; tpdk;&awGudk ywf0ef;

usifrS m a&'D,dk "gwfowKMuG ypnf; yg0ifrI yrmP

radioactivity levels udk wkdif;wm ppfaq;rI jyKvkyfMu

zdkY usef;rma&; qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm;u wkdufwGef;

EdI;aqmfxm;ygw,f/*syef ivsifaMumifh ysufpD;aewJh EsLuvD;,m;

pGrf;tm;puf&Hk aygufuGJjyD; avxkxJudk "gwfa&mifjcnf

awG xkwfvGifh cJhjyD;wJhaemuf tckvdk owday;xm;

wmyg/

"gwfa&mifjcnfradiation udksievert vdkYac:

wJh twdkif;twmudk toHk;jyK wkdif;wmygw,f/ vlom;

wpf&I;rQifrsm;u pkyf,lvdkufwJh "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmPudkwkdif;wmay;ygw,f/

1 sievert [m 1,000 milli-sieverts

(mSv) jzpfjyD; 1 mSV rSm 1,000 micro-sieverts

&Sdyg w,f/

"gwfa&mifjcnfyrmP jrihfwJhtcgrSm pdk;&drf&wJh

usef;rma&; tE&m,f taMumif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufawGudk 'Dwywf odyHu@rSm pkpnf; wifjyvdkufygw,f/

*syef uwfbdewf twGif;a&;rSL; ,luDtdktD'efEkd

u aygufuGJcJhwJh puf&Hkem;rS m "gwfa&mifjcnf ysHUESHrI

yrmP 400 millli-sieverts (mSv) txd &SdcJh

w,fvdkY ajymqdkygw,f/ 'g[m EsLuvD;,m; "gwf

aygif;zdkeJY ,la&eD,Hrkdif;wGif; vkyfom;awG wpfESpf

rS m pkaqmif; &&SdEkdifwJh yrmPxuf tq 20 ydkyg

w,f/omref vltrsm;pkuawmh wpfESpfudk obm0 ywf

0ef;usifu "gwfa&mifjcnf2-3 mSv cH&ygw,f/

cEmudk,f"gwfrSefCT scan&dkufwJhtcgrSm &dkufcH&

wJh udk,fcEm tpdwftydkif;[m vlBuD;rSm 15 mSv,

arG;uif;p uav;qdk&if 30 mSv yrmP "gwf

a&mifjcnfudk vufcH&&Sdygw,f/ yHkrSef &ifbwfx-r

ay &dkufwJhtcgrSmawmh0.02 mSv &SdjyD; oGm;awG

udk "gwfrSef&dkufwJh tcgrSm 0.01 mSv &Sdygw,f/"gwfa&mifjcnf wpfESpfudk yrmP100 mSvxdrSef

cH&jcif;[m uifqma&m*g jzpfapEkdifwJh tedrfhqHk;

tqifhyg/ 1,000 mSv (1 sievert) yrmP

avmuf pkaqmif; &&SdNyDqdk&ifawmh vl 100 rSm wpf

OD; [m aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pG m MumwJhtcg uifqm

a&m*geJY toufqHk;&HI; Ekdifygw,f/

CT scan 3 ckavmufrSmawmh uifqma&m*g jzpf

apEkdifavmufwJh "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmP90 mSvxdrSefcJhzl;wJh oufao taxmuftxm; &Sdygw,f/

'Dtcsuft& vlBuD;awGvnf; jzpfEkdifovdk uav;

awGu ydk jzpfEkdifacs rsm;ygw,f/

"gwfa&mifjcnf yrmP rsm;vGef;wJhtcg? 'grSr[kwf

wkduf&dkuf xdrSef cH&wJhtcg A[dkOD;aESmuf tm&Hk

aMumpepf? aoG;eDOeJY aoG;jzLOawGudk ysufpD;ap

ygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm cEmudk,f ckcHumuG,fwJhpepf

immune system tvkyf rvkyfEkdifawmhbJ

a&m*g ydk;rTm;awG&J U BuD;pdk; cs,fvS,frIudk

cH&awmhw,f/

oQif,E&m;


32/15630

Oyrm - "gwfa&mifjcnf radiation 1

qDAmh(1,000 mSv)yrmP udk xdrSef cH&wJhtcgrSm

ysKdUwufvmr,f? tefr,f? aoG;,dkr,f? 'gayrJh

toufrqHk;&HI; Ekdifao;ygbl;/ 5 qDAmh(5 sieverts)

avmuf wBudrfwnf; xdrSef&&SdwJh vlw0uf

avmuf[m wpfvtwGif; touf qHk;&HI;&Ekdif

ygw,f/

csmEkdbdkif; EsLuvD;,m;aygufuGJrIwkef;u 350 rD-

vDqDAmh(350 mSv)yrmPudk vlawG a&TUajymif;&

r,fh tqihfvdkY urmh EsLuvD;,m; toif;BuD;u

owfrSwfxm;cJhw,f/

csmEkdbdkif;eJY*syefEsLuvD;,m; puf&HkawGrSm 0ef xrf;

awGudk xdckduf jzpfyGm;cJhwJh a&wdk "gwfa&mifjcnf

xdcdkufrIvery acute radiation uawmh jynfol

vlxk trsm;pktwGuf rjzpfEkdifbl;vdkY a[mifaumif

wuodkvfu "mwka&m*g uRrf;usifol vrfcsif;

0rfu &Sif;jyygw,f/

Source: the New England Journal of

Medicine, World Nuclear Association

and Taiwan's Atomic Energy Council

1 Sievert =100 mRem

vlom;jzpfzdkYawG;ac: qifjcifrIjzihfom

rSefuefaom vlom; jzpf Ekdifw,fvdkY

usKyfajymvdkygw,f/

yufpwmvdkZD (1746-1827)

(qGpfvlrsKd; ynma&;orm;)Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

(1746 1827)


33/15631

avhvmMunfhyg

vufoauFwjy

bmompum;

uRefawmfh&JU

oli,fcsif;

jzpfay;wJh

twGuf

aus;Zl;ygyJ/


34/15632

jrdKUjy ,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;vmcJhjcif;

a&S;a[mif; tdEd, ,Ofaus;rICivilization - India

BurmaIndia

q&mr*Fvmatmifrif;


35/15633

tdELjrpf0Srf; wpfavQmufrSm ordkif;OD; vlom;awG

[m ESpfaxmifeJY csDNyD;awmh aexdkifcJhMuygw,f/ &dk;&Sif;wJh

b0awG[m trJvdkufjcif;? opfoD;opfO &SmazGjcif;awGeJY

&Sifoef aexkdifcJhMu&muae aemufydkif;rSmawmh v,f,m

xGef,ufjcif;eJY pdkufysKd;a&;awGudk vkyfwwf? udkifwwfvmcJhMuw,f/ wjznf;jznf; rdom;pkudk jyKpk ysKd;axmif

vmwwfcJhMuw,f/ NrdKUjy,Ofaus;rI pnfyifvmcJhjyD;

bmomw&m; rsKd;pHk[mvnf; xGef;um;vmygawmhw,f/

tJ'DvdkeJY c&pfawmf rzGm;rD ESpf 1500 avmufrSm

awmh (bDpD 1500)rS m enf;ynm ydkNyD;awmh a&SUwef;a&muf

xGef;um;aewJh vlrsKd;EG,fpkBuD; wpfpk[m tJ'D a'oqDudka&TUajymif; a&muf&Sdvmygawmhw,f/ tm&d,ef Aryan

vdkYac:wJh vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;yg/ tom;vwfwJh a&S;OD; tdEd,

awG[m tdELjrpf0Srf; a'oMuD;udk olwdkY&J U wdkufckdufa&;

enf;ynm toHk;jyKNyD; odrf;ydkuf tkyfpdk;cJhMuygw,f/

c&pfawmf rzGm;rlrD tESpf 2000 (bDpD 2000) cefYu xGef;um;cJhaomHarappa Civilization

[m&y a&S;a[mif; NrdKUjy ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;cJhaom ae&m - ,ckacwf ygupwefe,fedrdwfteD;)


36/15634

tdEd, orkdif;aMumif;

[m vlom;rsKd;EG,f

orkdif;aMumif;wrQ

&Snfvsm;vS ygw,f/

vGefavjyD;aom tESpf

500000 (ig;odef;) u

vuf&m ypnf;awGudk

wl;azmf &SmazG awGY&Sd

xm;Muw,f/

[ m& y e fa c w fa&S;ESpf ig;axmifrSm

xGef;um;cJhwJh

jrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIyg/

rsufarSmufacwfygupwefEkdifiHxJrSmyg/

ausmufwHk;tdrfawGrSm

aexkdifMuNyD;

aMu;vufeuf? ud&d,m

awGudk pwifoHk;MujyD/

pmayr&Sdao;/ t&kyfpm

wDxGifcJhMuw,f/

&moDOwkajymif;vJoGm;cJhvdkY jrdKUwpfck vHk;

ysufpD; aysmufuG,fcJh

&w,f/

'&mAD'D,efvlrsKd;EG,fpkMuD;[m awmifydkif;

tdEd,rSm &SdcJhw,f/

aemufydkif;rSm tm&d,ef

rsKd;EG,fpkawGtdEd,udk a&TUajymif;

vmcJhMuw,f/

Ak'jrwfpGm 'ku&p&d,

usihfawmfrlaeyHk

bDpD (563-483)

r[m0D& (bDpD 599)

(*sdef;pfbmom)

Adrdom&rif;

rm*wwdkif;?

(bDpD 542- 490)

r[mtvufZjEm;

tdEd,udk odrf;jcif;

(bDpD 326)

pjE*kwbk&if

(bDpD 300 wGif

tdEd,udk xlaxmifcJh)

tmaomurif;BuD;

(bDpD 272 wGif Ak'

bmomudk jyefYyGm;cJhol)

[dELbk&m;

r[mjA[myHkawmf

c&pfawmf rzGm;rD tESpf1000 rSm [dELbmomeJY

a0'av;yHkxGef;um;

cJhw,f/

r [ mb m& wZmwfawmf&SnfMuD;udk

a&;zGJYcJhMuw,f/ ppfyGJ?

tkyfcsKyfrI?tawG;tac:?

ewfbk&m;? pGefYpm;cef;?&JpGrf;owdeJY

opmazmufjcif;awG

tpHktvifyg0ifw,f/

trsKd;av;yg; -ykPm;rsKd; (jA[m)

rif;? ppfolMuD; (cwd,rsKd;)

ukefo,fvufrIrsKd;(a0)

tvkyfMurf; (ok')

orkdif; acwfumv tcsdefjyrsOf; - tdEd,

[dELbmomw&m;*sdef;pfESihf Ak'

bmomxGef;um;jcif;?rm&D,efacwf

BC 2000-

1500

BC

1000BC 600 -

BC 272

ordkif;rwifrDacwf

tdELjrpf0Srf;ESihfoGm&0wD,Ofaus;rI?

a0'acwf

a&S;*leH&Hyef;csD

orif&JU0rf;Adkufudk&Iyg/

a&S;a[mif;jrdKU&JU

a&oG,fpepf

a&S;*leH&Hyef;csD-a&S; rdom;pkESihf zrf;qD;

rdaom taumifrsm;


37/15635

rmudkydkvdk tdEd,a&muf

(at'D 1288)

rlqvif tifyg,m

(at'D 1000- 1500)

Ampudk '*g;rm;

*dktmjrdKUodkYa&muf

(1498)

r*dk tubmbk&if

(at'D 1543 - 1605)

ta&SUtdEd,ukrPD

(1600)

w*sfr[m wnfaqmufrdzk&m;tkwf*l (17 &mpk)

r[wr *ED

(1869 - 1948)

jidrf;csrf;a&;wdkufyGJ

a&SUaqmifvrf;jy

tmPmzDqefa&;

vIyf&Sm;rI

(1942)

('ef'D) qm;csDwufyGJ

*EDMuD; OD;aqmifjyD;

c&D;&Snfrkdif 241 rdkifudk

24 &ufMum csDwufcJh /

qkbwfcsefj'mbdkYpfESihf

trsKd;om;wyfrawmf

*s0g[mvm ae&l;

(1889 - 1964)

vGwfvyfa&;&csdef

0efMuD;csKyf

bufrvdkuf vIyf&Sm;rI

wnfaxmifcJhol

ygupwefcGJxGuf

(1947)

b*Fvm;a'h&SfcGJxGuf

(1971)

ae&l; - *EDrsKd;&dk;EkdifiHa&;&mxl;qufcHcJhMu/

tif'&m*ED vkyfMuHcH&/

(1984)

c&pfu'ftm;upm;qk

(1983)

EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrI

(1998)

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf/(2005)

rlqvif tifyg,m?r*dktifyg,m

NAdwdoQ udkvdkeDacwftdEd,vGwfajrmuf

a&;BudK;yrf;rIrsufarSmufacwf

tdEd,

1300-

1500 AD 1800 AD 1900 AD 1947 AD


38/15636

oHa0Zed,

av;Xme

2/ oAnKwPfawmf

&&Sdawmfrl&m r[maAm"d

atmifajr?

3/ "rpMum w&m;OD; a[mawmfrl&m rd*'g0kefawm?

4/ y&dedAmef pHawmfrl&m ukodemkH tifMuif;awm

1/ a*gwrbk&m; tavmif;awmf

zGm;jrif&m vkrdedO,smOf? vGefcJhaom

tESpf 2400

(bDpD 400)

u

Ak'jrwfpGm

bk&m;\&kyfwkawmf

(tdEd,)

omoemjyKrif;

tmaomu&mZmESihf

ausmufpmwkdif

(bDpD 3 &mpk -tdEd,)9 wkdif; 9 XmeodkY omomjyK

apvTwfcJhonfhtwGuf

Ak'bmom jyefYyGm;cJhonf/


39/15637

wpfcgu.....

*ED[m c&D; wpfckudk

&xm;pD; oGm;zdkY &xm; blwm

udk a&mufvmcJhygw,f/

ola&mufvmw,fqdk&if

yJ &xm;u pwifNyD; xGufcGmzdkYbD;pvSdrfYaeNyD/ 'DawmY *EDBuD;vnf; &xm;ay: uref;

uwef; wufvdkuf&w,f/ &xm; ajceif;cHkeJY olU&JU ajc

axmufwpfzuf wdkufrdNyD; ol&JUzdeyf wpfzuf[m &xm;

atmuf oHvrf;ay:odkY usoGm;cJhw,f/

'DawmY usefaewJY zdeyfwpfzufeJY *ED &xm;

ay:udk aocsma&mufoGm;w,f qdk&ifyJ *EDu usefaecJh

wJh zdeyfw zufudk uref;uwef; cRwfvdkufNyD; apmapmu usoGm;wJY zdeyf&Sd ae&mudk rSef;jyD; usefaewJY zdeyfudk

ypfcsvdkufygw,f/

ol 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk ab;rS m &SdaewJY vlwpf

a,muf awGUawmh ... ] bmvkyfwmvJAs../ bmjzpfvdkY

usefaewJY zdeyfudk vTifYypfvdkuf&wmvJ/} vdkY ar;w,f/

tJ'DtcgrSm *EDMuD;u tckvdk jyefajzcJhowJh/

]uRefawmfhqDrS m usefaewJY zdeyfu bmrSvkyf

vdkY r&awmYbl;av/ 'Dawmh cke usoGm;wJY zdeyf ae&mem;a&mufatmif usefaewJY zdeyf wpfzufudk ypfxm;cJh vdkuf

awmY awGUwJholu zdeyfwpf&H qdk&if pD;vdkY&wmaygYAsm/}

]wpfzufwnf;qdk&ifuRefawmfhtwGufvnf;

w,f..toHk;r0ifvSbl;/ tjcm;olvnf;

toHk;r0ifbl;av/

tckvdk wpf&HvHk;&awmY ol pD;vdkY&oGm;wmaygY/} vdkY jyef

ajzcJYygw,f/

Source: Chicken Soup For The Soul

tdEd,EkdifiH trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif? tawG;

tac:ynm&Sif? tMurf;rzuf awmfvSef vIyf&Sm;rI

a&SUaqmif? r[wr*EDudk 1869 atmufwdkbm 2 &ufaeY

wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/

udkvdkeD jAdwdoQwdkY vufatmufrS vGwf

ajrmufa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ 0ifcJh&mwGif tEkenf;jzihf

awmfvSef vIyf&Sm;jcif; ]t[o} usihfpOf enf;emrSm ol\

b0aeenf;yifjzpfonf/ tMurf;rzuf&Hkomr[kwfrlbJ

ow0gtm;vHk; tay:wGif Muifemoem;jcif;? u&kPm

xm;&Sdjcif;[kvnf; olurdefYqdkcJhonf/ cED ]onf;cHjcif;

w&m;} ESihf tjcm;olrsm;tay: av;pm;jcif; wdkYjzihfom

vQif ]trSefw&m;} udk odjrif em;vnf cHpm;Ekdifonf[k

olu ,HkMunfonf/ ol\ urmausmf 'eudk [dEL

bmom&Sd]b*0g*Dw} vuFmusrf;xJrS tjrifopf &&SdcJh

onf/

jAdwdoQudk tEkenf;jzihf qefYusif&mwGif vlxk

w&yfvHk;yg0if vmcJhjyD;aemuf axmifoGif; tusOf;cs

cHcJh&onf/

touf 78 ESpft&G,f rlqvifESihf [dEL

bmom0ifrsm; tMum;cGJa&; jyemudk tpmiwfcH

qEjyjyD; 12 &uftMumwGif vkyfMuHcHcJh&onf/

Mahatma Gandhi(1869 - 1948)


40/15638

uAsmpmqdkausmf &mbifj'mewfw*dk;\ &Sefwdedauwefausmif;awmfMuD;rSm pmay?

*Dw? yef;csD tekynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ vGwfvyfaom [if;vif;jyif

aumif;uifjyifMuD;atmuf&Sd opfyifrsm;atmufwGif pmoifMum;ay;cJhonf/pmMunhfwdkufMuD;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhonf/ jrefrmESihf urmausmfyk*Kdvfrsm;udk

arG;xkwfay;cJhonhf ausmif;awmfMuD;jzpfonf/

.... trsKd;rsKd;aom

okc? 'ku wdkYESihf

jynfhaomt&yfwdkY

ig\ *DwwdkYonf

vSnfhvnfaejyD; ...

w*dk; (*DwOvD 103)

& dk; & m[ e f t u t E ky n m


41/15639

Nr dKUa w mfe , l; a ' v D& Sda u mi f; u i f& x m;

c & p fu ' ft m; u p m; r Sm t dE d, w Gi ft v Ge fv lMu dKu fr sm; v So n f/

2 0 1 1 c kE Sp fu r mhc se fy D, Hq k& & Sdc Jho n f/


42/15640

vl 5 a,mufrS 12 a,mufcefY txd yg0if

upm;Edkifaom jrefrmh&dk;&m upm;enf; jzpfygonf/ tm;

vHk;xJrS pGef(a&TpGefndK)? r,faxG;av;ESihf acgif;aqmif

udk a&G;cs,fum acgif;aqmifESihf usefupm;olrsm;u

r,faxG;av;udk pGefxHrS 0dkif; umuG,fMu&ygonf/

upm;enf;

a&TpGefndKrS vGJ usefupm;olrsm;onf acgif;

aqmifvkyfrnhfol aemufwGif wef;pD r,faxG;av;udk

aemufqHk; xm;Mu&onf/ a&TpGefndK vkyfonhfolonf

iSufo@mef tawmifcwf ysH0J&if; ]a&TpGefndK iSuf&J

wdrfwdkufxJu 0JxGufcJhNyD} [l [pfatmfNyD; ajym&onf/

upm;yGJ rprD ajy;ol? vkdufol tcsdefudkufap&ef acgif;

aqmifESihf a&TpGefndKu rsufESmcsif;qdkif&yfvsuf atmuf

yg uAsmudk tjyeftvSef tar;tajz yHkpHjzihf qdkMuonf/

uAsmqHk;onfESihf tajy;ESihf tvdkuf pwifygawmhonf/

uAsm

uav;rsm; = a&TpGefndK ... bmudk vdkvdkY 0Jygw,f/

a&TpGefndK = r,faxG;vdkvdkY 0Jygw,f/

uav;rsm; = r,faxG;ryg .. 'dkYcsnf;om/

a&TpGefndK = yg ygvsufom;... aemufuxm;/

uav;rsm; = r,faxG;tom; cg;vSw,f/

a&TpGefndK = wGif;i,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/

jrefrmh&dk;&m upm;enf;

a&TpGefndK


43/15641

uav;rsm; = wGif;i,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/

a&TpGefndK = acsmif;i,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/

uav;rsm; = acsmif;i,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/

a&TpGefndK = jrpfi,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/

uav;rsm; = jrpfi,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/

a&TpGefndK = yifv,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/

uav;rsm; = yifv,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/

a&TpGefndK = yifv,fa& b,frcrf;... r,faxG; trdzrf;/

aemufqHk;tydk'fwGif a&TpGefndKonf a'go

trsuf ajcmif;ajcmif; xGuf[efESihf ajrudk zaemihfESihf

aqmihf qdkavonf/ yifv,fa& qdkonf aEG&moDwGif

crf;ajcmufdk; r&SdcJhyg/ odkYvdrfvnf ajymqdk& aumif;

vm;[l a&TpGefndK trsufxGuf[ef okyfazmf&ay

onf/ a&TpGefndKiSufonf 0J,mckefvT m; ysHoef;&if;

r,faxG;udk trd zrf;avawmhonf/ a&TpGefndKu

r,faxG;av;udkvdkufaomtcg a&SUqHk;rS acgif;aqmifu

a&TpGefndKudk xkyfqD;wdk; ovdk vdkufwm;jyD; usefolrsm;u

acgif;aqmif aemufuae twGJrjyKwfatmif vdkufajy;Mu&onf/ aMumufvefYwMum; a&Smif&Sm;&if; wcgw&H

vlwGJonf jyKwf oGm;wwfonf/ xdktcgwGif vQifjref

pG m jyef quf&onf/ a&TpGefndKu r,faxG;av;udk

zrf;rd oG m;aomtcg a&TpGefndKuEdkifjyD; upm;yJG jyD;qHk;

onf/ r,faxG;av;uvGJ tjcm;upm;olrsm;udk rSm;

zrf;rdvQif a&TpGefndKu HI;onf/ r,faxG;udk rdoGm;vQif

a&TpGefndKESihf r,faxG;tjzpf okyfaqmif&rnhf uav;

i,fudk jyefjyD; a&G;&avonf/

rSwfcsuf/ /

odrf;iSuf? pGefiSufwdkY\ twihf&JyHkESihf Murf;

MuKwf&ufpufyHk toGifobm0udk uav;wdkY tm;upm;

jcif;ESihf oifMum;jcif; jzpfayonf/ tMurf; upm;enf;

jzpfaomfvnf; oufBuD;? oufvwf? oufi,f aygif;pyf

upm;Edkifaom upm;enf;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/

(pHxGef;atmifa&; jynfaxmifpk aus;vufaysmf&TifrIrsm;)

uav;wdkYa&

jrefrmh&dk;&m pum;xm 0Sufwrf;

upm;Mu&atmifaemf/

'Dpum;xmuAsmav;udk zwfNyD; tajzudk awG;q

azmfxkwfay;yguG,f/

pum;xmuAsm

ESma&mifaumufaumuf?

tNrD;aumuf?

oGm;rsm; wpf&mavmuf/

raomufrpm;?

ukdufjzwfoGm;?

jrufESifh aumufyifrsm;/

(wuodkvfawmom;

tawG;vSvS aw;jrjr

pum;xmuAsmrsm;

yef;a&Tjynfpmtkyfwkduf)

tajz-

(wHpOf)

(pyg;&dyf&dwf?jruf&dwf&mwGifokH;onf)


44/15642

axmifpkESpfzGHYjzdK;a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;onf xda&mufaom urmvHk;qkdif&m qufoG,fa&;ESihf ,Ofaus;

rI o[Zmwjzpfjcif; tay: wnfrSD aeonf/

odkY&mwGif bmompum;rsm; &SifoefrIrSm

pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfaeayjyD/ urmhbmompum;aygif; 6000

(ajcmufaxmif) ausmfteuf w0ufcefY (50 &mcdkifEIef;)

rS m aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; &SdaeNyD; 40 &mckdifEIef;rSm

Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; cHae&onf/ 10 &mckdifEIef;omvQif

&SifoefEdkifpGrf;&Sdae\/ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkY bmompum;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;rS m ydkyif

pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfaeawmhonf/

bmompum; ajcmufaxmifteuf 96 &mcdkif

EIef;udkurmhvlOD;a& 4 &mcdkifEIef;om ajymqdkMuavonf/

&m*Pef; tenf;i,frQaom bmom pum;wdkYudk

ynma&;pepfrsm; twGif;ESihf &Hk;oHk;taejzihf *kPfodum&SdpGm ae&m ay;xm;MuNyD; 'D*spfw,f urmwGif toHk; jyKrI

wGifrl wpf&matmuf avsmhenf; avonf/

aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&aom

bmompum; trsm;pkudkvlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpk

rsm;rS ajymqdkMuonf/ wpfpHkw&m vkyfaqmif jcif; r&Sdygrl

rsm;rMumrDumvwGif bmom pum;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;

rI rsm;rSm aysmufuG,f &ygawmhrnf/

odkYjzpfyg ,leufpudk taxGaxG nDvmcHMuD;rS ]EdkifiHwum rdcifbmompum;rsm;aeY}udk

owfrSwf xm;&SdjyD; 2001 ckESpfrSpwif ESpfpOf azazmf0g&D

v 21 &ufawG usif;y jyKvkyfygonf/ bmomaA'?

,Ofaus;rI rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIESihf bmompum;

rsKd;EG,fpHk urmMuD; jzpfaeapa&;twGuf &nf&G,f&if;

jzpfonf/

wdrfaum uG,faysmuf vmaeaom bmom pum;rsm;bmompum;wpfck uG,faysmuf? qHk;IH;jcif;

ESihftwl uREkfyfwdkYvlom;rsKd;EG,f\ todA[kokw?

awG;jrif odwwfrIESihf IjrifoHk;oyfrI wpfpdwfwpfydkif;

wdkYudk vnf; tpm;rxdk;EdkifbJ qHk;IH;&awmh\/

zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf bmompum;rSm t

a&;ygvSayonf/ axmifpkESpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;

csufrsm;udk atmifjrifEkdifa&;twGuf bmompum;

qdkif&m u@rSm AsL[majrmufwnf&Sdaeonf/&nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif - qif;&JrJGawrIESihf

iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI uif;pifEdkifa&;? rlvwef; ynma&;

&Sifoefjcif;?

rdcifbmompum;ESihf

ausmif;ynma&;odef;Ekdif


45/15643

aqmif;yg;u@qHk;cef;wdkifatmif ausmif;aecGifh&&Sda&;? vdifydkif;qdkif&m

wef;wlnDrQrIESihf trsKd;orD; pGrf;aqmif&nfwdk;wufa&;?

uav;aoqHk;rI avsmhyg;a&;? rdcifusef;rma&; wdk;

wufa&;? tdyfcsftdkifADG? attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g? iSufzsm;

a&m*gESihf tjcm;a&m*gwdkYudk wdkufzsufa&;? obm0

ywf0ef;usif a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;ESihf zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI

twGuf urmhvHk;qkdif&m qufpyf vkyfaqmifEdkifa&;wdkY

yg0ifonf/

axmifpkESpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;csuf

&Spf&yfudk a'oMuD; 10 a'orS EdkifiH 190 yg0ifonfh

EdkifiHwum todkif;t0kdif;rsm;rS zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;

vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf tnGef;abmif tae

jzihfvnf; vufcH usihfoHk;vsuf &Sdaeonf/

axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;rS tvGeftrif;

qif;&Jjcif;ESihf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif; ab;'PfwdkYtwGuf

bmompum;onf &Sifoef aexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf tvkyf

tudkif &ydkifcGifh? vlrIa&;ESihf EdkifiHa&;b0wdkYwGif yg0if

aqmif &GufcGihf? tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;ajymqdk qufqH

Edkifa&; wdkYESihf eD;uyfpGm qufpyfvsuf &Sdaeavonf/

A[kokw todw&m;wdkYudk vufqihfurf;

jzefYjzL;&mwGifvnf; bmompum;rS m t"du Mum;cHjzpfaejyefonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;jzpfonfh

uav;tm;vHk; rlvwef; ynma&; qHk;cef;wdkifa&;?

tdyfcsftkdifAGD? attdkif'Dtufa&m*g? iSufzsm;a&m*g wdkYudk

wHkYjyef vkyfaqmif&mwGifvnf; r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf/

bmompum;rS m tajccH &ydkifcGifhrsm;jzpfonfh

vGwfvyfpG m xkwfazmfjyocGifh? ynma&;tcGifhta&;?

,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifcGifhESihf odyHESihf

enf;ynm wdk;wufrI tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk ykdifqkdif&&Sdda&;wdkYudk cHpm;Edkifap&eftwGufvnf; t"du usae

onf/ tcsufrsm;tm;vHk;rS m bmomaA'qdkif&m t

csuftvufrsm;ESihf qufpyfvsuf&Sdae\/

bmompum;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;wkdif;&if;om; bmompum;rsm;rS m vlrIt

odkif; t0dkif;twGif; ajymqdkolwdkY\ vlY *kPfodumudk jrihf

wifay;Edkifjcif;? w&m;Oya'qdkif&m &ydkifcGifhrsm;udkwdk;jrihfEdkifjcif;? a&;om; rSwfwrf; wifEdkifjcif;ESihf tDvufxa&m

epf enf;ynmwdkYudk toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;wdkY jyKvkyfEdkifygrl &Sif

oef EdkifpGrf;&Sdrnf/ ynma&;pepftwGif; cdkifcdkifrmrm

wnf&Sd aeygu &SifoefrItwGuf rsm;pG m taxmuftyHh

jzpfaponf/

bmompum;rsm; &yfwnf &SifoefEdkifpGrf;(odkYr[kwf ) wdrfaum aysmufuG,fjcif;wdkY twGuf

ynma&; pepfrS m ta&;BuD;onfh tydkif;wGif yg0ifvsuf

&Sdaeonf/ jrefrmhynma&; pepfrSmrl wdkif;&if;om;

vlenf;pk rsKd;EG,frsm;ESihf olwdkY\ bmompum;rsm;

twGuf oifhawmf udkufnDrI r&Sdonf omrubJ

aysmufuG,f qHk;&HI;&rnfh tE&m,fyif &Sdaeavonf/

ynma&;qdkif&m atmifjrifrI &&SdEdkif&ef twGuf

ESihf ,Ofaus;rIESihf bmompum;pnfyif zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIwdkY twGufyg rlMudK? rlvwef;ynma&;ESihf

ta&;tzwftwGuf toHk;vHk; ynma&;wdkYrS m rdcif

bmompum;jzihf avhusihf oif,lcGihf&&Sd&ef uav;

rsm;ESifh vlMuD;rsm; twGufyg ta&;MuD;vSygonf/


46/15644

ta&;tzwfudk olwdkY em;rvnfaom

bmompum;jzihf avhusihf oifMum;&efrS m vltrsm;

pktwGuf rjzpfEdkifygacs/

bmompum; 2 rsKd;? 3 rsKd; oifMum;a&; enf;AsL

[mrS m xda&mufrI&SdEkdifNyD;vQif oif,lavhvmrI &v'f

aumif;rsm;udk &&Sdaponf/ 'kwd, bmompum;udk

roifMum;ao;rD yxr bmompum;wpfrsK;dudk

uRrf;usif wwfajrmufoifhygonf/

trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIzGHYjzdK; wdk;wufrI

wdkYtwGuf vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;rS yg0if aqmif

&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdap&efrS m rdcifbmompum;? vlenf;pk

bmompum;rsm; zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufapjcif;rS pwif&ygrnf/

ynma&; wkd;wuf jzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf

&yf&G m a'o vlYrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm; taejzihf ynma&;

tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf uGyfuJ&mESihf oifMum;onhf

taMumif;t&m? oifMum;enf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif

&GufcGifhESihf qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhwdkYudk &&Sdoihfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;ynma&;? rdcifbmom pum;ESihf oif&dk;nGef;wrf;wdkif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; taoG;ta&mif

pHkvifpG m axGjym;vsuf wnf&Sdaejcif;aMumihf ausmif;ynma&;wGif rdcifbmompum;? wkdif;&if;om;

bmompum;wdkYudk xnhfoGif; oifMum;a&;rS m rsm;pGm

ta&;MuD;vSygonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&,lcJhpOfu taoG;

ta&mifpHk,Ofaus;rI vlYtodkif;t0dkif; Multicultural-

ism ESihf taoG;ta&mifpHk

,Ofaus;rI ynma&;pepf

Multicultural Educa-

tion systemwdkYudktrsKd;om; acgif;aqmif

MuD;rsm;rS wnf

a q m u f & e f

arQmfrSef;xm; &SdcJhMuonf/

odkY&mwGif q,fpkESpfrsm;pG m MumjrifhcJhjyDjzpf

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