matter in the form of toroidal electromagnetic vortices paper
DESCRIPTION
Wilhelm F. Hagen Born September 18, 1938 in Germany Applied Physics Degree from PTL Lübeck Worked at Mercedes-Benz University of Minnesota American Optical in Mass. University of California Livermore Labs Designed the Shiva, Nova and NIF fusion laser before he retired in 1988.TRANSCRIPT
Matter in the form of toroidal electromagnetic vorticesPaper
9570-29
Wilhelm F. Hagen Born September 18, 1938 in Germany Applied Physics
Degree from PTL Lbeck Worked at Mercedes-Benz University of
Minnesota American Optical in Mass. University of California
Livermore Labs Designed the Shiva, Nova and NIF fusion laser before
he retired in 1988. All forces and particles and potentially dark
matter and dark energy are different manifestations of
electromagnetic energy. W.F. Hagen Fig. 1 shows a photon can be
represented as a wave-packet of electromagnetic energy that is
composed of right and left circular components with opposite
electrical polarities (E ) originating from a common zero potential
optical axis. If such an energetic photon ( gamma-ray of over 1
MeV) interacts with a strong field of a nucleon it could be split
into its two separate components. These fragments are unstable due
to longitudinal magnetic fields HL that tend to form closed loops
to minimize energy. The fleeting energy of the photon is now
trapped in circular motion of localized electromagnetic energy
perceptible as charged particles that resist change of motion with
inertia and hence mass. Fig. 2 shows the experimental decay
sequence of other leptons like the muons and Taus as well as meson
resonances of pions and decay into their fundamental components of
electrons and neutrinos. The same pair creation process of
energetic gamma-rays apply to these heavier but short lived
particles, which may be considered excited states of electrons and
hence exhibit IDENTICAL charges. Fig.3 is an illustration of how
muon decay into electrons and neutrinos can be envisioned.
The compressed energetic muon releases its energy by radial
expansion into a much larger and less energetic electron, while
excess energy is released by electromagnetic induction in the form
of left and right handed neutrinos. During the accelerating radial
expansion a left handed muon neutrino is generated followed by a
right handed electron neutrino during the deceleration phase. The
virtual W vector boson acts as short lived angular momentum
transfer for spin reversal. The neutral neutrinos appear as very
compact transverse magnetic (TM) waves with closed field lines that
explain the observed very low interaction cross-sections. The
radial expansion process explains the mislabeled weak nuclear
forces. Fig. 4 illustrates how all elementary particles (hadrons
and protons) can be considered multiple pion states similarly to
the nuclear tables as multiple proton and neutron combinations. All
short lived hadrons decay into pions and other leptons. This
recognition explains the IDENTITY of all charges from electrons to
protons. There is no justification (other than book-keeping) to
invent six different quarks with fractional charges that exactly
match the charge of the unrelated electrons to 36 orders in
magnitude.Greater deviations would overpower gravity with
everything flying apart.Neither fractional charges nor quarks have
ever been observed. To patch up this flawed theory gluons had to be
invented that defy sensibility. Nature is much less complex. Fig.5
illustrates the energy distribution of a neutron consisting of a
proton and a captured highly compressed electron. The radial
electromagnetic compression of the electron by the proton
represents the mislabeled weak nuclear force. The erroneous
conclusion by Heisenberg in 1932 that the neutron is a separate
elementary particle was based on the misconception that the
electron is a point particle with spin of. Point particle would
have infinite self-energies and hence can not exist. Free neutrons
decay in 15 minutes into a proton, electron and neutrino releasing
782 keV of energy. The toroidal compressed electron resolves this
misconception and explains also the unexpected magnetic moment of
the neutron, which was measured by Otto Stern in 1934 in spite of
the ridicule by theoretical gurus based on a particle without any
charge. Fig.6 illustrates the force balanced geometry and energy
distributions of the deuteron.
The deuteron can be envisioned as a combination of two protons held
together by a central compressed electron in a stable coaxial
configuration. The toroidal surfaces represent surfaces of the
highest potentials while the fields extend far beyond as indicated
in the energy distributions. The attractive electric forces are
balanced by repelling magnetic forces. These axial electromagnetic
forces replace the mislabeled strong nuclear forces which were
invented to overcome the repulsion of protons within a nucleon with
erroneous neutral neutrons. Fig. 7 shows the electric and magnetic
field distributions and field directions for the parallel spin
deuteron resulting in symmetric field and energy distributions. The
electric field lines point from the protons partially to the
electron and the rest outward, approaching spherical symmetry at a
few fermis. In contrast the magnetic fields commingle with a
remaining axial component that corresponds to the measured magnetic
moment of the deuteron. Fig. 8 shows the magnetic energy
distribution, field distributions and field directions for the
nonexistent opposite spin deuteron resulting in asymmetric energy
and field distributions. Opposite spin deuterons do not exist
because of unbalanced repelling magnetic forces. This natural
observation replaces the artificial Pauli Exclusion Principle and
the empirical result that nature prefers parallel spin over
opposite spin nuclei. Spin dependent strong nuclear force theories
should be challenged. Fig. 9 provides examples of force balanced
nuclei.
The Helium-4 nucleus or -particle emerges as a symmetric compact
cubic configuration that provides a unique building block for heavy
nuclei. The four radial spaced protons are held together by two
axial confined electrons. Adding protons and compressed electrons
leads to other isotopes. The decay of heavy nuclei emits in many
cases -particles. The stable and abundant Lithium-7 nucleus
consists of two -particles with one of the two central protons
removed, leading to a symmetric configuration. Lithium-7 provides
the first step in the trend of the stability criteria toward
neutron-rich isotopes with increasing mass number. A very compact
neutron-4 configuration is force balanced but has not yet been
observed.Since it has no electron shell it would slip through any
container right to the center of gravity, which may explain dark
matter. Conclusions: The extended oscillating fields from toroidal
particles can explain matter waves; resolve the wave particle
duality dilemma and spooky actions at a distance. Even gravity
appears to be related to electromagnetic energy fluctuations in
space caused by interacting particles. Gravity appears to be an
energy attraction and not just mass attraction. In summary, all
forces and particles and potentially dark matter and dark energy
are different manifestations of electromagnetic energy. For details
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