mastermind companion

7/21/2019 Mastermind Companion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mastermind-companion 1/83

•

as

r

1n

Use

of

nglish

MINI COMPANION

Paul Hains

nna Johnson

[J

urlington ooks

with

exercises

for Advanced

Proficiency classes



liliill:i

1

Mastermind Use Of nglish

by Paul Hains and

nna

Johnson

Burlington Books

P.O.

Box

54411

3721 Limassol

Cyprus

urlington ook s is an imprint

o

Danos ooks Ltd

This mini-companion has been revised to reflect changes in REVISED Mastermind and now

includes extra vocabulary practice exercises after every two units as well

The definitions provided in this glossary reflect the context in which the words and phrases are

used in the book.

BBREVI TIONS

adj adjective

eni8no)

adv adverb

e n i p p ~ ~ a )

conj conjunction o u v o e o ~ o c ; )

Der derivative napaywyo)

fml

formal e n i o ~ ~ ~ yl\wooa)

inf informal l\citK6

t o i w ~ a .

apyK6)

n noun OUOLQOTLKO)

H

005 767 Pack ISBN 978 9963 47 k95 8

Copyright© 2008 Burlington Books

1 9 8

17 16 15 14 13

Opp

phr v

pi

prep

v

A mE

opposite avTi8no)

phrasal verb m:ptcppaonK6

p ~ ~ a )

plural n l \ ~ 8 u v n K 6 < ; )

preposition n p 6 8 e o ~ )

verb p ~ ~ a )

American English



UNIT

Business and Employment

TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 14)

2 1

o

the

dole

receiving

money

from

the government

because you are unemployed:

oro

TOIJ Eio av£pylac;

James can t find a

job; he

has been

on

the dole

for

almost

a year

2 2

make redundant

dismiss from a job because the

person is not needed: anoADw

(f...6yw

nc:ptopLO -iOU

Staewv

epyaoiac;) I was made redundant

at my

company and now must find a

new

job.

Der: redundancy (n)

2 3

situations vacant

a newspaper listing of available

jobs:

O T ~ A ~ ae

o j l ~ ~ e p i o a ayyehiec; yta Stoet<;

epyaalac;

The company ran an advertisement in the

situations vacant column for the receptionist s position.

2 4

foreman (n) = a person in charge of a

group

of

workers:

Emor6T lC:, OPXL£py6n]c; He worked his way

up

at

the factory from the assembly line to foreman in

charge

of 50

men.

2 5

board

(of directors)

(n)

= group of people responsible

for making decisions about

how

a company or

organization is managed: OU1Jr3oUAto,

OtOlK'lTlKr')

OIJOOa

The

board will make

a

decision on the

matter

at its next meeting.

2 6 make cutbacks = to reduce

the amount

or

number

of something: Kclvw m::ptKontc;

Due to the

economic

situation,

the

company was forced to make cutbacks;

15

people lost their jobs.

2 7 lay off (phr

v)

(laid, laid) = stop employing someone,

especially when there is not much work to do:

anohuw (npoowptva)

After

the fire

at

the factory, the

owner

laid off hal f the workers.

2 8

manufacturing (n)

=the

business of producing large

quantities of goods

in

a factory:

~ L o ~ ~ x a v i a

Clothing

manufacturing used to

be a

significant

part

of

the

region s economy, but

many

factories have closed.

Der: manufacture (n)

manufacturer

(n)

manufacture (v)

2 9 sector (n)

= part (of economy, a count ry s business

etc.):

TOIJE:ac;

Teachers

and police

work in the

public

sector.

2 10 freelance

(adj) = working independently for various

organisations:

eA.eUSepoc;

(enayyeAIJaTlac;) Tom

works

as a

freelance

photographer for

several

different magazines.

2 11 permanent (adj) = continuing

for

an unlimited time:

1J6Vq J oc;

Margaret had

a

temporary position for a

while,

but now

she s on permanent staff.

2 12 contract (n) = a written agreement:

u ~ ~ o h m o She

signed

a

contract with the publishing company,

agreeing to write two books a year.

Der: contract

(v)

contractual (adj)

2 13 career ladder levels of progress in a profession:

K A i ~ a K a e n a y y e h ~ O T L K ~ < ; e ~ t h L ~ ~ < ;

People who

choose to climb the career ladder often have to

sacrifice their persona/life to reach the top.

2 14

2 15

2 16

2.17

2 18

2 19

2 20

2 21

2 22

2 23

2 24

2 25

2 26

2 27

2 28

apprenticeship (n)

= time spent working for someone

in

order

to

learn a skill:

~ a 8 ~ r e i a

She is doing an

apprenticeship as a hairdresser

at a central salon

and

hopes this will help her establish her caree

Der: apprenticeship

(n):

~ a 8 ~ r e i a

apprentice (v)

take

on

(phr v) = 1. employ: n p o o h ~ ~ v w They are

taking

on

temporary

staff

for the holiday season.

2. accept

a

job or responsibility: v h ~ ~ v w

She

took

on

extra work to earn

more

money.

post (n)

= a position

of

employment or responsibility:

8to11 epyaolac;, n6oTo

She

accepted

the

post

even

though

it

meant relocating to China

and

accepting

much more

responsibility.

Der: post

(v)

long-term (adj) = lasting for a long period of time:

IJOKponp68£0IJOC:

Borrowing money is

not

a long

term solution to

your

money problems if

you don t

have

a

job.

Opp: short-term (adj)

prospects (n)

= possibility that something will

happen: npoonTtKE:c;

His

promotion

prospects are

excellent because

he

has

both

first-rate qualifications

and

great

people

skills.

executive

(n)

= high-level manager: av<inepo

OTtA exoc; emxetprioewc; She was the first woman

executive in her company.

delegate

(v) =to give part of your

work

or

responsibility to a subordinate: I J O t p O . ~ w

a w o o t T ~ T e < ;

The

director

always delegates the less

important

tasks to his deputy.

Der: delegate (n): avTmp6ownoc;,

aneoTaA.IJE:voc;

paperwork

(n)

= office

work

related

to

letters, forms,

reports, etc.: ypacptKr'j epyaola

There

is

a

lot

of

paperwork

involved in banking.

PA

(personal assistant) = someone who is employed

to help a manager with organizational tasks: tOtmTtpa

y p a ~ ~ m t a c ;

The manager s PA spent over a month

making all the arrangements

for

the conference.

overtime (n) = extra hours worked: unepwpla

People

in tourism work overtime in summer.

workload (n)

= amount

of

work a company or person

has

to do: (jl6proc; epyaoia<;

The travel agency s

workload

is much

lighter

in

the winter as fewer people

book

holidays

at

that time

of yea

salary

(n)

= money paid regularly by employers to

employees:

~ L o 8 6 < ; Her

monthly salary is still the

same as it was three years ago.

Der: salaried (adj): ~ L o 8 w r < ;

perk (n) = extra benefit that

you

get at

your

job:

n p o v ~ L o One of the perks of working at a hotel is

that

you

can use the gym.

put in (phr v) =

spend

time or effort: O(jltepwvw

(xpovo) The office

staff put

in about 10 hours

of

overtime last week.

supervise (also -ize) (v) = oversee others work to

make sure they do tasks correctly: £ntT lPW The

manager supervised the new employee s work.

Der: supervision

(n)

supervisor (n)

supervisory (adj): enonnK6<;

3



I

UNIT

2.29

clerical

(adj) = related to office work: Tou ypmpelou,

unai.Anl\lK6<; The job requires clerical skills such as

typing.

Der: clerk (n)

2.30

promote

{v)

give someone a higher position: Otvw

npoaywytl Lisa has been

promoted

to manager and

now

supervises five peopfe.

Der: promotion

(n)

2.31

duty

(n)

= something you have been assigned

to

do:

Ka8i;Kov it s

my duty

to

lock up

the office each night.

Der: dutiful (adj): undKouoc;, euouveionTo<;

2.32

administration

(n) activities involved

in

running a

business or organisation:

0tOlKT1011, 6taxeiptorjlt

seems that

more of

the doctor's time

is

spent on

office administration than on patient care.

Der: administrator

(n)

administer (v)

administrative (adj)

2

33 efficiency (n)

= ability

to

do something successfully

without

waste:

ano6oTtK6TflTO

We

are impressed with

Tony's efficiency; he does

a

lot

of

work

in a

short time.

Der: efficient (adj)

Opp: inefficiency

(n)

2.34 people skills

= ability

to get

on well with others:

lKOV6TflTO

OtanpoowmKWV

oxtoewv She

is a

good

manager because of her people skills.

2.35

colleague {n)

person

who

works

with you:

ouvaoel\<)lo<;

My

colleagues and I

get

on so we// that

we even socialise after work.

2 36 rise t a challenge

manage

to do

something new

or difficult: avTanoKplvo Jm or. ~ l a np6KAfl01l Tony

was a weak maths student but he rose to the

challenge

and got good

results on his final exams.

2.37 managerial

(adj) = related

to the work of

a manager:

5tr.u8UVTl.K6c; Alex was hired because of his

manageria l skflls.

Der:

management (n)

manager (n)

manage (v)

2.38 further

(v) = help something

to

progress

or

develop:

npow8W You

can further

your

career

by

learning

foreign languages.

2.39

human resources personnel: av8pWmvo 5uva)Jl.K6

(T)Jr'j)JO 810Lp8lac;

nou

8KTIOL68U8l KOl t . p p O V T [ ~ E . l

TOU< ;

unal\1\i;l\ouc;) If you are interested in a job, send your

appfication to the human resources department.

2.40 staff (n)

group

of people who

work

for a

business

or an

organisation:

npoowmK6

The

teaching staff

meets regularly with the principal of the school.

Der: stall

(v)

2.41

firm

(n) company: E.TOlpeia The firm 1work for is

very generous to the workers.

2.42 maternity leave

paid

time

away from work

before

I

after giving birth: di5£La ~ ~ T p 6 T w a c ; After Sue gave

birth, she took three months maternity /eave.

2.43 V (n) written account of education, work experience

and personal details; resume: ~ l . o y p a < . p t K 6

OfliJ8iW)JQ

To

apply for

a

job,

send

a

letter

and your CV

2.44

asset (n)

= something valuable

or

especially useful:

nAeovtKTT)IJ.O Helen's English skills are an asset to

her employer.

Opp: liability

(n)

BOOST YOUR

VOCABULARY

eOLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page 15)

2.45 set

(v) = decide when or where something will

take place: opii;w

The

board set a date for its next

meeting.

Der: set (adj)

2.46

circulate (v) = pass something around:

1 i l a v t ~ w .

KUKI\oqlOpW

Could you please circulate this letter

amongst the staff?

Der: circulation

(n)

2.47

select (v)

choose:

r.mA£yw

We

can onfy select one

person from the three qualified candidates.

Oer: selection (n): eml\oyi;

selectivity (n): r.mA.eKTLK6Tr)TO

selective (adj)

2.48 negotiate (v) =discuss a conflict (usually in politics

or

business

in

order

to

reach

an

agreement:

6LOnpay)JaTeUo1JOL The workers

met

with the

managers to negotiate an end to the strike.

Der: negotiation

(n)

negotiator

(n)

2.49

demand

(v) = ask for something in a forceful way:

anmTW This coat is torn. I demand my money back

Der: demand (n)

demanding (adj)

2.50 set up (phr v) = make arrangements that are

necessary to

start

something:

oTijvw,

tOpUw

e m x e i p n o ~ ) We helped Tom set up his new busine5'

2.51 draft (v) =write the

first

copy

of a speech, letter

or

book: npoxnpoypO<JlW, n m ~ ~ w

npooxtolo

(

~ L \ l a <

emoTOI\i;c; KTA.)

My

assistant drafted the letter for m<

but

J

made

several changes before sending it.

Der: draft

(n)

2.52

run (v) be in charge of an

activity

or

business:

6leu8uvw e m x d p ~ o ~ )

Mrs

Green has been running

a

sweet shop for more than 3 years.

2.53

recruit (v)::: get

new people

to join

an

organisation:

enavopwvw,

oTpmol\oyw The

basketball club

is

hoping to recruit some new players this season.

Oer: recruit (n): vto ~ t l \ o c ; , vwoul\1\e<TO<;

recruitment

(n)

2.54 chair (v) = be in charge of a meeting: npoeopeuw

Dr Robertson chaired the session on women's hea1

at

the medical conference.

Der: chair

I

chairperson

(n)

WORDS EASILY CONFUSED

(page 15)

2.55 handle (v)

= manage a difficult situation or job:

XE.Lpll;O lOl,

Q V T l . l 8 T W T i i ~ W

2.56 cope

(with) (v) = deal with a problem:

Ta

~ y a ~ w n

OVTl\.181Wn[l;W

2.57

l ine

(of work) =type (of work): ei6oc; epyaoiac;,

e n d y y e l \ ~ a

2.58 occupation

(n) = profession or job: e n a y y e l \ ~ a

Der: occupy

(v):

anaoxot.w

occupational (adj)

2.59

vocation (n} a job someone

does

because the

think they are particularly suited

to

it:

e n a y y e l \ ~

1 \ n T o u p y n ~ a

Der: vocational (adj)

2.60 effective

(adj) = producing the intended result:

OnDT8i\£OIJOTLK6<.:;, On000TLK6<:;



2 61

affectionate

(adj)

=showing

love, warmth or caring:

mopyLK6c;

2 62

domain

(n) = area of activity or interest: T O ~ t a c ;

YVWOTLK6 O V T L K E : i ~ E V O

2 63 field (n) =area of

activity or study: T O ~ t a c ;

E n L O T I 1 ~ 0 V L K 6 c ; xWpoc;

2 64

aspect (n)

= part, feature or quality: nM:upi:t, i:tnol)Jn

2 65

leave

(n) =time

off from work: i:tOsta (i5taKonwv K.An.)

2 66

permit

(n)

= official paper giving permission

to do

something: m i o n ~ n

i:tOCLa

Der: permit

(v)

2 67 permission

(n)

=the

act

of

allowing somebody

to

do

something:

6i5£LO,

OUYKOT68E011

2 68 outlook (n)

= view of a situation:

Onm Jn

2 69 prospect (n)

= chance

of

success:

npoonTLKr')

2 70 perspective (n) = point

of

view:

i:tnol)Jn

2 71

significance

(n) =special

meaning or importance:

mwoola,

v6n1-1a

2.72 priority (n) = more important thing:

npoTEPOLDTWO

2 73 expertise (n) = expert knowledge: n£lpa, eti5tK6TflTO

WORD FORMATION

(page

16)

2 74 beneficial (adj) = having a good effect or influence:

w < p t A t ~ o ~ euepyenK6c;

The

new sports programme

has been beneficial to students health.

Der: benefit

(n)

benefit (v)

2 75 commercial (adj) = related to business activities:

£ ~ n o p t K 6 c ;

The

town s commercial centre has a bank

and

some shops.

Der:

commerce (n):

E1-in6pto

commercialise (v)

commercialised (adj)

2 76 competitive (adj) =trying very hard to be more

successful than others: ovToywvtonK6c;

We

will have

to

offer competitive prices

if

we want to

boost

sales.

Der: competition

(n)

compete (v)

2 77

confidential (adj) = not to be shared with others:

£ ~ n t O T £ U T t K 6 c ; Medical information is confidential.

Der:

confidence

(n):

El-lnLOTooUvn

confidentiality

(n): s x s ~ u 8 s t a

2 78 constructive (adj) = useful and helpful:

£ T I O L K o i 5 o ~ n n K 6 c ; Maggie s comments always help

because she gives constructive criticism.

2 79 co-operative (adj) = working well with others:

o u v £ p y 6 m ~ o ~ A co-operative person works well on

a

team

Der: co-operation

(n)

co-operate (v)

2 80

emotional (adj) = relating to strong feelings:

o u v m o e n ~ a T L K 6 c ; Brenda gave

me

emotional

support

when

my

father was

ill

Der: emotion (n)

2 81

excessive (adj)

=too

much: u n s p ~ o A L K 6 c ;

The

floods

were caused by excessive rainfall.

Der: excess (n)

exceed

(v)

2 82 extensive (adj) = large in amount or degree:

E K T E : T a ~ t v o c ; The shop has

an

extensive stock of

wine

Der: extension

(n)

extend

(v):

nopoTelvw, EnEKTElvw

2 83 financial

(adj) = related

to

money: X P n ~ a n K 6 c ;

O L K O V O ~ t K 6 c ; Sue works as a financial adviser in a bank.

Der: finance (n):

X P f l i - I O T O O t K o v o ~ t K 6 oUOTfli.J.O

finances (n):

TO OlKOVOI.J.LK6, OlKOVOI.J.lKr )

KOT60TOOfl

financier (n): x P n ~ m o i 5 6 T n c ;

finance (v)

2 84

inclusive

(adj)

=containing

everything: nou

OU1-im:pt,\a1.J.[36vet

TO

n6v1a

The

price of the cruise is

inclusive so you

don t

pay extra for meals.

Der: inclusion

(n):

o u v u n o l \ o y t o ~ o c ; n p o o 8 ~ K n

include

(v)

2 85 influential (adj) = having the power to affect others:

toxup6c;, nou aOKE:i emppor )

The

president of the

bank is

a

very influential person in the community.

Der: influence

(n)

influence (v)

2 86

innovative

(adj) = using new and creative methods or

ideas: KOlVOT61.J.OC: Our designer has an innovative

idea for redecorating the living room.

Der: innovation

(n)

innovator (n)

innovate (v)

2 87

instructive

(adj) = giving useful information:

Oti50KTLK6c;

If

you want to learn

about

aerobics, you

II

find this video very instructive.

Der: instruction (n)

instructor (n)

instruct (v)

2 88

intentional

(adj) = on purpose: o K 6 m ~ o c ; I m sorry I

hurt your feelings;

it

wasn t intentional.

Der: intent (n): oKon6c;, np68wn

intention (n): oKonoc;, np68wn

Opp: unintentional (adj)

2 89 inventive (adj)

=

creative; having new ideas:

ec.peupE:TtK6c;

Barbara is very inventive;

she

makes

useful items from junk.

Der: invention (n)

inventor (n)

invent

(v):

S<jlsupioKw

2 90 official

(adj) = approved by someone

in

authority:

e n l o n ~ o c ; There has been no official confirmation of the

rumour that the company is going out of business.

Der: official

(n):

uni:tMnl\oc;

2 91 preferential (adj) =treating

one

person or

group

better than others:

npoVOI.J.LOK6c;

People with physical

disabilities

get

preferential seating on the bus.

Der: preference (n)

prefer

(v)

preferred (adj): n p o n ~ n T t o c ;

2 92

professional (adj) = relating to

work

that needs

special knowledge or training: e n a y y e A ~ o T t K 6 c ; Could

you give

me your

professional opinion as a lawyer?

2 93 residential

(adj) = related

to

an area with houses and

without factories or businesses:

KOTOLKfli.J.Evoc;

We live

in a quiet residential area.

Der: residence (n)

resident (n)

reside (v)

2 94 supportive

(adj) = helpful and sympathetic: nou

npoo<JlEPEL ~ o ~ S E L a KOL u n o o T ~ p ~ n Tom s friends

were very supportive when he lost his job.

Der:

support

(n)

supporter (n)

support (v)

supporting (adj):

EVLOXUT KO<;

5



UNIT 2

RELATED WORDS

(page

17)

2.95

boost

(v) =

make something increase or become

more successful: evtoxUw, evSappUvw His

colleague's kind words

boosted his

self-confidence.

Der:

boost

(n)

booster

(n)

2.96 bro den

(v) = become wider: i5teupDvw,

nAaTaivw

The company

has

broadened

its

appeal by adding

new

products.

Der: broad (adj)

2.97

contract

(v)

become smaller or tighter:

ouaTE:Ai\oflOl, ouancil lOL

As

you lift the weights, you

will feel your arm muscles contract- when you

put

them down allow

your

muscles to relax.

Der: contraction

(n)

2.98 deterior te (v)

=

become worse: XELpon;peUw Their

relationship deteriorated after they quarrelled.

Der:

deterioration

(n)

2.99 diminish (v) =

become less:

flELWvw

01 J.OL

Dan's

hopes of buying his

own

home have diminished since

he lost

his

job.

2.100 downsize (v) =make

smaller:

K6vw nc:ptKontc; Many

high-tech companies have downsized because

of

the

poor economy.

2.101

enlarge

(v)

make bigger:

~ e y e S u v w My uncle

enlarged

his

living

room by

knocking

down a

wall.

Der:

enlargement (n)

enlarged

(adj)

2.102

exp nd (v) =become larger:

em::KTeivw Sales are

good

and

our

company is expanding its market share.

Der:

expansion

(n)

expansive (adj)

2.103

extend (v)

~ m k e something longer or bigger:

en£KT£tvw, napaT£lvw

Bob's company has extended

his contract so he can finish the project.

2.104 shrink (v)

(shrank,

s h r u n k ~

become smaller:

~ a ~ n J w , ~ L K p a l v w Our expenses have shrunk

following

severe budget

cuts.

2.105

swell

(v)

(swelled. s w o l l e n ~ to become larger than

normal due

to

a build-up of liquid:

n p ~ ~ o ~ m My feet

tend to swell in hot weather so I have to wear loose

fitting

shoes.

Der:

swelling

(n)

swollen (adj)

2.106 widen (v)

=become bigger: OteupUvw, eneKTeivw

Our

company is widening its range of

products

for the

Christmas season.

Der:

width (n):

nlo.aro<;

wide (adj)

METAPHOR

AND

MEANING

(page

17)

2.107 go under

(phr

v) ~ g o

out o f business:

K O T O O T p t c p o ~ m , xpeoKonW Times were

bad

during

the war and thousands

of

businesses went under.

2.108 fly h i g h ~

feel very happy and successful:

nnaw

ora

aUvvecpa an6

xapO.

We've been flying high since we

won the lottery.

2.109

high-flying

(adj) ~ v e r y

ambitious and successful:

q n / o . 6 0 o ~ o < ;

Kl e m T U m ~ t v o c ; Anne

is

a high-flying

executive with two secretaries.

2.110

fall

through

(phr

v ~ n o t

work out

as

planned:

anoruyxavw George's

skiing plans fell through

because there was no snow.

6

2.111 down-and-outs (n)

homeless people without jobs:

Ol

aOTeym

Unfortunate

down-and-outs had to

sleep

on the

streets

last winter.

2.112 meteoric rise sudden

increase: an6TOWI a U ~ 1 1 0 1 1 /

O.voOoq The singer had

a

meteoric rise to fame

and

won many awards.

2.113

reach the o p ~ become the most successful in a

field:

q>Savw

OT ]V

K o p u < p ~ Jim reached the top of

his

profession before

he

retired.

2.114 up-and-coming (adj)

=likely

to succeed:

a v e p x 6 ~ e v o < ; Our

club gives

up-and-coming

singers

a

chance to perform in front of

a

live audience.

2.115

take

a

d i v e ~

fall suddenly: Kavw ~ o u n a , nt<prw

The

value

of

the dollar

took

a dive during the

war.

2.116 pick up

(phr

v)

= 1. improve:

~ e / o . m i J v o ~ m .

Kalo.urepeuw The

hotel

hopes

business

will pick up

now that they are advertising

more. 2. learn a skill

without much effort:

~ a 8 a i v w She

picked up some

Spanish while

she was

on holiday in Spain. 3.

notice:

O V T t l o . a ~ ~ a v o ~ m

Nobody

p1cked

up

Mark's problems

with maths unt il he

was

12

2.117 take off

(phr

v)

1. become popular or successful:

a v e ~ a l v w

ae

emruxta

B ~ ~ O T L K 6 r ~ m

Sales

of the

book took off after the author

was

interviewed on TV

2. leave in a hurry:

<peuyw

~ t a O T t K < " : t

She

jumped

in the

car and took off

at high speed.

2.118

low ly (adD= low

in

importance:

a a i ] ~ a V T o < ; ,

Kmcinepo<;

People working in lowly

positions

are

paid

very little.

2.119

rising star= person on the way to being very

successful:

a v e p x 6 ~ e v o

aOTtpt

The latest rising star

in Hollywood

has

appeared on all the talk

shows.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS

(page

18)

2.120

apply

(v)

= 1. request

to

be accepted to a job, club or

academic institution: Kavw

a l T T ] a ~ I

applied for

six

different jobs after I graduated.

2. put into practice:

e < p a p ~ 6 ~ w We

must

apply the rules equally to

everybody.

3. be relevant:

LO)(UW, a<popciJ These

prices

apply

to al l students.

Der: applicant

(n)

application

(n)

applicable (adj):

e < p a p ~ 6 a t ~ o < ;

applied

(adD: e < p a p ~ o a ~ E V O < ;

app ly (myself)

(v)

= concentrate hard for a long time:

a < p o m w v o ~ m / f

I apply myself, I'll

do

well on the exam.

2.121 d e l ~ 1.

(n)

agreement:

OUI.lq>Wvia Boeing made a

deal to

sell

aeroplanes to British Airways.

2.

(v)

(dealt,

dealt) give out cards

in

a game:

~ o t p a ~ w

ra

xaprta)

Robert dealt five cards to each player.

a

great

I

good

deal

of

large amount:

~ e y < : t A ~

noa6TT]TQ

There

was

a

great

deal

of snow

in the

streets

after the snowstorm.

deal

with

(phr

v)

= handle:

O V T L ~ e r w n i ~ w She

has

a

lot

of problems to deal with at work.

a

raw

deal = unfair treatment:

c " O t K ~ ~ e r a x e i p t a ~

Henry

got

a raw deal; the

boss took away

his car

and

cut

his

salary.

2.122

resign

(v)

= leave a job or organisation:

n p m r o u ~ m

Sue resigned

her

position in

order

to take a

better

one.

Der: resignation

(n)

resign (myself)

t o ~

accept an unpleasant situation:

a n o B t x o ~ m

I

don t

like working with Bob,

but

l ve

had to resign myself to it.



PREPOSITIONS (page 18)

2.123 in

search of = looking for something specific: o£

a v a ~ ~ r n o n

It was a hot day so we went in search

of

a

cool

drink.

2 124

out of

work=

unemployed: avepyoc;

John lost his

job and was out

of

work for a

year:

2.125 for nothing

=without

payment or without

any

positive results: yta TO rinora, xwpic; O JOLI}f]

I'm not

going to work for nothing; I expect to be paid.

IN OTHER WORDS (page 18)

2 126 none of (my) business = not of concern to (me): oe

( ~ e ) mpopa I asked what

had

happened

but

Bill said

it was none

of

my business.

2 127

get down to business= start working seriously:

O T P W V O ~ Q

orn OOUAElQ

We've got to stop laughing

and get down to business.

2.128

superior

(n) =someone with higher rank or more

importance:

npo"LOT6)Jevoc;

Sally respects

her

superiors because of their experience in the field.

Der: superiority (n)

superior (adj): avwrepoc;

2 129 have

(my) work

cut

out for (me) = have a difficult

task to do: txw va K6vw llLO iSUOKOA.'l OouA.et6

Finishing the

project

in such a short time will be

difficult; I really have

my

work cut out for me.

2 130

feedback (n) =comments about your work or

pertormance:

ox6A.La

(YLO TflV an6CioOT") KC:tnotou) New

employees need to be given feedback in order to

learn how to do the

job

correctly.

2.131 voluntary work work people

do

without pay:

c:Sc:.\oVTtKf] epyaola Jenny is doing voluntary work

at

the local hospital.

Der: volunteer

(n):

s 8 e l . o v r ~ c ; ,

e8sA6vrpta

volunteer

(v):

npoa<ptpw rtc; unnpeoisc; ~ o u

e8e.\OVTLK0

2 132 feasible

(adj) =possible:

e<plKT6c;

Is it feasible to build

a swimming pool in such a short time?

Der: feasibility

(n)

2 133

status

(n)

= position in a company, organization or

society, usually compared to others: KotvwvtKf]

Stoll

As an indication of the president's status, everyone

stood when he came into the room.

UNIT4

Entertainment

TOPIC

VOCABULARY (page

30)

4 1 agent (n) = someone who helps a performer, writer or

other professional find work and who acts as his

representative:

O T ~ t v n ] ~ ,

a v T m p o w n o ~

The actor's

agent managed to get him

a

role in the new television

series.

Der: agency

(n)

4 2

auditorium

(n)

= large room used for

concerts

or

meetings: ai8ouoa ouvau.\tWv, O t a . \ t ~ e w v The

concert will be held

at

the Wilson Auditorium on

Saturday night.

4 3

backstage

(adv) =the area behind the stage in a

theatre 010

napaoKI ]vta The actors

get

dressed in

small rooms backstage.

4 4 box office

(n)

= a place

at

a theatre or cinema where

tickets

are sold: rawio (Ssarpou K.l.n.) We bought

our

tickets online so we didn t have to wait

at

the box

office.

4 5 broadcaster

(n)

= person whose

job

it is to speak on

television or radio: E : K < p W V f l T f ] ~ (paOto<pWvou f]

rnl.s6paonc;) Millions

of

people listened to the sports

broadcaster as he described the game.

Der:

broadcast

(n)

broadcast (v)

4 6

ca t (n)

= people who

act

in a play or film: Siaooc;

The cast of the Harry Potter films includes many

famous actors.

4.7 celebrity

(n)

=famous person: OtO.aru.1o np6owno

We watched all the celebrities arriving

at

the Oscar

ceremony.

4 8

co star

(n)

= actor who has one of the main parts in

a film: o u ~ _ m p w T a y w v t o T f ] < ; I au,.mpwTaywvloTpta The

film featured Nicole Kidman with Tom Cruise

as

her

co-star.

Der: co-star

(v)

4.9

costume drama

(n)

= play

or

film

set

in

the past

with

actors

wearing

costumes

of the period: O p O ~ a

e n o x l ' ] ~ The play was a costume drama set in the

1800s.

4 10

crew (n) =team of people, often having technical

skills, who work together:

(rnl.eomtK6)

ouvepyeio

The film crew were making a documentary in Wales

4 11

director

(n)

= 1. senior manager in an organisation:

6 t e u 8 u v r ~ c ; The directors decided on major budget

cuts. 2. person who tells actors what to do:

o K n v o 8 t T i l ~ The director

told

the actors where to

stand on stage.

Der: direction (n): oKnvo8eoia, OteU8uvon

direct

(v)

4 12

documentary

(n)

=film, radio or television

programme that shows real events or gives

information about a particular

subject

VTOKq.J.avTtp

Did you watch the documentary on water pollution?

Der: document (n): VTOKOUIJ.tVTO, ~ a p T u p l a

documentation (n): T £ K ~ n p i w o n

document (v): T E K ~ n p t w v w

4 13 on location (n) =a place away from a studio where

a film is made: 0£

XWPO

y u p i o ~ O T O C :

e ~ W T E p l K W V

OKf]VWv Tat viae;

They were filming on location in

Scotland.

4 14

movie buff

(n) =someone

who is enthusiastic

and knowledgeable

about

films: AC: rpnc; Kat

~ a 8 u c ;

y v c J J O T l ~

TOU KLVf]IJ.OTOyp6<pOU Josh knows who

directed almost every classic 1940's f i lm- he's such

a movie buff

4 15 presenter

(n)

=person who introduces a TV or radio

programme:

n a p o u m a a r ~ c ;

n p o y p a ~ ~ m o c ; ) The

radio presenter began by introducing his guests.

Der: presentation (n)

present (v)

4 16

producer (n) =person who organizes the making

of

a

film,

1V

or radio programme: napaywyoc; (Ssarpou,

K t v n ~ m o y p a < p o u ) The producer agreed to pay the

star € 10 million.

Der: production

(n)

produce (v)

productive

(adj)

7



4 17 screenwriter

(n) a person

who

writes stories for films:

oevaptoyp6cpoc;

A team

of

Oscar-winning screenwriters

is

working on the new

James

Bond film.

4 18 set (n)

=furn iture and scenery used

in

a play, film or

television

programme:

XWPO<:;

yup(OIJOTO<:;, OKT'JVLK6

Visitors are not allowed on a film set because they

can interfere with the work of the actors.

4 19

stage

(n)

=part of a theatre where the performance

takes place:

O K ~ V ~

Secnpou

When the lead singer

finally came on stage, the crowd went wild.

Der: stage

(v)

4 20 studio

(n)

=

place where films are made or

music

is

recorded: OTOUVTLO The band went to a music studio

to record their CD

4 21

stuntm n wom n (n) =

person who

does

dangerous

things

in a film, in place

of

an actor:

OVTLKOTOOT6TT']<:; (OVTlKOTOOT6Tp O) T']SOnOLWV OE

emKlvouve<; o K ~ v £ < ; (KOOKOVT£p)

The

stuntwoman

jumped from the roof and landed safely in a net.

4 22

thriller

(n)

= book or film with an exciting story,

especially about crime: ~ L ~ A l o I TOLVla

~ u m ~ p i o u

Kate

had trouble sleeping after she read a chapter

of

the

latest thriller.

Der: thrill (n): plyo<;,

o u y K l v ~ o ~

thrilled (adj):

o u y K t . o v t a ~ t v o < ; , a u v e n a p ~ t v o < ;

thrilling (adj):

auyKAOVLOTLK6<;,

ouvapnaonK6<;

4 23

trailer

(n)

= short advertisement for a film: 1 i L a q > ~ ~ L O T L K 6

TOLVlac;,

TpttA.ep

Watching the trailer made

me

want to

see the film

4 24

venue

(n)

= place where an event happens: xwpo<;

e K 1 i ~ t . w a e w v )

The

castle would be a perfect venue

for the wedding.

4 25

blockbuster

(n)

= book or film which is very successful:

mtvla ~ L j l t l o ~ e y 6 A ~ emTuxla "Gladiator" was a

blockbuster; it broke all records for number

of

tickets

sold

4 26 critic (n) = 1.

person

who

writes

reviews:

KPLHK6c;

(Secnpou,

KLV/q>ou,

~ L ~ A l w v KTA.) The critics all praised

Peter Carey's latest book. 2

person who disapproves

of someone or something: KPLTt']c; He is

a

fierce critic

of

the government.

Der:

criticism

(n)

critique (n):

K p L T L K ~ a v M u o ~

criticise

(v)

critical (adj): emKpLTLK6<;,

K p l m ~ o < ;

4 27

base on (phr

v)

= use a particular source as a model:

~ a o l ~ w

(Kim) ae Is the film based on a true story?

4 28

tale

(n)

= story, often about imaginary events:

~ u 8 o < ;

This is a tale about a princess, a frog and a flying pig.

4 29

sequel

(n)

= book or film which continues the story

told

in

previous book or film:

a u T O T e A ~ < ; ouvtxeta

TOLvla<;,

~ L ~ A l o u We all agreed that the sequel wasn't

as good as the original film.

4 30

masterpiece

(n)

= a piece of work done with

extraordinary skill, often refers to artistic work:

a p t m o u p y ~ ~ a

The

Mona Lisa is considered by many

to be Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece.

multiplex

(n) = a cinema with several screens:

n o A U K L V ~ ~ m o y p a q > o < ; You can choose from 8

different movies

at

the new mul tiplex cinema.

gross

(v)

= to earn a certain amount of money:

npawmonOLtil

e L o n p a ~ e L < ; The latest George Clooney

film

grossed a $100 million,

of

which the studio

probably made a profit

of

about

15

million.

Der:

gross

(n)

4 33 sequence

(n)

= part of a film that deals with a single

subject

or

action: oetpa

o K ~ v w v

(oe Tmvla)

The best

sequence in the film was when the aliens landed in

Chicago.

Der: sequential (adj): 1itaooxtK6<;

4 34 plot (n)

= storyline:

n t . o K ~ The

book had such

a complex plot that I

couldn t

follow what was

happening.

Der: plot

(v): o u v w ~ O T W

4 35 script (n)

=written

text of a play

or

film: oevapto

(mtvla<;,

8eOTpLKOU tpyou K.An.) Jeanne is writing the

script for the school play.

4 36 highlight (n) = best or most interesting part of an

event:

T

mo

eVTunwmaK6

~ t p o < ;

Highlights of the

game were shown on the news.

4 37 villain

(n)

= evil character in a film or book:

KOK6<;

~ p w a < ;

(mtvla<;,

~ L ~ t . l o u James Bond always defeats

the villain.

4 38 state of the art (adj) =something

which uses the

most advanced ideas

or

technology:

o u y x p o v ~ < ;

Texvot.oyla<;

Mark

has

a state-of-the-art home

cinema

-

it

must have

cost

a fortune

4 39 screenplay (n)

= script for film or

TV:

oevapto

Jack

read the screenplay and decided to produce the film.

4 40

audition (n)

= short test performance to select a

performer: OoKLj..IOOTLKt'] aKp6aoT ) The orchestra is

holding auditions for a violinist.

Der: audition (v)

4 41

censorship (n) =official

banning of all or part of a

book or film: t.oyoKpLola

Many people think that

censorship of violent films

is

necessary.

Der: censor

(n): t . o y o K p L T ~ < ;

censor

(v)

censored (adj)

4 42

debut

(n)

= first public performance:

n p t i l T ~

1 i ~ ~ 6 m a

e ~ q > a v t ~ . V T e ~ n o u m Sarah made her debut

as

a

singer with

a

local band.

4 43 forthcoming

(adj) = happening soon:

n p o o e x ~ < ;

Everybody is waiting to

see

the forthcoming film

about the life

of

John Lennon.

4 44 premiere (n)

= first performance of a film or play:

n p e ~ L t p a

The James Bond film will have its premiere

in July.

4 45

review

(n)

= media report about a film, book,

exhibition or

TV

programme:

K P L T L K ~

(tpyou,

~ L ~ A l o u ,

n p o y p a ~ ~ m o < ; ) The play received rave reviews so

we

went to

see

it

Der:

reviewer

(n)

review

(v)

BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY

PHRASAL VERBS (page 31)

4 46 come

out

(phr

v) =finish: a n o ~ a l v w , K O T O ~ y w

Sometimes even the director is not sure how the

film will come

out

in the end.

4 47

come

cross

(phr v) = communicate; make

something clear:

y l v o ~ O L O V T L A ~ m 6 < ; The message

comes across loud and clear in the advertisement: if

you drink, don t drive.

4 48 go back

(phr

v)

= exist since a particular time:

avaTpExw

Barbara's interest in rock 'n' roll goes

to the time she first heard Elvis Presley sing.



4 49 go into (phr

v) =spend

time, money

or

effort

to

do,

make

or get

something: aoxoA.mJI-lOL IJ.E, ac.ptepti:lvw

xpovo oe KC TL

A

lot

of

effort

went

into making the

party a success

4 50 go on

to

(phr

v)

=

do

something after finishing doing

something else: ouvexicw ( ~ e

K<in

6to<jJopntK6) Sally

began

her

writing career as

a poet and

has

gone on

to write novels

4.51

go

down as

(phr

v)

=

be

remembered

in a

particular

way: n a p a ~ t v w (orn

~ v l i ~ n )

Lady Diana has gone

down

in

history

as

a

person who cared about the poor.

4 52

go on

(phr

v) =happen: o u ~ ~ a l v w

There s a

lot of

noise next door. I wonder what s going

on?

WHO SAID

IT?

(page 31)

4.53 commentator

(n) = person who describes

events

on TV

or radio:

o x o A . t a m ~ < ;

The sports commentator shouted

excitedly when the focal team scored another goal.

Der: comment (n)

commentary (n)

comment

(v)

4.54

contestant

(n)

= a

person

who

participates

in a

competition:

O t a y w v t ~ 6 1 1 £ v o c ;

Of the three contestants

in the

V

quiz show, only one will

be

able to

go on

to

the finals.

Der:

contest (n)

contest

(v)

4 55 chat-show host

(n)

= person who

interviews

famous

or

interesting

people on

TV

or

on a

radio talk show:

napoumaou ]c; TllAeonTLKciN

I

paOtoc.pwVLKci.lv

o u ~ l T f ] o e w v

My

favourite

chat-show host

specialises

in interviewing politicians.

4 56 conductor (n) = person who leads an orchestra or

choir:

~ a t o T p o c ;

The players

picked

up their

instruments

as

the

conductor

raised his baton.

Der: conduct

(v)

4 57

director (n)

= see 4.11

4 58

disc jockey (DJ) (n) = person who chooses music on

the

radio or in a

club, etc.:

auT6c; nou n a l ~ . s L

l.lOUotKT ]

o.s

paOtoc.pwvtKtc; .sKnOI.lntc; f]

KAa11n

The disc

jockey

chose great music

at

the

party

4 59

critic

(n) = see 4.26

4 60

playwright (n)

= person who writes plays:

8emptK6<:;

ouyypa<jltac;

Sophocles

1s

one

of

the

best

known

Greek playwrights.

PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS (page 32)

4 61 in many respects = in

many ways:

an6 noAAtc;

a n 6 ~ . s t c ;

In

many respects, life today

is

more

dangerous than

in

the past.

4 62 in conjunction with =

together with:

oe ouv.spyaoia

1 1e In

conjunction with a

major

bank, the

company

is

working on

a

new building.

4 63

o

a large r)

scale

very big in size or

extent:

oe

~ e y c ' A n ( ~ e y a A l n e p n ) K A l ~ a K a

His customers invest

on

a

large scale

-

only one million euros

or

more.

4.64

in comparison with = looking

at similarities and

differences: oe

oUyKpLOJl

1 1£

In comparison with last

year

this

summer

is much warmer.

4 65

for

good

= permanently: yta navTO,

~ O V L ~ Q

The

Smith family is moving to Ireland for good, so I

probably will never

see

them again.

4 66

in no

time

=

very

quickly: m: xp6vo

peK6p James

was back

to

normal

in no time

after

the operation.

4 67

on the part

of =

done by someone: EK

11Epouc; Tou

I

TnC:

More effort on the

part

of

the police

would

help

solve the problem.

4 68 at the forefront

of

in a

leading position: OTJlV

nptinn y p a ~ ~ l i

American CD companies are

at

the

forefront

of

the international music industry.

WORD FORMATION (page 32)

4 69

acceptance

(n) = agreement to an

idea

or plan:

ano5oxf1 The

new

railroad fine depends

on

government acceptance

of

the engineer s report.

4 70

adaptation (n)

=film

or

play that was originally

written in a

different form:

OtaoK.sur ] Several

new

films

are adaptations

of

Shakespeare s plays.

Der: adapt (v): otooKeuacw. npooawocw

4 71

annoyance

(n) =feeling

of impatience and

anger:

e K v e u p t o ~ 6 c ; , evoxl.non To

my

annoyance, my boss

wouldn t

let

me

take

off

any extra time.

Der: annoy

(v)

annoyed (adj):

e v o x l . n ~ t v o c ;

annoying (adj): evoxl-nTLK6c;

4 72

attendance

(n) = presence at an

event

or

number of

people present:

npootl.euon,

napaKol-ou8non

Attendance

at

the concert

was

low.

Der: attend

(v)

4

73

availability (n)

= state

of

being not too busy:

6 t a 8 e m ~ 6 T n T D

The doctor s availability depends on

how

many patients are scheduled for the week.

Der: available (adj)

Opp: unavailability (n)

4 74 clarity

(n)

= state of being clear: 6tauyeta The clarity

of

the water made

it

possible to see the fish.

Der: clarify

(v)

clear (adj)

4 75

complexity (n) =state at being complicated:

noAunAoK6TflTO Due to the complexity

of

the case, it

took lawyers months to prepare.

Der: complex (adj)

4 76 credibility (n) = state of being believable or

trustworthy:

~ t o m m l

The police

doubted

the

credibility of the witness.

Der: credible (adj)

incredible (adj)

4.77

dedication (n)

=

commitment

acpoolwo l

The nurses

showed

dedication to their patients

by

working

throughout the night.

Der: dedicate

(v)

dedicated (adj)

4 78

devotion (n) = great love or loyalty: o<jloolwon

Mother

Teresa s devotion to the

poor touched

many lives.

Der: devote

(v)

devoted (adj)

4 79 distraction (n) =

something

which

takes your

attention away from

a

task you

are

doing:

Ot< :tonaon

npoooxf]c;

There are always distractions when you

share an office with other people.

Der: distract

(v)

distracted (adj)

9



4 80 dramatisation (also -ization) (n) = making a book

or

story into a play or film: o p a ~ m o n o i ~ a ~ ,

O l 0 0 K 8 U ~

The dramatisation of

Tom

Clancy s

book

was

successful in

capturing

the

complicated

story.

Der: drama

(n)

dramatist (n):

O p Q ~ G T O u p y 6 c ; , 8EGTplKO<;

ouyypa<ptac;

dramatise (v):

6 t O O K E U 6 ~ w

~ u 8 t o T 6 p ~ ~ a )

yta

T

StaTpo

4 81 generosity (n) = quality of giving

or

doing more than

is usual: yEvvmoOwpla Her generosity

is

well known;

she always donates time and money to

good

causes.

Der: generous (adj)

4 82 ignorance (n) = complete lack of knowledge

about something: O.yvma I don t want to show my

ignorance,

but

what

is

the speed limit

in

this country?

Der: ignorant (adj)

4 83

imitation

(n)

= 1.

copy of

something:

avTiypa<JlO,

anol-llllrJOTl This painting is such

a good

imitation

that

you

can t telf it s

a

copy.

2 copying

someone s

speech or behaviour: IJ-l\l lOfJ Peter does a great

imitation

of

the prime minister.

Der: imitate

(v)

4.84 insistence

(n)

= act of saying something firmly

or

in

a

demanding

way:

Enq.wvr j

At

her family s insistence,

Monica applied to law school though she

had

wanted

to

study

art.

Der: insist (v)

insistent (adj)

4.85 inspiration (n) = sudden feeling or new idea: t ~ J n v e u a n

Seeing the film

about

the young writer gave me the

inspiration to

go

back to writing.

Der: inspire

(v)

inspirational (adj):

nou

Oiv£t t ~ J n V £ U O f l

inspiring (adj):

nou

CiVEt

t ~ J n V £ U O f l

4 86

interference

(n)

= unwanted involvement in a situation

which is not your concern: a v 6 1 J t ~ T l Mark didn t marry

Ellen because of his parents interference.

Der: interiere

(v)

interfering (adj)

4 87 maturity (n) = 1 state of being fully developed or

grown: £Vf]AtKiwof]

When boys reach maturity their

voices

become

deeper. 2

quality of having a fully

developed personality and adult emotional behaviour:

wpt1J6Tf]ta His writing shows surprising maturity for

such

a

young person.

Der: maturation (n):

w p l ~ a v o ~

mature

(v)

mature (adj)

4 88

objectivity

(n)

= ability

to

make decisions based on

facts, not on personal opinion: avnK£tiJ£VtK6tflTO We

questioned the producer s objectivity because he is

married to the director.

Der: object (n): O V T l K e i ~ E v o

objective (adj)

4 89

offence (n) = illegal activity: a o i K ~ ~ a , n a p ~ a o ~

Smoking in a no-smoking restaurant

is

an offence

punishable by law

Der: offend

(v)

offensive (adj)

4 90

originality

(n)

= quality

of

being

new

and different:

npwtoTunia

His work shows originality, with lots

of

new

ideas.

10

Der: origin (n): n p o t l . e u o ~

original (adi)

4 91

pretence

(n)

=way of behaving intended

to

make

others believe something which is not true: npoonolnon

I made

a

pretence

of

enjoying the cake even though I

don t like chocolate.

Der: pretend (v)

4 92

simplicity

(n)

= quality of

not

being complicated:

anMTwa

The

simplicity of the design makes it very

easy to produce.

Der: simplify

(v)

simple (adj)

RELATED WORDS (page 33)

4 93 nag (v)

= continually demand

or

criticise in an annoying

way:

y K p t v t 6 ~ w ouvexwc; She nagged her teenage

children all day about the state

of

their bedrooms.

4 94

blurt out (phr

v)

=say suddenly, without thinking:

~ e < J l O U p v i ~ w ~ y 6 ~ w O T ~

q>6pa

Margaret blurted out

the truth before anyone could stop her

4 95

mumble

(v) = speak quietly and not clearly:

~ o u w o u p i ~ w ,

l j J t S u p i ~ w The lecturer

mumbled so we

couldn t

understand what she was saying.

4 96

reminisce

(v)

think, write or talk

about pleasant

things in the past: avanol.w

The

old

men

sat over a

cup

of coffee and reminisced about life in the village.

Der: reminiscence

(n)

reminiscent (adj)

4 97

grumble

(v) = complain in a bad-tempered way:

y K p t v t 6 ~ w , n a p a n o v t t ~ m

The

staff grumbled

about

their working conditions.

4 98

waffle (v) = talk a lot

without

making a clear

point:

~ l A W

OKGTODX£TO

She

waffled on for

an

hour,

boring

us to death.

4 99

butt

in

(phr

v) =

interrupt a conversation in

a rude

way: OtaK6nTw

He

is so

rude; he s always butting into

my conversations.

4 100 snap at (v) =speak sharply and rudely: ~ l A W a n 6 T O ~ a

Janet

is

in

a

really

bad

mood today; she s

snapping at

everybody

4 101 chatter (v)

= talk quickly and continuously about

unimportant things: <jli-uapw We

sat in the

corner

chattering and catching up on each other s news.

4 102 swear (v) (swore, sworn)= 1 use offensive or rude

words: ~ p i ~ w When the builder

hit

his thumb with

a

hammer, he swore loudly.

2 say you are telling

the

truth: o p K i ~ o ~ m l swear I ve never seen that person

before in my life.


(page

34)

4 103 adopt

(v)

= take somebody else s child into

your

family

and become its legal parent: uto9£Ttil

4 104

adapt

(v) =change to suit a different situation:

n p o o a p ~ 6 ~ w , · o ~ m

4 105

adept (adj) =able

to do

something skillfully: tKav6c;,

£ m o t ~ toe;

4 106

wind

(v)

(wound, wound)= wrap

or twist

something

around: TuAiyw

4 107 rewind (v) (rewound, rewound)= make a tape or film

go

backwards:

y u p i ~ w nlaw

(KaatTa, Tmvia)

4 1 s unwind

(v)

(unwound, unwound) = relax after being

tired

or

tense:

XOAOpWVW,

~ e K O U p O ~ O ~ Q l

4 1 o9

highlight

(n)

= see 4.36

4 110

spotlight

(n)

=strong light

or public

attention:

n p o ~ o l . t a c ; , KtvTpo t ~ c ; n p o a o x ~ c ;



4 111

limelight (n) = public attention

and

interest: npooKJivto

4 112 downright (adv) = extremely (in negative sense):

evtel\ciJc;, anoALltwc;

4 113

upright (adj)

=straight:

6p8toc;,

O T ~ t 6 c ;

4 114

outright

(adv) =openly or directly: ~ E K < l 8 a p a .

anepi<j>paom

4 115 feature

(v)

=include

as a special item: n p o ~ a l \ 1 \ w

4 116 characterise (also -ize) (v)

=be

a typical feature or

quality: X O P O K T ~ p i ~ W

4.117

focus (v) =concentrate:

EntKevrpWvoi-IOL,

ouyKEVTpc.iJvw,

- O ~ Q L

4 118

engrossed (adj) =so interested

you

don t

pay

attention

to

anything else: a n o p p O < j > ~ ~ t v o c ;

4.119

appeal

(v) =seem

attractive or interesting to

someone: npom:i\KUw (To Ev6tacptpov)

4 120 addicted (adj) = unable to stop doing or using

something, especially something harmful: c : 8 t o 1 1 t v o ~

4 121 so-called (adj) =

described

in an incorrect or

misleading way: 6Ji8ev

4 122

alleged

(adj) =

stated

but not

proven:

u n o T t 8 £ ~ e v o c ;

4 123 renowned (adj) = well-known and admired:

~ Q K O U O T O < ; , < j > ~ ~ L O ~ E V O < ;

4 124 ratings (n) = statistics that

show

the

popularity

of TV

programmes:

o e i K t ~ c ;

T ~ A e 8 t a o ~ c ;

I

a K p o a ~ a n K 6 t ~ m c ;

4 125 credits

(n) = list of people involved in

making

a

film

or TV programme: ouvtel\eottc; napaywyJic; (tmviac;,

n p o y p a ~ ~ m o c ;

subtitles (n) =translation of a film appearing

at

the

bottom of the screen:

un6TtTi\OL

~ E T A P H O R AND MEANING (page 34)

flash (n) = sudden burst of light: a v a l \ a ~ n n

The

falling

star appeared

as

a flash in the night

sky.

Der: flash (v)

flashing (adj)

dim

(adj)

= 1 giving off weak light: a ~ u 6 p 6 c ; . 8 a ~ n 6 c ;

The car s headlights seemed dim in the fog. 2 stupid:

Kout6c;

Bert is not naughty; he's JUSt a bit dim.

Der: dimmer

(n):

~ ~ x a v t o ~ 6 c ; nou p u S ~ i ~ e L T ~ v t v t a o ~

TOU <j>WTO<;

dim (v)

faint (adj) = not strong or clear: a ~ u 6 p 6 c ; There was a

faint light showing through the mist.

not have the faintest idea = not know anything at

all

about something: oev

txw

t ~ v n a p a ~ L K P l i toto I

haven't the faintest idea

what

his

name

is

since I've

never met him before in my life.

brilliant (adj) 1 giving

off

a very bright light:

acrrpa<j>tep6c; A diamond looks especially brilliant in

the sun.

2

very clever: noAu t ~ u n v o c ; ,

EU<j>uJic;

Pat is

brilliant

at

languages; she speaks six

Der: brilliance

(n)

dazzle (v) = 1 make someone unable to see for a

short time because of

the

brightness of light:

TU<j>l\cilvw

We were dazzled by the brightness of the sun.

2 impress by skill or beauty:

S a ~ n c i J v w

He was

dazzled

by

Claire's red hair and green eyes.

Der: dazzling (adj)

bright

(adj) =

1

full

of

light

or

colour:

<PWTetv6c;,

l \ a ~ n e p 6 c ; The large windows make the room bright

and

airy.

2 intelligent: t ~ u n v o c ; Only the brightest

students get accepted to the top universities.

Der: brighten (v)

UNIT

4 133

cloud= 1.

(n)

white or grey mass in the sky: olJVvEcpo

The sky was dark because

of

the clouds.

2. (v) confuse your understanding: SoAWvw,

~ n e p o e u w

My

understanding of the situation was

clouded

by

the reporter's confused news report.

4 134

dull

(adj) = 1

not

shiny: 8 a ~ n 6 c ;

The

silver looks dull;

it needs a good polishing.

2.

not intelligent KOUT6c;

The

new

student seems dull and

might

have trouble

passing his exams.

4.135

dawn (n)::: early morning: auyr ] The sun rises at dawn

and sets

at

dusk.

dawn

on

(phr v) realise something

for

the first time:

a p x i ~ w va a v n l \ a ~ ~ a v o ~ m Kanlt finally dawned on

us that he was

not

telling the truth.

4.136

keep

(someone) in the dark=

hide

information from

someone:

KPOTc iJ

(KQnolOV)

OTO OKOT00t (OTJlV 6yv0la)

Why did she keep us in the dark about her new

job?

4.137

shed

l ight

on

= make something easier to

understand: pixvw < pwc; OE K6n, ~ E : O l a A U v w K6Tt

The discovery of this virus sheds some light on the

development

of

the disease.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS

(page

35)

4 138 cast= 1 (n) hardened plaster on a broken bone:

yul)JO<;, v a p 8 ~ K a c ;

I

wore a cast on my broken leg for

six weeks. 2. (v) choose a

performer

for a part in a

film or

play:

oivw

p61\o The

actor

they cast as Hamlet

was far too old for the part. 3 (n) see 4 6

cast

(an) eye over = look

at something

quickly: pixvw

IJlO

1JOn6

Before you leave the office today, please

cast an eye over the

new

contract.

cast

doubt

on

= make something seem less certain

or good:

a ~ < P L ~ a M w

yta

KOTL, a ~ r p L o ~ ~ T c i J Your

comments

seem

to cast

doubt

on the wisdom

of

the

whole project.

4 139

set= 1 (v) see

2 45

2 (n) group of things

that

belong

together: oUvoA.o npay1J6Twv, oE:T My aunt gave

me

a set of coffee cups for an engagement present.

3.

(n) part of a tennis match, consisting of six games

or more: yupoc;, oer (nmxvtotou) When

I

played tennis

against my

sister

lost

the first set but won the next two.

4 (n) see 4 18

set

in

(my) ways =

not

willing to change: txw

a n o p u m a M w ~ t ~

a n o l J ~

My grandfather is rather

set in his ways; everything

must

be done as

he

says.

4 140 act

= 1 (n) part

of

a play: (SemptKli)

n p a ~ ~

The first

act of

a play usually presents the conflict which is

then resolved in the last act. 2 (v) behave:

o u ~ n e p t < j > £ p o ~ m Although he knew

about

the surprise

party, Tim

acted

totally shocked.

act

on

(phr v) be guided by: evepyciJ o u ~ < j > w v a ~ e

I decided to

act

on the advice of my lawyer and not

go

by

what my friends suggested.

catch

in the act

(ofj = find

someone doing

something

wrong and interrupt them in the middle: mOvw KOnOlov

E:n'auTo<.pWpw The shop owner caught his assistant in

the act of stealing money from the cash register.

IN OTHER WORDS

(page

35)

4.141 get into (phr v) =

become interested

in: E:VOta<.ptpOI- Ol

yta

She has never been able to

get

into jazz; she

prefers classical music.

4 142

play

up

(phr

v) =not work

properly: oe AELtoupyciJ awcrra

My car has been playing up so let's go in your cat

11



UNIT

4 143

hype up

(phr

v) =exaggerate the

quality:

npowew

npot6v

w

a p a n A a v ~ T l K ~ i 5 t O < P ~ u t a ~ The shop

assistant

hyped

up this camera,

but

it s really no

better

than

my old

one.

4.144

run through

phr v)

=

practise and

review:

m a v a A a u ~ a v w e ;aoKou

0

m Let s run through this

song once more before the perlormance.

4 145 laze

around

(phr

v)

=relax:

xaAapwvw,

T E u n E A l a ~ w

The weather was beautiful,

so

we lazed

around

the

pool

all

day

4.146

come up

with (phr v) =create or produce: 3ploKw

an6.vTJ1011,

AlloT")/ need an idea for a costume but I

haven t come up with anything so far

4 147

bring

in (phr v) =make money: K E p i 5 i ~ w X P ~ u m a

Philip is bringing in

a

lot more

money

since he started

his

new

job.

4 148

branch out (phr

v) =expand

into new areas

or

activities: eneKT£lvw, OIJ.OL (enayye}qJOTLK6)

The local

shoe store

decided

to branch

out and

started sefling

clothing too.

VOCABULARY

PRACTICE

lUnits 2-4)

A.

Match.

1. A screenwriter is someone who

2.

A foreman is someone who

4 149

put on

(phr v) =stage a performance: a v e ~ a ~ w

n a p a o r a a ~ ) The town s gymnasts

put on

a display

of

their talents.

4 150

crack up

(phr

v) =laugh

uncontrollably:

1 ; £ K a p i 5 i ~ o u m

I cracked up every time the comedian looked

my way

4 151

malfunction (v)

=not

work properly: i5UOAEtToupyw

The television is malfunctioning; there s no picture.

Der: malfunction

(n)

4 152 diversify (v) = develop products

or

activities that

are new or different from what is usual for you:

en£KT£(V0 -10l, Q U ~ 6 . V W T'lV nOLKLAiO (npol6VTWV KTA..)

ur

company needs to diversify into other products if

it is

to

survive.

Der: diversi fication (n)

diversity (n)

diverse (adj)

4153 generate (v) =cause

something

to

happen

or

to be

produced:

npoKaA.W

The announcement

about

the

new

theatre generated

a lot

of interest.

Der: generation

(n):

n a p a y w y ~

generator

(n):

y e v v ~ T p t a

a. has a broad

knowledge of

films.

b. perlorms administrative tasks to assist a manager.

3.

A rising star is

someone

who ...... c.

perlorms

dangerous scenes in place

of

an actor.

4

An agent is someone who

d. you work with.

5 A stuntman is

someone who

e. has one

of

the lead roles in a film.

6.

A movie buff is

someone

who f. interviews people on a TV programme.

7

A chat-show host is

someone

who

g. seems likely to have a successful career.

8. A

co-star

is

someone who

h. is in charge

of other

workers.

9. A P is someone who

i. represents actors, singers, etc.

10

A

colleague

is someone who j. writes stories for films.

B. Write

T (True)

or

F (False)

according to

the meaning of

the words in bold.

1 If you are

on

the dole, you have a satisfying

job

.....

2. If two people get down to

business

they open a business together

3. If you catch somebody in

the

act you see

them doing

something wrong.

4. If something is confidential, it is

not

to be shared with other people ....

5. If you

keep somebody in the dark about

something, you inform them

about

it .

6. If you set a deadline you finish your work on time . . . .

7.

If somebody is

set

in

their

ways,

they easily change their habits

8. If you work overtime you leave the office early.

9. If you are serving an

apprenticeship

you are learning a trade.

10

If something clouds your

judgment it makes it

easier

for

you to assess a situation

.....

c.

Choose the odd one

out.

1.

n)lockbuster

broadcaster commentator

~ ~ ~ ~ t e r

2.

:

~ a z z l e

grumble snap nag

3

( d e b ~ credits

subtitles

scr ip t

4.

G W ~ I I

u

extend shrink enlarge

5. dim

dull brilliant faint

6 ~ ~ ~

.. employ appeal

recruit



D. Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs below. Make any necessary changes.

take

on

come up with e go

on

to go back to run through

put on • go under e set up + 111 butt in

«

crack up

1.

The studio executives are still trying to ..................................... a catchy title for the new action movie.

2

The tradition

of

celebrating May Day ..................................... pre-Christian times.

3. I just ...................................... when I heard that joke for the first time.

4 A

friend

of

mine is planning

to

..................................... her own online dating service.

5

His early years were spent playing bit parts in local theatrical productions but he ..................................... become

one of

the Hollywood s leading men.

6 Our English class

is

...................................... a play at the end

of

term.

7. Business

is

slow and costs keep rising so I think the firm

......................................

soon.

8. A local electronics manufacturer has just announced plans

......................................

200 new workers.

9.

I m sorry to ...................................... but did I overhear you say that you work at the BBC?

10

The director made them ...................................... the scene again until he was satisfied.

UNIT

ody

and

Mind

TOPIC

VOCABULARY

(page 47)

6 1 ligament

n)

=

a band

of

tissue that holds bones

together or supports organs: o u v i 5 w ~ o < ; he

runner

suffered a torn ligament

in

his leg and

was

unable

to

compete for

several

months.

/

abdomen

n)

=

ower front part

of

body where

e

stomach and intestines are:

KOL LO After eating

a

huge

meal he had severe pain in his abdomen.

Der: abdominal (adj)

6 3

artery n)

=

a tube that carries blood away from the

heart:

OPTTlPiO

When

doctors

discovered

his

arteries

were almost completely blocked he underwent

emergency heart surgery.

Der: arterial adj)

6 4 vein

n)

=

a tube that carries blood to the heart:

q > A t ~ a he doctor

inserted

a

needle into

a

vein in

his

arm to take a blood sample.

6 5 chest n) =

upper front part

of

the body between

abdomen and neck: m ~ S o < ;

Complaining

of

chest

pains the old man was rushed to the hospital in case

he was having

a

heart attack.

6 6 kidney

n)

=

organ

in

the body that cleans your blood

and removes waste: ve<pp6 he doctor gave him

antibiotics for

his

kidney infection.

6 7 lung

n)

=

he

two

large organs in your chest with

which you breathe: n v e u ~ o v a < ; Breathe deeply nd fill

your lungs with air.

6 8 liver

n)

=

arge organ in the body which helps to

clean the blood:

ouKtilTL

Surgeons today can do heart

lung

and liver transplants.

6 9

jaw n)

=

ower part

of

face below the mouth

including the bottom teeth and chin: oay6vL When I

had a wisdom tooth removed my jaw was sore for a

week.

pelvis n)

=

group of bones which support the back

and connect to the legs: A e K a v ~ (avSpwmvou

o w ~ m o < ; ) After breaking her pelvis

in a

car accident

she was in constant pain nd h d difficulty walking.

6.11

rib

n)

=

a curved bone

of

the chest: l1Aeup6

He broke

three ribs in a

fall

and had to wear a bandage around

his chest for a month.

6 12

6.13

e ~

8

@

@

G ~

' '-

19

9

6.21

skull

n)

=

bones

of

the head that protect the brain:

Kpavlo He fractured

his

skull

several

years

ago and

you can still see a scar on the side of his head.

spine

n)

= backbone or row of bones that contain

the spinal cord: o n o v i 5 u A L K ~ O T ~ A ~

An injury to the

spine is extremely serious and may lead to paralysis.

Der: spinal (adj)

bruise

n)

=

a dark mark on the skin caused by being

hit:

~ e A a v t a

He had a nasty bruise on his

knee

after

being kicked during a football match.

Der: bruising n)

bruise

v)

bruised (adj)

fracture

n)

=

a break or crack

in

a bone or other hard

substance:

o n a m ~ o .

Kamwa he X-ray showed that

he had multiple fractures to the bones on his foot.

Der: fracture

v)

fractured (adj)

sling n) = a piece of material worn around the neck

to support

an

injured arm:

x e t p o M ~ o c : ; , a v a p T ~ p o c ;

(yta

a n a a ~ t v o

xepL)

Andrew had to wear

a

sling for

over a month

to

support

his

broken arm.

stitch

n)

= a short piece of thread used to close a

deep cut by sewing: p ~ ~

I cut myself badly with

the bread knife nd

had to have 6 stitches.

stretcher

n)

=

a kind

of

bed used to carry injured or

dead people:

<popeio

~ e m < p o p a < ;

appwamu)

Four

attendants carried the injured player off the pitch on a

stretcher.

consult

v)

= ask someone's opinion about something:

a u ~ ~ o u l - e u o ~ m he doctor recommended that

Richard consult

a

specialist about his heart problem.

Der: consultant n)

consultation n)

GP

n)

= general practitioner; doctor who gives

general medical care to patients

in

his area:

ylaTp6c;

naSoMyo<; Go nd see your GP if you have any

symptoms which are worrying you.

vaccination n) =

substance given to protect against

a disease: EIJ130i\lOOIJ6c;

I

was

given a

vaccination

against yellow fever before going to Africa.

Der: vaccine

n): e ~ ~ 6 A L O

vaccinate

v)

13



6 23

6 24

6 26

6 28

6 29

6 31

6 32

6 34

6 35

6 36

contagious

adj)

= able to spread quickly:

~ e r a 6 o T L K 6 < ;

Contagious diseases can be avo ided by washing your

hands.

prescription

n) = a written order for medicine from a

doctor:

o u v T a y ~

ytaTpoU /lost

my

prescription

and

the chemist wouldn t give

me

the medicine without it.

Der:

prescribe v)

prescriptive (adj): K m £ u 8 u v r ~ p i o < ;

medic tion

n)

= drugs used to treat illness:

cp6p1JOKO,

q > a p ~ a K £ U T I K ~ a y w y ~ When the medication didn t cure

the infection, the

doctor

changed it

Der: medicated (adj)

common sense = natural ability

to

make good,

practical judgements: Kotvfl A o y t K ~ If Tom had more

common sense, he

wouldn t

drive so fast.

hygiene n)

practice

of

keeping yourself and your

things clean

to

prevent illness:

u y l £ 1 V ~ , K a 8 a p i 6 T ~ T a

People can avoid catching illnesses by paying more

attention to personal hygiene.

Der: hygienic (adj)

int ke n) = amount

of

something eaten

or

drunk:

n p 6 o . ~ L j J ~ .

t . a ~ ~ a v 6 ~ £ v ~ n o o 6 r ~ m

Doctors

recommend a daily intake

of

75-90mg

of

Vitamin

C

for adults.

dehydration n) state of not having enough water in

the body causing you to feel weak or ill: acpui56nuo l

Long-distance runners must drink regularly to avoid

dehydration.

Der: dehydrate v)

dehydrated (adj)

acupuncture n) a Chinese medical treatment that

involves inserting special needles in certain points on

the body: ~ £ A O V I 0 ~ 6 c ; A friend of mine suggested that

acupuncture

might

help relieve the pain in

my

back.

Der: acupuncturist

n)

well being n)

state of being happy, healthy and

prosperous: £ U £ ~ i a , uy£ia Spending time with family

and friends gives him a wondetful sense of well-being.

pain relief n) lessening of the feeling of physical

suffering: avaKoUcptofl

an6

Tov

n6vo

The advert for

the medicine claims that it offers fast effective pain

relief for headaches.

ddiction n)

= an uncontrollable need to do

something

or

take a drug:

e8to116c; The

centre

for

the

treatment of drug addiction offers psychological

counselling to addic ts and thei r families.

Der: addict

n)

addicted (adj)

addictive (adj)

joint n) place where

two

bones meet and the limb

is

able

to

bend: 6 p 8 p w o ~ In

cold

damp weather, he

often feels pain in his joints, especially his knees.

Der:

jointed (adj)

llevi te v)

=to make something less severe or

painful:

avaKouq>il;w,

~ e r p 1 6 1 ; w The aspirin did nothing

to alleviate my headache, so I called the

doctor

tre t

v)

= provide medical care:

m::pmotoUIJOL,

8epaneUw Most eye infections can

be

successfully

treated with eye drops.

Der: treatment

n)

treatable

adj)

cure v) ~ t o make a person healthy again: 8£pan£uw

The doctor cured the child s bronchitis.

Der: cure

n)

ano8epam::ia, ytaTpetO

6 37

6 38

6 40

6 42

6 43

6 44

6 45

G

~ . 4 8

6 49

6 50

remedy n)

= solution to a problem or illness: 8epanela,

y1mp1K6 Some people believe the best remedy for a

sore throat is a hot lemon and honey

drink

insomni

n) = inability to sleep: alinvia If you can t

sleep

at

night, you suffer from insomnia.

Der: insomniac

n): a o 8 e v ~ c ;

nou nOoxet an6 aUnvia

ilment

n) = illness which is not serious: ai5ta8eoia

For a minor ailment, you probably

don t

need to see a

doctor

Der: ail v): naoxw

ailing (adj): a o 8 £ v ~ c ; . nou naox£1

allergy n)

physical reaction

to

something you eat,

breathe

or

touch: aM£pyia Sue has

an

allergy to

cats; when she

is

in a room with them she sneezes.

Der: allergen

n):

aM£pytoy6vo

allergic (adj)

eczema

n) skin condition that makes skin dry, sore

and itchy:

t K ~ £ 1 1 0

The chemist gave

me

a

new

skin

cream to help ease the discomfort of

my

eczema.

indigestion

n) = discomfort in the stomach when the

body has difficulty digesting food: 6uon£LjJia Many

people suffer from indigestion after eating a heavy meal.

Der: indigestible (adj)

prev iling

(adj) = existing or being most common at

a particular time or place: emKpaTton::poc; The

prevailing attitude to dieting in the United States has

shifted to healthier, smaller portion sizes.

Der: prevail

v)

circul tion

n) = 1. movement

of

blood around the

body: KuKAocpoptK6 oUOTfliJO People with circulation

problems often have cold hands

and

feet 2. number of

copies

of

a newspaper or magazine sold: KUKAa<.popia

TUnou) The newspaper s circulation increased when

they added an editorial section.

Der: circulate

v)

circulatory (adj)

migr ine

n) = a severe headache: TlllLKpavla People

who suffer from migraines often complain of nausea

as well as a blinding headache.

rthritis n) = a condition in which the joints are

swollen and are painful:

ap8pin6a

My grandmother s

hands were so crippled with arthritis that she was

unable to do any household chores.

Der: arthritic (adj)

disorder n)

illness

or

medical condition: 6 m a p a x ~

Melissa has

a

skin disorder and cannot spend a

lot

of

time in the sun.

posture n) ~ t h e

position of the body while standing,

sitting or walking: o r a o ~ o w ~ a m c ; ) The doctor told

her

that an improvement in

her

posture would help

prevent lower back pain.

medit tion n)

= a mental exercise

in

which someone

concentrates on his thoughts and relaxes: OtaAoylOIJ6c;

Meditation

is

often combined with breathing exercises

to relax the body and combat stress.

Der: meditative (adj)

flexibility n) ability

to

bend easily: £uf.uy1oia Doing

exercise will give you more flexibility.

Der: flexible (adj)

concentration

n)

ability

to

give

all

your attention

to

one thing: ouyKtVTpwon Safe driving requires a lot of

concentration.

Der: concentrate

v)



6.52 conventional m edicine = typical modern medical

treatment: o u ~ ~ O T L K ~

t a T p t K ~

Many

people

turn to

alternative therapies when conventional medicine fails

to cure a health problem.

6.53 complementary

therapy

(n)

= a form of treatment

used in combination with ordinary medical treatment:

o u ~ T 1 A ~ p w ~ a n K ~

Sepaneia Massage Is often used as a

complementary therapy for people suffering neck pain.

6.54 asthma (n)

= illness

in

which breathing is difficult:

a o ~ a

Tony has asthma

and

he needs to take

medication before exercising.

Der: asthmatic (adj)

BOOST YOUR

VOCABULARY

VERBS

+

PREPOSITIONS

(page 48)

6 55

6.56

(:;; ,.

- ,

r:::

~

6.59

6.60

G

6.62

blame (for) (v)

=to

be responsible for something bad:

K O T ~ y o p c i J (yta)

My

sister blames

me

for breaking her

MP4player.

Der: blame

(n)

blame

(on) (v) = say that something is someone s

fault:

emppimw

eu8uvec; (yta Kan oe Kcmmov)

The

restaurant

owner blamed

the

poor

service on the

shortage of staff.

elaborate

(v) = explain in more detail:

avannJaow,

neptypatpw A e m o ~ t p e t e c ; We asked the

tour

guide

to elaborate

on

the history

of

the site.

Der: elaboration

(n)

elaborate (adj)

specialise (also -ize) (v) = concentrate on

just one

area

of

work or study:

e t i 5 t K e u o ~ m

John specialised

in paediatrics.

Der: speciali sation

(n)

specialist

(n)

confide

(in)

(v)

= tell

someone

a secret:

e ~ m o T e u o ~ m .

E:KilUOT lPELloj..im

She

confided

in

me

because

she

trusted

me not

to tell anyone

her

secret.

Der:

confidence

(n)

confidential (adj)

comply (v) =

do

what you are required to do:

o u ~ ~ o p t p c i J v o ~ m / f you

don t comply

with the rules,

you

will

be

dismissed from

your

job.

Der: compliance

(n)

compliant (adj): u n o x w p ~ T t K 6 c ;

associate (v) =

make a connection in your mind:

ouvOE:w, o u o x e T L ~ w

Many

people

associate the

number 13 with

bad

luck.

Der: associate

(n):

ouvhmpoc;

ouvTPotpoc;

association

(n)

associated (adj)

identify with

(phr v) = empathize with and

understand someone

or

their situation because you

have a similar

background

or experience: T O U T [ ~ O J l O L

Having been

brought

up in a small village like the

main character in the novel, I

could

easily identify with

her.

account

(for) (v) = give an explanation for something:

e ~ ~ y c i J How do you account

for the fact that the

money is missing?

Der: account (n): avatpopa, n e p t y p a t p ~

accountancy

(n):

A o y t o T t K ~

accountant

(n): A o y t o T ~ c ;

accounting (n): A o y t O T t K ~

accountable (adj)

..

~ 6 3 .

6 64

6 65

6 66

6.67

6.68

6 69

6 70

6.71

6.72

yearn (v)

= want something very much:

AOXTOPciJ

When

I m on

a diet, I yearn for chocolate.

Der: yearning

(n)

opt

(for)

(v)

= make a choice: emAtyw They thought

of

going

to Paris

but opted

for Rome instead.

Der: option

(n)

optional (adj)

notify

(v)

= inform officially:

eti5onmciJ

Successful

applicants will

be

notified

in June.

Der: notification

(n)

derive

(v) = originate: n p o t p x o ~ m . n a p a y o ~ m

Leather is derived from animal skins.

Der: derivation

(n)

derivative

(n)

distract

(v) = take attention away from something

else: anoonW

nw

npoooxr ] The noise outside is

distracting the students from their studies.

Der: distraction (n) see 4. 79

distracted (adj)

distracting (adj)

discourage

(v) =

persuade someone not

to do

something: ano8appUvw, anoTpE:nw Students are

discouraged from bringing mobile phones to school.

Der:

discouragement

(n)

discouraging (adj)

Opp: encourage

(v)

boast (v) = proudly talk

about

things relating to you

so others will admire you: KOUXLE JlOL The Jacksons

always

boast about

their children s achievements.

Der: boast

(n)

boastful (adj)

respond (v)

react, reply: a V T a n o K p i v o ~ m .

anaVTciJ

Over

a

thousand applicants responded to the advertisement.

Der: respondent (n)

response

(n)

responsive (adj)

devote

(v) = see

4.

78

subject (v) = make someone experience something

unpleasant:

u n o ~ Q M w

(Kanmov oe

Kan)

People in some

countries have been subjected to cruel punishments.

Der: subject

(n): unoKeiwvo

subjection

(n): u n o T a y ~

RELATED WORDS

(page 49)

6 73

alarmed

(adj) = afraid or anxious: T p o ~ a y ~ t v o c ;

avr ]cruxoc; We were alarmed when we saw fire

engines racing towards

our

street.

6.74

0 ~

Der: alarm

(n)

alarming (adj)

cross

(adj) = angry:

e u ~ w ~ t v o c ;

Theodore s parents

were very cross when he came home from the party

two

hours late.

furious

(adj) = extremely angry: o p y t o ~ t v o c ; Lisa

was furious when

her

children

drew

on the walls.

Der: fury

(n)

, infuriate (v)

\ overjoyed

(adj) = extremely happy:

n a v e u T u ) ( l j ~ We

\ : : : :

v

were all overjoyed when the

new

baby was bam.

6 77

petrified

(adj)

=very

frightened:

a n o A L 8 w ~ l : v o c ; a n 6

t p 6 ~ o

K m m p o ~ a w t v o c ; Anne

is

petrified,

when she

sees

one, she

screams

in horror.



o tl/ 4tf6

' -

6,78 scared (adj) = afraid: < P O P t o ~ t v o c ; It s quite common

for people to be scared

of

lightning.

Der: scare

(v)

scary (adj)

6.79 cheerful

(adj) = happy:

KEqlClTO<;,

X O P O U ~ E V O < ;

Although he s been sick, Sam sounded cheerful,

Der: cheerfulness (n)

6.80

6.82

6.85

6.86

glad (adj) = pleased: e u x a p t o T n ~ t v o c ; Alan was glad

that

we

would be

his

new

neighbours.

displeased (adj) = annoyed:

i S u o a p e o T n ~ t v o c ;

The

manager looked displeased when Rob walked into the

office 3 minutes late.

Der: displeasure

(n)

upset (adj) = sad, worried

or

angry:

a v a o T m w ~ t v o c ;

Margaret

was

upset when William broke her favourite

vase.

Der: upset

(v)

upsetting (adj)

incensed

(adj) = very angry: s ~ a y p t w ~ t v o c ; Jim was

incensed because the neighbours called the

police

to

complain about his dog.

Der: incense

(v)

terrified

(adj) =very frightened: K m m p o ~ a w t v o c ;

My uncle is terrified

of

heights

and won t

fly in an

aeroplane.

Der: terror (n)

terrify

(v)

terrifying (adj)

dejected (adj) = miserable: St.twtvoc;,

a n o K a p i S t w ~ t v o c ; The whole team looked dejected

after they lost the game.

Der: dejection

(n)

inconsolable (adj) = not able to be comforted:

anapnyopnTo<;

Billy was inconsolable when his

grandfather died.

Der:

consolation (n)

console

(v)

6.87 depressed (adj) = state of being extremely unhappy:

~ s t . a y x o t . L K 6 < ; . S f . t ~ ~ t v o c ; After his divorce, Mark was

depressed for months.

Der: depression (n): Kma8f.tl)Jn

depress (v)

depressing (adj): nou npoKaf.si Kma8f.tl)Jn

depressive (adj): Kma8t.mnK6<;

6,88 delighted

(adj) = very happy: not.u s u x a p t o T n ~ t v o c ;

He

is delighted with his new car.

Der: delight

(n)

delightful (adj): EUXQPLGTO<;,

~ a y E U T L K O < ;

r6,89 ;

irritated

(adj) = annoyed: E K V E U p L o ~ t v o c ; I could tell

-..__... my dad was irritated by John s rudeness.

Der:

irritation (n)

irritate (v)

irritating (adj)

miserable (adj) = very unhappy or uncomfortable:

OuoTUXLOIJ.8voc;

Their evening together was a

miserable failure.

Der: misery

(n)

thrilled (adj) = very excited: s v 8 o u m a o ~ t v o c ; ,

o u y K A O V L G ~ t v o c ; I was thrilled when I got the job.

Der: thrill

(n)

thrill (v)

thrilling (adj)

6.92

ecst tic

(adj)

=

extremely excited: EKOTOTLK6c;

Lynn

was ecstatic when Enrique Iglesias kissed her.

Der: ecstasy (n)

6.93 despondent

(adj) = very unhappy: a n s t . m o ~ t v o c ; ,

a n o 8 a p p u ~ t v o c ;

Jody

looks despondent; let s

cheer

her up.

Der: despondence (n)

6.94 pprehensive (adj) = nervous and afraid: avr jauxoc;,

cpo[3L01Jtvoc;

I always feel apprehensive before I visit

the dentist.

Der: apprehension

(n)


(page 49)

6.95 ncestor {n) = person

from

whom you are

descended:

np6yovoc;

s . g ~ descend nt (n)

= relative

of

a person

who

lived in an

~ earlier time: an6yovoc;

~ 9 . 7 p r e d e c e s ~ o r

(n) = person who had a position before

you: npoKmoxoc;

6.98

chieve

{v) = succeed in

doing

something:

£mruyx6vw,

Karop8Wvw

6,99

perceive

(v)

= notice, understand

or

think about

something

in a particular way: avnAa11f36vollOL

Der: perception (n)

perceptive (adj)

6 100 conceive {of)

{v) =imagine or

believe:

man:Uw,

/ < j ) Q V T Q ~ O ~ Q L

, ? . ~ :

effect (n)

= result: a n m t t . s o ~ a . sniiSpaon

@ o2) affect (v)

= have an influence:

s n n p s a ~ w

6.103 infect (v) =pass on a disease:

IJOAUvw

~ ~

conduct (v)

= carry out an activity:

i S t s ~ a y w

6105) subject (v) =see

6.72

6,106

object

(to) (v) =be opposed to something: qltpvw

avTippnon (as)

6.107

6.108

6.109

6.110

6.111

6.112

6 113

6 114

e

8

6.117

6.118

Der: objection

(n)

objectionable (adj)

remind

(v)

= help someone remember:

u m : v 8 u l l i ~ w

recall (v)

= remember: S u ~ a ~ m

Der: recall

(n)

retain (v) = continue to keep or hold: iStmnpw

im gin ry (adj) =

something which

exists only in

someone s

mind: cpavraonK6c;, avUnapKroc;

fantastic (adj) =very good: <jlavmonK6<;, untpoxoc;

im gin tive

(adj) =

able

to

create new

or

exciting

ideas:

£cp£UpE:TLK6c;, E:Ulp6VTOOTOc;

sceptical (adj) = doubtful: iSuomoTo<;

thoughtful

(adj) = considerate:

s u y s v ~ < ; .

nou

aKtcprerat roue; 6,\,\ouc;

conscious

(adj) = awake and able

to

hear, see and

think:

nou

tX£L nc; OL08r jO£Lc;

TOU

conscience (n) = part of your mind that tells you

what is morally right and wrong: auveiO lO l

attitude

(n)

=the way you feel about something:

OT60 1, OVTLIJE:Tc.iJnLO l

intuition (n) = unexplained feelings that

something

is

true even though you have no facts: iStaioSnon

Der: intuitive (adj)

WORD FORMATION

(page 50)

6.119

in ccur te (adj)

=not

correct: AavSaaJ-Ltvoc;, avaKpt[3r ]c;

If the figures are inaccurate, the accountant will have to

fix them.

Der: inaccuracy (n)



inadequate (adj) = not good enough: avmapKJi<;

The resources are inadequate for the

programmes

needed.

Der: inadequacy

(n)

s.121 inconsistent

(adJ) = not behaving

in

the same way

each time a particular situation occurs: avTLcpanK6<:;,

ama81 )<; He's

so

inconsistent;

he

says something

different every time we discuss the issue.

Der: inconsistency

(n)

6.122

indecisive (adj) = having difficulty in making decisions:

avanocpO.moTo<;

Mark was indecisive

and didn't know

which colour to choose for painting his bedroom.

Der: indecision (n)

indecisiveness

(n)

6.123 ineffective (adj) =doesn t achieve intended result:

a v a n o n : : A e o ~ a T L K 6 < ; The new drug has proven

ineffective in preventing pneumonia.

Der: ineffectiveness (n)

6.124

unfaithful

(adj) =not true to a vow or a promise,

especially one made

to

a partner: 6mmo<;

Martin

was

unfaithful

to

his wife

and now

they have separated.

Der: unfaithfulness (n)

6.125

infallible (adj) =never wrong: aMv8aom<; No

one is

infallible, everyone makes mistakes

sometimes.

Der: infallibility (n)

6.126

unfamiliar (adj) =not having knowledge of

or

experience with something: 6yvwoToc;, OLK£lo<;

We got lost in London because we were unfamiliar

with the city.

Der: unfamiliarity

(n)

6.127

inflexible (adj) = not easily changed:

i i K a ~ m o < ; The

rules here are inflexible so

you'll

have to learn to live

with them.

Der: inflexibility

(n)

6.128

unintentional (adj) =

done

by accident: aKoumo<;,

xwpi<; np6880D I didn't

mean

to

break the glass;

it

was unintentional.

6.129

unjustified (adj)

=not

having a good reason for doing

something: a0LKOLol\6yllTOc; Your criticism

is

unjustified;

I feel/

did

nothing

wrong.

Der: unjustifiable (adj): aouyx<ilPDTD<;

6.130

disloyal (adj) = unsupportive or harmful to friends,

family,

or country:

Omaroc;

Our

boss said it's disloyal

to be critical about the company in public.

Der: disloyalty

(n)

6.131 immature (adj) =act younger than you are: a v w p t ~ o < ;

Dan

is

immature

and

prefers playing

with

friends

who

are

younger

than he

is

Der: immaturity (n)

6.132

immoral (adj) = wrong:

avJi8LKO<; Some people believe

that war is immoral so people should

not

join the army.

Der: immorality

(n)

6.133 immortal (adj)

=likely

to be remembered for a long

time: a86varoc;

"Romeo

and Juliet is

an immortal

love story

8

Der: immortality (n)

disobedient

(adj) = deliberately not following a rule:

avun6Kouoc;

Our dog

is so disobedient;

he

never

comes when we call him.

Der: disobedience (n)

disobey

(v)

6.135

imprecise

(adj) = not exact:

a v a K p L ~ J i < ;

The information

in this report

is

imprecise.

6.136

insecure

(adj) =not confident: avampai-.Ji<; Jody

feels

insecure at

her new

job.

Der: insecurity

(n)

6.137

insensitive (adj) = not sympathetic to other people s

feelings: avala811Toc; How could he be so insensitive

to

Jane's feelings?

Der: insensitivity (n)

6.138 dissimilar (adj) =not the same: a v 6 ~ m o < ; The twins

may look alike,

but

their personalities and interests

are

completely

dissimilar.

Der: dissimilarity (n)

6.139 insufficient

(adj)

=not

enough:

avenapKJi<; One

thousand calories a day is insufficient for an adult;

you need at least 1800.

COLLOCATIONS

(page

50)

6.140 bitterly (adv)

=in

a way that shows you are extremely

angry or

upset: tvrova,

IJ E mKpla

Tom

complained

bitterly

about

the

way he

had

been treated.

6.141 terribly

(adv)

=extremely:

napa

noM, u n e p ~ o A L K O

I smell smoke; something is terribly wrong

e

fully

(adv) = completely: £VT£AW<;, nAJipw<; He was

fully aware of the facts before he passed judgement.

6 143

downright

(adv) = see 4.112

6 144

:3i

e

8

deeply (adv) = very: ~ a 8 t a , tvtova His doctors are

deeply concerned

about

his condition.

highly (adv) = very (used to emphasise a belief, feeling

and opinion): nol-.u They are a highly responsible group

of people and you can trust them.

perfectly (adv) = completely; in a way that could not

be

better: tel-.eiw<; This

is

perfectly

normal behaviour

for a three-year-old.

utterly (adv) =totally: evtel-.w<;, e ~ o l - . o K A J i p o u

They enjoyed visiting Japan because

it

is so utterly

different from their own country.

~ P O R AND MEANING

(page

51)

\ : . 1 4 ~ w o u n d (v) =injure: t p a u ~ m i ~ w My

father

was

···- wounded during

the

war

Der: wound (n)

rub s lt

n

th wound do or

say something

to

make

an unpleasant

situation worse:

plxvw al\O.n

OTDV

nADYli ( ~ n p . ) Don't remind me

that everyone

except me passed

the exam - that

is

really rubbing

salt in the wound.

wound (someone s) pride = hurt (someone s) feelings:

ni-.Dy<ilvw TDV unepDcpilveta (Kanmou) Allan wounded

my

pride when he said

my

painting was the worst in

the exhibition.

6 149

sting (v) 1.

cause

a

sharp pain:

t o o U ~ w

novc.i> he

cut wasn't deep

but

it really stung 2

make you feel

hurt:

nADYWVW Fred's harsh remarks stung

me.

3. (of an insect or animal) hurt by putting a sharp

part of

the body

into

the

skin:

K e V T p i ~ w . T O L ~ n o o

I

was

stung

by

a bee while

I was

picking flowers in the

garden.

6.150

miracle cure

= solution

to

a problem

or

treatment for

a disease that works immediately:

8 a u ~ a t o u p y t )

Sepaneia

This medication is supposed

to be a

cure for the common cold.



·· Nlfs 6

and.

8

6.151

stab

(v) = wound using a knife: uaxmpciJvw The

gangster was

stabbed

three times in the heart with a

kitchen knife.

stab

someone) in the back = do something nasty

to someone who trusted you):

XTUnciJ

Kcmmov)

mociJnAma unp.)

If you

are really

my

friend,

don t

stab me in the

back by

telling the

boss

what I did.

6 152 sc r (v) =leave a permanent mark: Ofi JOOeUw My

arm was badly scarred in the

car

accident.

Der: scar

(n)

sc r

someone)

for life

= have a permanent negative

effect on someone: orn..taOeUw

K6notov) yta 6i\n

tau

~ w ~

(uTcp.)

Harsh criticism can

scar

a

child

for life.

6.153 kick in the teeth

severe, unexpected

disappointment: a n p o o 0 6 K ~ T o n wa Taking Bob

out

of the game was a real kick in the teeth.

6.154 it pains

me)=

hurts: u£) nov6£ilt

pains

me

to tell

you that

your

work hasn t been up to

our

standard.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS page 51)

6.155 life (n) =

activity; lively behaviour: ~ w v t 6 v t a

Even

though it s small, there s

a

lot

of

life in this village.

l te n life = at

an

older

age:

ae )JeyOAf] f]i\tKla usan

devoted her 20s

and

30s to her career

and

chose to

marry

late in life.

the

t ime of my) l ife=

an

incredibly wonderful

experience:

1-110 a ~ t x a o T J l

£1-iTIEtpla Come

to sunny

Crete

and

have the time of

your

life.

6.156 mind (v) = imperative)

be careful:

np6o£xc

Mind

you

don t cut

yourself

on

that

bread

knife.

Der: mind (n): vouc;, uuaM

cross

my)

mind

= suddenly occur to: nepv6Et an6

TO uuaM K6n01ou)

As

I was looking through

my

photo

album, it crossed

my

mind that I hadn t seen

my

Aunt

Becky for over

two

years.

bear (it) in mind

= remember:

txw I

a u ~ a v w

u n 6 1 j J ~

uou) When travelling,

bear

in

mind

that dress codes

change from

country

to

country

not mind (v)

= be willing

to do

something:

i5£ Sa u£

n £ i p a ~ £

I

Sa uou Op£0£

I

don t mind

driving

you

to

the

mall,

if you can wait five minutes.

6 157 sense (v)

= be aware of: Otmo86vo11m

Even though

you haven t said anything, I sense that

you don t

approve of

my

suggestion.

n

sense

= in a way: an6 JLO

6nDLj.J l You are right,

in

a

sense,

but

it depends on

how you

took

at

it.

m ke sense

= seem

to be

logical:

tXEL A.oytKr ] I

[ 3 y 6 ~ E L

v611110

Since

Sue is

marrying someone from

Tokyo

it makes sense for her to learn Japanese.

sense of direction

= ability

to

find

your

way: tKav6TilTO

npooavaToA.tOilOU

For hiking in the woods, you need

a

map a

compass and

a good

sense

of

direction.

IN OTHER WORDS page 51)

6.158 underage

adj)

=younger

than the required age:

K6TCU

an6 TO EnLTp£n61-i£VO 6pto

JlA.lK(ac;

Underage

drinking has become

a

serious problem in England.

6 159

y

hand

without using machines:

l-IE

TO xtpt Was

the dress sewn

by

hand

or

by

machine?

6.160 (be) under (an) illusion

= have a false belief:

txw

T ~ V

l j J £ U i 5 a i o S ~ O T ]

I

a n m ~ ~ £ V T i l n w o ~

Many people are

under the illusion that money can solve their problems.

6 161

n

earnest

being serious

or

sincere:

OTa

oo[3ap6

We re never sure

if

Nick is joking

or if

what he says

is

in earnest.

5 162

n

v in

=

without

success: ll< ITOLO We

looked in vain

for

a

parking spot.

6.163

on purpose= deliberately: m i T ~ i 5 £ c ;

Alex tripped the

player from the

other

team on purpose

but

the referee

didn t

penalise

him

for it.

5.164

on

hand

available: np6xetpoc;, Ota8t0li-IOC:

I always

try to have some extra money on hand for emergencies.

6 165

on

impulse do something without thinking

first

a u S 6 p u ~ m ,

n a p o p u ~ T I K O

He

bought

the CD on

impulse;

he hadn t

intended to

spend

any money.

UNITS

Travel

and

Tourism

TOPIC

VOCABULARY

page 63)

8 1 b ckp cking

(n)

=travelling,

often on foot, without

spending much

money, carrying

your possessions

with you: mi;ii51

u£

OQKii510 They re going

backpacking in Brazil.

Der:

backpack (n)

backpacker

(n)

8.2 hitchhiking (n) =travelling for

free by asking passing

drivers for a lift: T a ~ l O t l-IE oTooT6n

Hitchhiking

is

an inexpensive way of travelling but it can

a/so be

dangerous.

Der: hitchhiker

(n)

hitchhike (v)

8.3

rucksack

(n)

= backpack: ooKii5lo

n A D T ~ c ; )

Pack a

torch

and

an extra

pair of shoes

in

your

rucksack.

8.4 guesthouse (n)

= small hotel:

~ e v W v a c ; , navm6v

We

stayed at a guesthouse with

a

view of the lake.

8 5 menities

(n) =facilities provided for enjoyment or

convenience: avtoetc;

The

hotel

offers all

sorts of

amenities, including a pool,

gym room and

minigolf.

8.6

hospitable

adj) = welcoming to guests or visitors:

< p t A . 6 ~ e v o c ; We

visited

a

remote village in the mountains

where the locals were very hospitable and friendly.

Der: hospitality (n)

Opp: inhospitable adj)

8 7 tr nsfer

(v) =move someone

I

something from one

place to another: 1-iETa<ptpw, -OIJOL

I am responsible for

transferring all food and supplies.

Der: transfer (n)

8.8 termin l

(n) = place where planes, buses or trains

begin

or end

a journey: Ttp11a

The

bus

terminal

was

crowded

with people

going

away on holiday.

Der: termination

(n)

terminate

(v)

terminal adj): oplaK6c;. KmaAnKTIK6c;

8.9 delay (n)

= something happens later or more slowly

than expected:

K a S u o T t p ~ o ~ The delay

at

the airport

in Rome caused

us

to

miss

the meeting.

Der: delay (v)

s.10 duty-free shop

(n)

=a

shop, usually at international

airports,

where

items are

sold

tax-free:

1 - i O Y O ~ i

l-IE

acpopoMynTO npot6vTa o u v ~ S w c ; oc a£poi5p6uiO)

I always

buy

perfume

at

the duty-free shop when I

travel to New

York.



8.11

departure lounge n) an

area

in an

airport where

8.27 terrain n)

area of land that has particular physical

people wait before they board a plane: ai8ouoa

features:

toa<poc; It's di fficul t hiking on desert terrain

a v a x w p ~ o e w v mo

a e p o o p 6 ~ t o Due to the flight

because

of

the soft sand.

delays, the departure lounge

was

crowded with

8.28

trail n) path through the countryside: ~ o v o n c m We

dtssatisfied travellers.

walked along the traJi admiring the colourful wild flowers.

8.12

travel agency

n)

a business which makes travel

Der: trai I

v)

arrangements:

T O ~ L O L W T L K 6

ypacpeio I planned my trip

8.29 under canvas

in

a tent: oe OK lVtl We spent the first

through a

travel

agency in

order

to

secure a better price.

night

o

our

trek

under canvas and the second night

8.13

brochure (n) small magazine advertising services

in a youth hostel.

or products:

O L a c p ~ ~ L O T L K 6

cpuMMto Let's read the

8.30 lodge n) a house usually in the countryside used

brochures I picked up at the travel agency and plan

by travellers

or

hunters:

KOTacpuyto The family spent

our vacation.

their holidays

at a

mountain lodge

near a lake where

8.14

all-inclusive

(adj) ncluding all costs: nou

they were able to fish and hike.

c r u ~ n e p L A O ~ ~ c i v E L

6Aa

TO t ~ o o a

The all-inclusive price

8.31 itinerary

n) plan

of

a journey:

o p o ~ o M y L O The

of

the holiday made it a very attractive package deal.

itinerary of our tour

includes

Spain, Italy and Greece.

8.15

package n)

holiday arranged by a travel company

8.32 pioneer n) one of the first people to do something:

that

includes hotel,

transport

and

sometimes meals:

npwton6poc;

The

pioneers who

crossed

the

western

o p y a v w ~ e v e c ; 5taKonec; They decided to take a

territories

settled

in California.

package tour

so

everything would be pre-arranged.

Der: pioneer v)

8.16

resort n) place for a holiday:

8epnpo

Margaret

8.33 far-flung

(adj) distant:

a n o ~ a K p u c r ~ e v o c ; I spent my

went

to

a

ski resort

in

the Swiss Alps for

a

week-long holiday visiting far-flung places in South America.

holiday.

8.17

self-catering adj)

(of a holiday or accommodation)

BOOST

YOUR VOCABULARY

where you do your own cooking: a u T o e ~ u ~ p n o u w v o c ;

COMPOUND NOUNS AND PHRASAL VERBS (page

64)

(cre c p a ~ T 6 We prefera self-catering holiday because

we can save

money

on

restaurants.

8.34

check-in n) place where you show or process

of

8.18 off the beaten track area where not many people

showing your ticket before flying: EAEYXOC: xwpoc;

go: cre ci.yvwmo ~ e p o c ; The restaurant

is off

the beaten

EAeyxou E L O L T ~ p i w v The line at the check-in moved

track; you ll never find it without clear directions.

very slowly because everyone S luggage was searched.

Der: check

in

(phr v)

8.19

isolated adj) ar from other places, often difficult

getaway n) place away from home where you can

to

get to: anOIJ.OVWIJ.tvoc;

The

farmhouse

was

in

an

8.35

isolated area.

relax:

T6noc; a n 6 0 p a c r ~ c ; What Sue really wants is a

Der: isolation n)

getaway

at

the beach.

isolate

v)

Der: get away (phr

v)

8.20

destination

n) place you want to reach:

n p o o p t c r ~ 6 c ;

8.36

outset n)

beginning:

a p x ~ They warned us at the

There

is

a stopover in Berlin but

our

final destination is

outset that only

30

of the participants finish the

Athens.

course.

8.21

the ends of the earth distant places: c i K p ~

Tou

8.37

let-up n)

essening

of

something unpleasant:

K 6 c r ~ o u

As a journalist, he has travelled to the ends

of

x a M p w ~

e M n w c r ~ I d

like to

go

on holiday

but

the earth and has

met

many fascinating people.

there s

never a let-up at work.

Der: let up (phr v)

8.22

expedition n)

organised journey, especially

to

explore distant

places:

anootoA.t j,

E:Kotpan:la

The

8.38

touchdown n) moment when plane lands on the

group's next expedition will

be

to Mt Everest.

ground: n p o a y e i w o ~

aeponMvou) The

captain said

to keep our seat belts fastened until after touchdown.

8.23

remote

(adj) distant:

a n o ~ a K p u o ~ t v o c ; I stopped at

Der: touch down (phr

v)

a remote village which tourists generally never get to.

trekking

n)

walking and climbing a long way in

8.39

mix-up n) confusion:

~ n e p o e ~ a There was

a mix-up

8.24

with

our

booking

at

the hotel and they didn't have a

rough areas:

n e ~ o n o p i a Trekking through mountain

room torus.

areas is hard and

tiring.

Der: mix up (phr v)

'

Der: trek n):

~ a K p U ,

KomaonK6 T a ~ i O L

trek v)

8.40

letdown n)

disappointment:

a n o y o ~ T e u ~

I had

expected to have the time of my life but the party was

8.25

scenery n)

1.

background and furniture

on

a stage

boring. What a letdown

set:

O K ~ V L K 6

The scenery

in

the play looked almost real.

Der: let down (phr

v)

2. view

seen

in an area

outdoors:

ronlo

et

The

scenery was just beautiful; there were rolling hills,

8.41

pile-up n) accident involving

a

number

ot

cars:

rivers

and

flowers

everywhere.

K a p a ~ n 6 A a There

was

a 10-car pile-up on the highway.

Der: scene n)

Der: pile up (phr v)

scenic (adj):

ypacpLK6c;, 8empLK6c;

8.42

stopover n)

stop on the way to somewhere

else:

8.26

escort (v) accompany someone to a place or event

e v o t c i ~ e o ~

m c i . ~ They had a brief stopover in Madrid

as a guide

or

as protection: ouvoOEUw Because of

before going on to Barcelona.

the

danger involved, trained guides must escort

Der: stop over (phr

v)

guests who visit the National Park.

8.43

washout n) complete failure:

K O T O O T p o c p ~ ,

Der: escort n)

anoTUxia The rock concert

was

a total

many

tickets remaining unsold.

9



RELATED WORDS (page 64)

8.44

sw rm (n)

=

large group

of

insects or people moving

together: O I J ~ v o c ;

A

swarm of bees came out of

the

beehive in the tree.

Der: swarm (v):

o x r u J a T i ~ w OIJi]voc;, ouyKevrpWvoiJ.GL

8 45

flock (n)

= group of sheep, goats, birds or group of

people that attend a particular church: OIJr ]voc;, Kon6i5t

We

watched

a

flock

of

arge white birds crossing the sky

Der: flock

(v):

oupptw,

O U Y K £ V T p W V O ~ O L

8 46 herd (n) =group of animals of the same kind that

move together: aytA.n There were more than 200

elephants in the herd.

Der: herd (v): ~ Y W (KOTIOOL), ~ O £ U W (0£ KOTIOOL)

follow the herd = do and think the same as everyone

else: OKOAOU8W T ~ V

a y t \ ~ ~ T q J . ) Don t

follow the

herd. Be yourself

8 47 pack

(n)

= a group of wild dogs or wolves which live

and hunt together:

a y t \ ~

(oKLl.\wv, .\LlKwv) Residents

are very concerned

about

the

pack

of wild dogs that

lives on the outskirts of the town.

Der: pack

(v):

O T P L ~ W X V W

qJOpTWVW

8 48

horde

(n) = large number

of

people: o p o ~ . oxl\oc;

Hordes of screaming teens filled the stadium.

8.49 in droves (n)

=

in

large

numbers: KOT6 ~ u : : y O A t : c ;

Dll00ec; Teenagers came in droves to the rock festival.

EXPRESSIONS

(page

65)

s.so round nd round =

in circles: yUpw-yUpw

We

drove

round

and

round looking for a place to park.

8 51

f r nd wide =

in

many different

places: navToU They

searched far

and

wide

for

the

perfect

gift.

8 52 there nd back going and

returning:

nr jymvs-tA.a

The

village was close to

our

hotel; we went there

and

back

in

about

an hour.

8 53 out nd bout = going to

different places: oro n65t,

as

ouvsxrl KiVJ10J1

They were

out and about

during

the day

and

managed to

do many

things.

8 54 pros nd cons = good points and bad

points: untp

KOL KOTO

We need to discuss the

pros and

cons

carefully before we decide what to do.

8 55 ifs nd buts = doubts and objections: avnppr jostc;

KOL OI.HPLf3oAisc;

There are no ifs

and

buts; the

project

is

definitely going ahead.

8 56 bits nd pieces

= various items:

IJ.LKponpOyiJ.aTa

I have

most

of the furniture I need;

now

I'm looking

for a few bits

and

pieces.

8 57 safe and

sound

= unharmed: owoc;

KOL

a ~ , \ a ~ ~ c ; All

the ships returned safe and

sound

to the harbour.

8 58 y nd large in general:

yEVLK6

By

and

large,

people in this town are warm

and

friendly

8 59

now nd g in

= occasionally:

n6TE n6TE

We

walk

along the beach now and again.


8 60 oversleep (v) = sleep later than planned:

napaKOLIJ.61J.OL

I overslept

and

missed the bus.

8 61 overestim te (v) =

guess that

something is greater

than it really is: un£pEKTqJW The cook overestimated

the

number

of

guests and prepared too

much

food.

Der: estimate (n): £ K T i ~ ~ o ~

estimation (n): u n o \ o y l o ~ 6 c ;

estimate (v)

Opp: underestimate (v)

8 62

over ctive

(adj)

= too

active:

nou

unspA£tToupy£i,

unEpOpaorr jptoc;

If

you have an overactive thyroid,

your

metabolism works faster than normal.

8 63 overe t

(v)

=

eat more

than

you

need:

rpWw

unsp[3oA.tK6

At

holiday time, I always overeat because

my mum

cooks such wonderful dishes.

8 64

underv lue (v)

=

fail

to

recognise

the

true

worth of

something: unoTqJW

After

Usa quit, we realised

we

had

undervalued

her

contribution to the business.

Opp: overvalue (v)

8 55 underr te (v) =

not recognise

the full

importance of

something: unon1J.W,

u n o [ 3 t [ 3 6 ~ w She

is

underrated as

a player

Opp: overrate (v)

8 66

underdressed

(adj) = clothed

in

a way that

is

not

formal

enough for

the

situation or not warm

enough

for the weather: v r u ~ t v o c ; a K m a \ \ ~ \ a (yLa

r ~ v

nsploTOOJ1)

If

you don't wear an evening gown to the

opera, you'll feel underdressed.

Opp: overdressed (adj)

8 67 outlive (v) = live longer

than

others:

n£ptoo6rEpo

ana (J,\,\ouc;

My

grandmother outlived all

her

brothers

and

sisters

and

died

at

the age

of

98.

8 68

outvote

(v) = defeat a person or an idea by getting

more votes: ~ £ n E p v W o£ Lj.Jr jc.pouc;

Jane was outvoted

because not enough people supported

her

pian.

8 69 outweigh (v) = be more important

than

the

alternative: un£pTEpW, unEptoxUw The benefits

of

exercising far outweigh the risks

of

minor injuries.

8 70 multimillion ire (n) =

person who

has many millions

of

dollars

or pounds: noA.uE:KOTOIJ.IJ.UPLOUxoc;

Bill Gates

is

a multimillionaire thanks to the success

of

Microsoft.

8 71 multicoloured (adj) =

having

many

colours:

noA.UxpwiJ.oc;

Male birds often have multicoloured

feathers, while the females are less colourful.

8 72

multicultural

(adj) = made up of many cultures:

noA.unoA.tTLOIJ.LK6c;

London

is

a multicultural city

8 73 oversimplify (v) = wrongly present something

complex as

being simple:

un£panA.ouorsUw The

board

of

directors oversimplified the problems

and

didn't deal with the issues

properly

8 74 multilingu l (adj)

=

related to or

speaking

a number

of languages:

n o A . U y A . w o o o ~ Europeans are often

multilingual; speaking several languages.

8 75

overcook

(v) = cook for too long:

n a p a ~ p a w

n a p m j J ~ v w

The pasta was overcooked

and

too soft.

Opp: undercook (v)

8 76 multistorey (adj) = with many levels: no.\uwpoqJoc;

The building needs a multistorey

car park

since so

many

people come

to

work

by

car.

8.77 overbooked (adj) = having sold or reserved more

tickets

than available:

u n £ p a p t 8 ~ £ c ;

K P O T ~ O £ L c ; The

restaurant was overbooked

and

we had to

wait half

an

hour

to

get

a table.

8 78 outnumber (v) = be greater

in

number than

another

group:

un£ptxw

apt81J.J1TLK6

Women outnumber

men

in advanced psychology courses.

8 79 multipurpose

(adj)

= serving

a

number of

purposes

at one time:

noMan.\wv

X P ~ O £ w v

A Swiss Army

knife

is a multipurpose tool.

8 80

outstay (v)

= stay longer than expected or wanted:

IJ.f:vw n£ptoo6r£po (an 6oo

nptn£L) After a month,

Barbara

had

outstayed

her

welcome.



8 81 outsmart (v)

= gain an advantage using a clever or

dishonest trick:

a n o o e L K v i l o ~ O L

el;unv6Tepoc;

The

police

outsmarted

the criminals by carefully analysing

their method of operation.

882 overcharge (v)

= charge too much: unepxpewvw

That

shop

has

overcharged

me

again.

Opp: undercharge

(v)

8 83 understaffed (adj)

= not have enough staff to do

the work:

IJE

avenapKtc;

npoowmK6

e

are currently

understaffed

and

are going

to

hire three more employees.

Opp: overstaffed (adj)

COLLOCATIONS

(page

66)

8 84

unspoilt (adj) = not harmed or changed to be made

less beautiful: aneipaxmc;

The

beach

area is

unspoilt

and

clean.

8 85

rough

(adj)

= 1. uneven and not smooth:

< p o u p T o u v t a o ~ t v o c ; ayptoc; The sea was very

rough

and

some

sailors began to feel sick. 2 approximate:

KOT< l

n p o o t y y t o ~ I have a rough idea of what the trip

will

cost but

I don t know the exact price.

8 86 exotic

(adj) = interesting because it is unusual: e ~ w n K 6 c ;

My

aunt enjoys growing exotic plants like orchids.

METAPHOR

AND

MEANING

(page

67)

8 87 go round

n

circles =

not make any

progress

because you keep coming back to same point: oev

oOrwW

noueeva The conversation went round in

circles for hours and we

didn t

come to any decisions.

8 88

drift (v)

= move gradually:

K L v o i l ~ m . n a p a o t l p o ~ O L Our

conversation drifted from one top ic to another:

8 89

take a

sudden I unexpected turn

= change without

warning: nalpvw anp60IJEVf] Tponr j he

conversation

took

a

sudden turn

and

became very political.

s.eo

move n n unexpected direction = change

surprisingly: O A A i l ~ w nopeia

l;a<pvLKil

The conversation

moved

in an unexpected direction when Sally began to

tell us about her serious marital problems.

8 91 say

(something) in a roundabout way = avoid

speaking directly to the point:

Atw

(Kim) nAilyta,

unovoW

I didn t want to hurt my

mother-in-law s

feelings, so I tried to tell her in a

roundabout

way

that

we were

making

other

plans for

the holiday.

8 92 go off tr ck = move away from the subject under

discussion: ~ y a i v w an6

TO 8t11a

He

went

off

track

and

started

talking about

unrelated

issues.

8 93

(be)

on

the right

I

wrong track

= act in a way that is

likely to lead to a successful/ unsuccessful end:

( E i ~ m ) ae owm6 I A68oc; 1 i p 6 ~ o Even though we have

not

yet solved the

problem,

we are definitely on the

right

track.

8 94

w nder

off

the

topic

= talk about issues not related

to the

subject under

discussion: ~ e < p e U y w an6 TO

8 t ~ a The

lecturer

wanders off the

topic all

the

time

and it confuses the students.

8 95

steer

(a)

convers tion

= direct the way

a conversation

is

going: KOTeu8tlvw o u ~ ~ T ~ o ~ I steered the

conversation

round

to the

topic

I

wanted

to discuss.

8 96

follow (a) conversation

= understand what is being

said: napaKOAouew ~ L a

o u ~ ~ T ~ o ~

Emily can follow a

conversation in English, even though she doesn t

understand every word.

8 97 follow

(someone s)

train of thought

= understand

the

sequence or logic of what someone is saying:

napaKOAOU8W

a K t l j J ~

(Kilnmou) Please don t

question me yet;

just

try to follow

my train

of

thought.

8 98 wonder where

(a)

convers tion is going le ding

=

be confused about the direction of the

conversation:

avapwTLtllOL noll nO.e1

o u ~ t ] T J l O J l

e

wondered

where the conversation was going when Pat changed

the subject.

8 99

drive at (phr

v)

= say something without saying

it

directly:

unovoW, npoana8W

va nw tllllEOa

I heard what you said

but it s still not clear to

me

what you are driving at.

8 1oo

get

at

(phr v)

=say

something without saying it

directly: npoana8w

va nw I don t

understand what

you are getting at; please explain.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS

(page

67)

8 1o1 board= 1 (n)

long piece

of

wood: aavioa

m w ~ m o c

That board in the floor creaks if

you stand

on it.

2 (v)

get on a train, plane, bus, or ship:

e m ~ L ~ i l ~ o ~ m

e

boarded

a

ship in Piraeus and set sail for Crete.

across

the

board

= affecting all people or all things:

yLa

6AOU<;

avel;mptTw<;

It was decided to give

across-the-board raises to everyone.

board of

directors

(n) =see

2 5

8 102 leave=

1 (n)

see

2 65 2 (v)

arrange to give property

or money to someone after your

death:

a<pt ]vw

K A ~ p o v o ~ L i l

My

uncle left

all his money to the local

hospital

when he died.

leave

to chance

= take a risk by not planning:

a < p ~ v w

~

T U X ~

Sue doesn t want to leave anything to

chance; she has

planned

every detail

of her

holiday.

8 103

land (n)

=

1 an

area

of

ground:

y ~ . K T ~ ~ a Her family

owns

a lot

of and

and they raise sheep on it.

2 country or region: xwpa

Scotland

is the

land

of

my

ancestors.

land a

job=

successfully get a job that you wanted:

K e p o i ~ w . naipvw 1iouAet6

Many people applied

for the

job but Sue was the one who landed it.

LN OTHER WORDS

(page

67)

8 104 set

foot

n =

reach

or enter

a place:

etotpxollm

nnyaivw KO.nou I had never set foot in a mosque

before

I visited Egypt.

8 105

break a

journey

= stop a trip

in

the middle for a short

time:

KO.vw OTO.on On the way to Dublin, we broke our

journey in London to visit some friends.

8 106 (be) bound for (adj) =travel

towards a particular

place:

K O T e u 8 t l v o ~ m

npoc;

The ship was

bound

for

Sydney

but

made

a

stopover

in Singapore.

8 107 access (n) =ability to

use or enter something:

n p 6 o ~ a o ~ Only the

secretary

has access to the

president s computer files.

Der: (in)accessibility

(n)

access

(v)

(in)accessible (adj)

8 108

ahead

of

schedule= earlier than planned: vwpiTepa

If

we arrive ahead

of

schedule,

we

will have

time

to

tour the town before the meeting.

8 1 oe

cater for

(v)

= provide everything needed or wanted

(Am

E:

cater to):

t p p O V T i ~ w ,

TpOtpOOOTW The hotel

caters

for

families with young children and provides a

playground

and a pool.

21



a.110 in the

footsteps

of= in the same path as someone

WhO has gone before you:

OTO

OXVOpLO

KOITOlOU)

Beth

is

following in the footsteps of her father

by

studying

to

be a lawyer just like him.

s.112

embark on (phr v)

=start

a new activity

or

project,

usually one that seems difficult or which might take

a long time: p x i ~ w OTL Kmvoupyto i i5LlaKol\o

The

couple embarked on a round-the-world tour with

stops

in

numerous cities.

8.111 prior to adj) = before: nptv an6

All reports must be

completed prior to Monday s meeting so they can be

distributed beforehand.

8.113 in the

vicinity

= nearby:

ma

m:plxwpa

There are so

many interesting places to visit in the vicinity of the

hotel that you

don t

need to rent a car

VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 6-8)

A. Complete

the sentences

using

the

nouns below. You

might

need to

use the

plural form.

panel

•

dehydration

e

brochure

e

jaw

o

sling

o

mix-up

rucksack a herd • stitch s insomnia • pile-up 0 stretcher

1 George has

got

his arm in a ............................ - perhaps he sprained it when he fell.

2. The photo of the hotel in the ............................ was misleading. It was nowhere near as nice as it seemed.

3. That

cut

on your leg isn't deep enough to need ........................... .

4.

The emergency services rushed

to

assist the people hurt in the

motorway

............................ .

5. The injured climber was lowered

down

the mountain on a ............................ .

6.

The farmer led his ............................

of

goats

down

from the pastures.

7. Before setting out, the hiker checked he had a

map

and a bottle of water in his .........................

8

A ............................

of

professional musicians will judge the Young Musician competition.

9. Having suffered from ........ ............ ....... for years, I feel permanently tired.

10

The boxer hit his opponent in the face with such force that he broke his ............................ .

11 is a serious problem for people who

don t

drink enough in hot weather.

12. Because of a ............................ , the students were given the wrong exam papers.

B Match the adjectives to their meanings.

1

disobedient

a.

very scared

2

apprehensive

b.

considering others' feelings

3.

inadequate

c.

not friendly or welcoming

4

irritated d. showing natural beauties

5

petrified e. nervous

6

despondent f.

not

having enough employees

7

thoughtful g. very unhappy

8.

scenic

h.

angry

9

inhospitable

i. not

sufficient

10

understaffed

j.

not doing what you're told

to

c

Choose

the correct

words.

1

We've covered most items on the agenda; there are just a few

ifs and buts I bits and pieces

that we have

to

discuss.

2. We've been turning I going round in circles and still haven't

come

up with a solution.

3.

I bet your brother was

glad I

miserable

about

passing his exam.

4.

Jane has

to

have regular blood tests because she suffers from a rare remedy I disorder.

5. You

won t

have

to put

me up for more than one night I don t

want to outstay

I

outlive my

welcome.

6. When the passenger realised the train was bound to I

for

Edinburgh, he

got

off.

7. I'd love

to

be

multicultural

I multi l ingual- imagine speaking four languages

8.

The injuries

to

his

chest I pelvis

were so bad that he spent six months in a wheelchair.



T True) or F False)

according to

the

meaning

of the words

in bold.

Places that are

off the beaten track

are very crowded with holidaymakers

.....

When talking about something

in

a

roundabout way,

you avoid being specific.

If

you

search n vain for something, you soon find it. ..... .

4.

If you

wound

a friend s

pride,

you will make him I her feel unhappy

......

5. When an idea

crosses your mind it means

you

forget it. ....

..

6. A friend who

stabs

you

in

the back is trying to support you .....

.

7. If you are having

the

time of

your

life, you are enjoying yourself ....

.

8. If you go to the cinema now and again, you go very often ......

9. Someone who is on a self-catering holiday would have all their meals provided ..... ..

10. If you take leave from work, you give up your

job

......

11. When someone

oversleeps,

they wake up later than they intended to .... .

12. Your prede essor is someone who held your position before you

did

.....

UN T

1 The Natural World

TOPIC

VOCABULARY page 78)

10 1 bush (n)

= low plant with

woody

branches:

8C IlVO<;

The garden was full

of

rose bushes.

Der: bushy adj)

10 2

bark (n)

= material which covers a tree trunk: <pl\m6<;

OtvTpou Ants live inside the bark of a tree.

10 3 branch

(n)

= part

of

a tree which grows from the trunk:

KAaOi When the branches moved in the wind, leaves

fluttered to the ground.

bud (n) = flower or leaf before it opens: llnOUilnouKL n

spring, the flower buds attract birds.

Der: bud

(v)

10 5

seed (n)

=small hard part produced by a plant that

can

grow

into a new plant: an6po<; ou can grow an

apple tree if you plant apple seeds.

10 6

@

10 8

10 9

10 10

8

10 12

stalk

(n) = part that joins the flowers and leaves

to

the

plant: KOTOOVL, llioxoc;

Daffodils are yellow flowers with

long, green stalks.

trunk (n) =

thick

part

of

a tree from which the branches

grow: KOPil6<;

The koala climbs the tree trunk to reach

the branches.

twig (n) = small, thin branch growing from a larger one:

Kl\aMKL, napaKI\6i5L

He collected dry twigs in order to

build a campfire.

weed (n) = unwanted plant growing wild in a garden:

aypLOXOPTO Their garden is full of weeds and looks

uncared for

Der: weed (v):

~ e x o p m p t i l ~ w

blossom (n)

= a flower

or

all the flowers on a tree:

<iv8oc; Orange and lemon trees have deliciously

fragrant blossoms

in

spring.

reptile (n)

= animal species with scaly skin that lays

eggs: E:pneT6 Lizards, snakes and crocodiles are all

reptiles.

Der: reptilian adj): e p n n o e t i 5 ~ < ; .

aav

epnn6

mammal (n)

= animal species which feeds its young

with its own milk:

8 ~ 1 \ a m t K 6

Whales, dogs, lions and

humans are mammals.

Der: mammalian adj)

10 13 amphibian (n) =an animal that lives both on land and

water,

but

must lay its eggs in water:

a 1 1 < p i ~ L O Typical

amphibians like frogs

and

toads inhabit areas with

lakes and rivers.

Der: amphibious adj)

10 14

species (n)

= particular group

of

plants

or

animals that

share certain characteristics and breed with each

other: eii5o<; ~ w o u , <pumu)

There are many species of

birds in tropical areas.

C . invertebrate (n) = an animal without a backbone:

\ J aan6vi5ul\o ~ w o The octopus and the jellyfish are two

common marine invertebrates.

Opp: vertebrate (n)

, o ~

shell

(n) = the hard outer part of certain animals:

-- Ktl\u<po<;,

K a ~ o u K L

The

turtle can pull its head and feet

into its shell for protection.

10 17

hatch (v)

=break out

of

an egg: EKKol\amOilOL

Chickens hatch by breaking the eggshell with their

beaks.

10 18 cold-blooded

adj) =having a

body

temperature that

depends on the surroundings and is not internally

regulated: LjJuxp6mllo<; yta ~ < i l a Snakes and other

cold-b looded animals seek warmth underground in

winter.

Opp: warm-blooded adj)

8 scaly adj) = covered in small, flat pieces

of

hard skin:

<pOALi5wT6<;, l\emi5wT6<;

I couldn t bear to touch the

snake s scaly skin.

Der: scale (n)

9 habitat (n)

= natural environment in which animals or

plants live:

<pUOLK6 n e p t ~ O M o v The natural habitat for

these birds is the jungle.

6 _ < > ~

hibernate (v)

= sleep through the winter months:

ntcpTw

oe

XElllEpla

v<lpKll Bears hibernate through the

winter months and become active again only when

spring brings warm weather.

Der: hibernation (n)

10 22 nest (n) = a bed-like structure animals make in which

to keep their eggs or young: <pWALil

Birds start making

nests in early spring for the protection

of

their eggs.

23



10.23

lay v) (laid, laid) = 1 produce an egg: y£vvw a ~ y a )

Our hen laid one egg every morning.

2.

put down on

a suriace:

rono8en.i.:J,

a K o u ~ n W Sue laid the

books

on

the desk.

lay the

table

= arrange the cutlery and crockery on

the

table for a meal (AmE: set the table): mpwvw TO

T p a n t ~ t The children

helped

us get ready

for

lunch by

laying the table.

1

o.24

fur

n)

=

thick soft hair that covers the bodies of

animals: r p l x w ~ a , yoUva Environmentalists are bitterl y

opposed

to the use of animal fur by fashion designers.

Der: furry adj)

10.2s indigenous (adj) =naturally existing in a particular

area: vr6moc;, t8ayevf]c; Kangaroos are indigenous to

Australia.

/ ~ ~ n u r t u r e

v)

= provide care and attention needed to

· _/ develop: Tptcpw. KOAAt£pyw They carefully nurtured

their flower garden throughout the winter, so in spring

they had a glorious array

of

blooms.

Der: nurture n)

10.27 pouch n)

=

a pocket-like part of an animal used to

carry their young:

~ O p m n o ~

Seeing

a

baby

kangaroo

emerge from its

mother s

pouch is an amazing sight.

. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ resemble

v)

::::to be similar to someone or something:

/ I J O L O ~ w The two species resemble each

other

and only

experts can tell them apart.

Der:

resemblance n)

10.29

tadpole

n)

=young frog before it grows legs: yupivoc;

The children are waiting

for

the tadpoles in the pond to

change into frogs.

10.30

gland

n) =a

part of the

body

that produces a

necessary chemical substance: a O E : v a ~ Ducks and

other water birds have a gland that produces a

substance, which protects them from the cold.

Der: glandular (adj)

1o.31 predator n) animal which kills other animals for

food: apnaKnK6 ( ~ w o , TTT11V6) The leopard

is

a

predator

known for its speed.

,,.._

Der: predatory (adj): apnaKnK6c;

10.32 feather n):::: a soft light structure that covers birds

bodies: cpn:p6, noUnouAo Everyone marvelled at the

brightly coloured feathers

of

the South American parrot.

Der: feathered (adj)

featherless (adj)

10.33

incubate v)

=to

keep eggs warm by sitting on them

until they hatch: Kilwow a ~ y a ) Modern chicken farms

have special machines to

incubate

eggs instead

of

leaving

it

to the hens.

Der: incubat1on n)

incubator n)

10.34 chick n) young bird: KoronouA6Kt Several

young

chicks followed the hen everywhere.

; ; ; ~ ) f e n d

for m y s e l ~ (phr v) = to look after or protect myself

without help: OUVTTlPOUIJOl I J 6 V O ~

IJOU

The newly

hatched birds couldn t fend for themselves, so their

parents continuously fed them worms

and

insects.

, / '••:,

i.10.36 offspring n):::: children: a n 6 y o v o ~ Animals

look after

\

their offspring by instinct.

10.37

creature (n);:;::; any living thing except for plants: nA6o1Ja

We

should

show

respect for all living creatures.

10.38 venomous adj) = poisonous: 6 ~ 1 \ ~ T ~ p t w o ~ c ; A

cobra

is a venomous snake.

Der: venom n)

BOOST

YOUR VOCABULARY

PREPOSITIONS (page 79)

10 39 n pursuit process of trying to achieve something or

chasing someone or something: oe a v a ~ ~ T l O f l The

police sped down the motorway in

pursuit of

the thief.

Der: pursue v)

10 40

aversion

n)

=strong dislike: anE:xSeta,

a n o o r p o c p ~

have an aversion to

eggs and

refuse to

eat

them.

Der: averse (adj)

~ ; - ~ e n c o u n t e r

n) chance meeting: anpoo06KflTll

\ . , . · ~ - ·

.. ouv6vTflO l

We

had an interesting

encounter

with a

group of tourists.

Der: encounter v)

10 42

thrive v):::: do well and grow strong: euOoKq.Hil She

thrives on the pressure in her new job.

10 43 impact n) ; ; ; strong effect: enlOpaon Our new

advertisement

hasn t

had

any impact

on sales.

10 44 impose v):::: to establish or introduce something

by force or authority: £ m ~ M I I w The local authority

imposed

restrictions

on

fishing in

order

to protect the

population

of

trout

in

the lake.

10 45 ban n)

=official

declaration that an activity must not

take place: a n a y p £ U o ~ The smoking ban in all

public

places was controversial despite its obvious health

benefits.

Der: ban v)

10 46 extent n) =degree size or importance: r3a8116c;,

1JE:ye8oc; We

won t

know the extent

of

his injuries

from the accident until the morning.

Der: extensive (adj): see

2.82

10 47 in captivity

in

prison (people) or in an enclosed

place that is not a natural habitat (animals):

O T ~ V

mx11aAwola It s cruel to raise wild animals in captivity;

they should be

allowed

to roam freely.

Der: captive n)

10 48

in the wild in a free, natural environment: o£

tpUOlKO

n £ p l ~ a M o v ,

mnv

aypta t p U O ~ Elephants

roam in the

wild

in Africa.

RELATED

WORDS (page 79)

10 49

abolish v) = officially end a system or Jaw:

KOTapyc.iJ

Slavery was

abolished

in the US in 1865.

10 50

10.51

10 52

10 53

Der: abolition n)

advocate v) = publicly support a policy:

u n £ p a o n l ~ o 1 J m Onll60la Nelson Mandela

advocated

equal

rights in

South

Africa.

Der: advocacy n): u n £ p a o m o ~

advocate n): o u v ~ y o p o c ; , u n £ p a o m o r ~ c ;

approve

v)

have a positive feeling towards: £yKplvw

1don t approve of the way

young people

dress

today

Der: approval n)

approved (adj)

ban v) = see

1

0.45

bar v)

=

forbid to enter: anoKAE:iw, anayopeUw

In many countries,

dogs

are barred from entering

restaurants and shops.

Der: bar n)

condemn

v)

say that something is bad or wrong:

K O T 0 0 t K 6 ~ w

Many clubs have condemned the

behaviour

of

hooligans

at

football games.

Der: condemnation n)

condemned (adj)



. tC\consent v)

=give Permission:

ouvmvW,

OUIJ <pwv<i>

V

Veronica s

p rents reluct ntly consented to her using

the car.

E ~

Der:

consent (n)

endorse (v) = say that you are in favour of something:

u n o m ~ p i ~ w The company

asked

Tom Cruise to

endorse their clothing.

Der: endorsement (n)

€57

permit

(v)

= allow: emTptnw

The

zoo

authorities

don t

--··

permit

visitors

to

feed

the animals.

Der: permission (n):

ai'ieLa

permit (n): e n i o ~ ~ ~ Meta (an6 nc; apxtc;)

permissible (adi)

A

protest

(v)

= say or show that you strongly disagree:

-/

i ' i t a ~ a p n l p o ~ m The students are

protesting

the latest

increase in university fees.

Der: protest

(n): i ' i L a ~ a p T u p i a

protester (n): i 5 L a ~ a p T u p 6 ~ e v o c ;

~ ~ / kitten (n) =young cat: ymaKL Kittens are cute.

10.60 puppy (n) = young dog: K O U T a ~ L Our dog was really

playful as a puppy.

tadpole

(n) =see 10.29

0.6 ) lamb (n) = young sheep: apvi The tiny lambs stood

close to the older sheep.

\o.63) kid

(n)

=young

goat:

KOTOLKaKL Kids live with female

. : : : = - ~ ,

goats in herds.

10.64

calf

(n)

=young

cow:

~ o o x a p L The

cow

gave birth to

' / - ~ - , t w o

calves

· ~ ~ 'chick (n) = see

10.34

10.66l cub

(n)

= young wolf, bear, lion or other wild animal:

veoyv6

(MKOU,

apKolli5ac;, 1\tovmptou Kl\n)

Wolf cubs

...

- look like young dogs.

..

0 6 ~ foal (n) = a young horse or donkey: nouA6pL A

· veterinarian

was

c lfed in to

assist a

horse giving birth

to its foal

,·10.68 \chirp

(v)

= make a short, high-pitched sound like a

bird: n n ~ i ~ w A

bright

green bird

chirped

loudly.

•10.68

1

croak

(v)

= make a low sound like a frog: K O a ~ w .

· . ~

..

K p a ~ w The frogs were croaking loudly.

'

·,

i

10.70 mew

(v) = make a sound like a cat:

v t a o u p i ~ w

The

· c t mewed bec use it was

hungry.

/ ~

10.71 )

moo v) =make a long, low sound like a cow:

~ o u y K a v i ~ w

Mooing

loudly. the

cows

crossed the field.

: 10?1 · bleat

(v)

= make a sharp, jerky sound like a goat:

\

~ e M ~ w

The hungry goats stood bleating near the fence.

1 . 7 ~ ) bark (v) = make a short, loud sound like a dog:

.. y a ~ y i ~ w When h1s dog barked, Jack

knew something

.r '··.

:.,10.74

'

was wrong.

howl (v) = make a long, loud sound like a wolf:

o u p l \ t a ~ w We could hear the

wolf

howling

at

the moon.

• 10.75

neigh

(v)

= make the high sound horses make:

X A L ~ L V T p i ~ w We could hear the horses neighing to

each other while

we

were working on

the

farm.

WO.RDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 80)

.

. . - · ~ ·

/10.76 ··,capsize

(v)

=tip over on the water (a boat):

'-;;..-.. a v a n o i i o y u p i ~ w (yta

~ a p K a )

~ J b ? Y

capture

(v)

= take prisoner:

m x ~ a l \ w T i ~ w

~ o ) ~ ) captivate v) = fascinate: oaynveUw

9 conserve v) = take care using something so it lasts

\ · as long as possible: i i t m ~ p w , npo<pul\aoow

.. ~ observe (v) =watch carefully: n a p m ~ p w

·-

10.81 preserve

v) = protect from changing: npoaran:Uw,

OUVTT]pr.iJ

10.82 immigration n)

= moving to a new country to live:

~ n a V O O T £ U O ~ (npo<; ~ L a

XWPa)

10.83

·

migration

(n)

= moving to another part of the

world for a specific time period, usually seasonal:

1JETOV0.0TEUOT],

ano0T]I- iO

10.84. ·

emigration

(n)

= leaving your country to live

in

another country: ~ e m v a o T £ u o ~ (an6

~ L a

xwpa)

. . . . _

10.85

docile (adj) =quiet and not aggressive: unO.Kouoc;,

n e t 8 ~ V L O C :

Der: docility (n)

10.86 tame (adj) = not wild:

~ w p o c ;

.... · .., Der: tame (v)

,10.87

1

domestic

(adj) =

1.

animal kept as a pet or

on

a farm:

··

KOTOLKii5toc;

2. related to home and family life: OLKLaK6c;

Der: domesticate (v)

domesticated (adj)

0 i ~ ~ ) physical (adj) = related to the body: o w ~ a n K 6 c ;

~ i ) genuine

(adJ) = real:

y v ~ m o c ;

1 6 ~ 9 0

1

natural

(adj) =normal; found in nature:

< puOLK6c;

· .. Der: naturalist (n)

•

~ . 9 1 ) evolution (n) = gradual change over time (particularly

·· ... ' in the development of living things): e ~ t l \ t ~ ~

Der: evolve (v)

.,

evolutionary (adj)

,-·-- \

10.92)

extinction

(n) = death

of

all animals or plants

of

a

·

certain type:

e ~ a < p a v t o ~

(eii'iouc;)

.- ·•'\ Der: extinct (adj)

1 0.93

extermination (n) = the complete killing off of a group

'· . of animals or insects in a certain area:

e ~ o A 6 8 p e u o n

Der: exterminator (n)

exterminate

(v)

1 Q , ~ 4 ·,predator (n) =see

10.31

.

a·.·g}

prey

(n) = animal hunted by another animal for food:

8 ~ p a ~ a

. - ~ Der: prey (v)

_io.96 lpoacher (n) =person who illegally catches or kills

animals: l \ a 8 p o K u v ~ y 6 c ;

Der: poaching (n)

poach

(v)

involve

(v)

= include: o u ~ n e p t l \ a ~ ~ a v w , a<popw

;1o:98

revolve v) =turn around: neptoTpt<.pw,

-OIJOl


;Q; ;j

doubtful

(adj) = unlikely:

a ~ < p i ~ o l \ o c ;

It s doubtful

·

whether we

can finish this project on time

~ ~ ~ d u t i f u l (adJ)

=careful to do what is expected:

unaKouoc;

·..

· · James

is

a dutiful

son.

10.101 eventful (adj)

=with

a lot of things happening:

n e p t n n e t w i ' i ~ c ; .

nol\uTapaxoc;

We were tired

at

the

end

of

the long, eventful

day

10.102 fruitful

(adj)

=

1.

producing good results: anoi5onK6<;,

Kapno<p6poc; The meeting was fruitful and now we can

expect better working conditions. 2. fertile:

y 6 v t ~ o c ;

Der: fruitfulness (n)

Opp: fruitless (adj)

fruitlessness

(n)

10.103

merciless

(adj)

=very

cruel: OanAaxvoc;,

ndnnnr

The merciless king killed

many

innocent

Opp: merciful (adj)



UNIT 1

10 104 motionless (adj) =without movement: OKivnroc;

The

soldiers stood motionless as the flag was raised.

10 105

pitiful

(adj) =looking unhappy and

in

need

of

sympathy:

a ~ t o 8 p ~ v ~ r o c ;

The thin and weak child

looked pitiful.

10 1 o6

pointless

(adj) = without purpose: 6oKonoc;

It s

pointless to plan

a

holiday

it you don t

have any time

to go away

10.107

priceless

(adj)

=worth

a large amount

of

money:

~ e y O A 1 1 c ;

a ~ i a c ; These

diamond

earrings are priceless.

10.1oa

relentless (adj) =when

something

shows no sign

of stopping

or

improving: a0t6Konoc; The relentless

barking of the dogs in the

neighbourhood

keeps

everyone up

at

night.

Der: relentlessness n)

unrelenting (adj)

10 1oe

restless (adj) =unable to be still because of being

nervous or bored: a v ~ o u x o c ; Jean was restless

and

couldn t

sit

still.

Der: restlessness n)

10 110

shameless (adj) =not feeling ashamed

of

behaviour

that others find unacceptable:

~ £ 6 L a v r p o n o c ;

Her

shameless lies caused

her

family embarrassment.

Der: shamelessness

n)

shameful (adj) maxpoc;

10 111 shapeless

(adj)

=without

shape

or

form:

aKav6vtoToc;. a o U ~ ~ E : T p o c ; I started with a shapeless

lump of clay and made it into a sculpture.

Der: shapelessness n)

10 112 tactful (adj)

=careful

not to say things which will

upset others: 5taKptnK6C: It s

not

tactful to

comment

on someone s weight.

Opp: tactless (adj)

10 113 worthless

(adj) =having little or no value: xwpic; a ~ i a

The advice he gave us was worthless.

Der: worthlessness n)

10 114

youthful

(adj)

=young-like:

V£OVLK6c; Although she is

quite old, Mrs Jenkins has a very youthful face.

Der: youthfulness

n)

10 115 featherless

(adj) =without feathers:

XWPi<;

cpTEpO

When

baby

birds hatch, they are featherless.

METAPHOR

AND

MEANING

(page 81)

10 11s cultivate v) = 1. grow plants: Kai.I.L£pyw They

cultivate every bit of land on the island 2. develop an

attitude, image

or

skill:

K a A A t ~ : p y c i . l ,

avanTUoow John

has cultivated an image

of

the caring,

kind

physician.

Der: cultivation n)

10 111 dig

v) (dug,

dug =

make a hole

in

the ground:

o a ~ w

The dog has

dug

holes all

over

the

garden

dig around (phr v) = look for information not easily

available: L)Jaxvw

navrou

n l . ~ p o c p o p i £ c ; ) The

journalist

dug

around

for

days until he

found

someone

who would reveal her secret.

10 11s

fertile

(adj) = 1. able

to

produce: £ucpopoc;, y 6 v t ~ o c ;

The fertile land in the valley

produced

a

good crop

of wheat this

year

2. able

to produce good

ideas:

napaywytK6c; Sue s fertile

mind

comes up with

amazing solutions.

Der: fertility

n)

Opp: infertile (adj)

26

10 119 flourish v) = 1 grow well: £ u 5 o K t ~ W Trees flourish

in the jungles of

South America.

2.

develop and be

successful: a v a n n J o o o ~ a t My restaurant flourished

after I hired a

new

chef.

Der: flourish

n): X £ L p o v o ~ i a

10 120

root

n) = 1. part

of

a plant that grows underground:

p i ~ a

(cpurou) The tree roots were so deep we

had

to

dig

them out. 2. place

or

culture a person

or

family

comes from:

O t K o y ~ : v £ t a K t c ;

p i ~ E C : Bob s going to

Ireland to look into his family s roots. 3 main cause

of

a problem: OLTia We

need

to

get

to the

root

of the

problem so we can solve it

Der: root v)

10 121

sow v) (sowed,

sown =

1 plant seeds in the ground:

<pUT£Uw on6pouc; The farmer sows seeds in the

spring. 2 put an idea in someone s mind: ontpvw

a ~ c p L ~ o l . i £ c ; , otxovma Ki.n.) Mrs Baker

sowed doubt

and

suspicion when she

couldn t remember

important

facts or details.

10 122

stem n)

=part

of

a plant where leaves and flowers

are attached: ~ l o x o c ;

AouA.ouOtoU. KOToO.vt

Put the

stems into water as

soon as

the roses are cut.

stem from v) = caused by: n p o t p x o ~ m

an6

His back

problems stem from an

old

football injury.

10 123

unearth

v) =discover something that was secret or

missing:

E;t:8C:tl3w,

avaKaAUnTw

After

searching for

days, I finally unearthed the picture I needed.

10 124 deep-rooted (adj)

=something

which has lasted a

long time and is difficult

to

change: ~ a 8 t a p t ~ w ~ t v o c ;

I have

had

a

deep-rooted

fear of spiders ever since I

was young.

1o 125

field

n) = 1. area

of

land that is cultivated: xwpacpt

The field is

planted

with cotton. 2. see 2.63

10 126 leave no stone unturned

=try

every possible way to

achieve something:

Ktvci.l

Yll

Kat

oupav6

The detective

will/eave no stone

untumed

in his

attempt

to solve

the crime.

MULTIPLE

MEANINGS (page 81)

10 121 branch 1. v) divide:

6 t a K I a 6 i ~ o ~ m At

the intersection

where the road branches, stay to the right.

2 n)

small store

or

office belonging

to

a bigger

company: napO.pnwa, unoKaTOOTTWO I have been

transferred from the head office to a new branch.

3. n) see 10.3

branch out

(phr

v)

= see 4.148

10 128

coat=

1

n)

covering

of

hair or fur on an animal:

r p i x w ~ a

~ w o u

The animals

grew

a thick coat for the

winter. 2.

n)

layer: O T p w ~ a m i o r p w o ~ Jane put

second coat

of

nail polish. 3. v) cover with a thin

layer: ~ : m K a A U n T w Coat the chicken with

10 129

plant=

1.

v)

put into the ground to make it

<pUT£Uw We planted a rose bush near the

2. v) put something into someone s

that

they will look guilty: rono8£Tw

OTOLXeia

Someone must have planted

in Todd s backpack. 3. n) factory:

The workers

at

the chemical plant

yesterday.



PHRASAL VERBS

(page 82)

10 130

stamp out

(phr

v) ~ p u t an

end to something

unacceptable:

KOTOOTtMw Conservationists are

campaigning to stamp out the

use

of harmful pesticides.

10 131

back out

(phr

v)

decide not to do something you

had agreed to do:

a n o o u p o ~ m .

eyKmaAeinw The

contract hasn't been signed yet so it's

not

too late to

back out of the deal.

10 132

wear

out

(phr v)

~ f e e l

very tired:

e ~ O V T A < i l

Looking

after two young children all day really wore me out.

10 133

psych out

(phr

v)

(inf) try

to

shake

an

opponent s

confidence: ano8appuvw (avTinaAo) While Barbara

was aiming for the basket, a player on the opposing

team tried to psych her out

by

making fun of her.

10 134 drop out

of) (phr

v) ~ l e a v e

school, a competition,

etc. before finishing:

eyKOTOAeinw

(anouot<;,

o t a y w v t o ~ 6 K.An.) Todd found the pressure at law

school too much nd dropped out after one term.

Der: dropout

n)

10 135

single out

(phr

v) ~ s e l e c t

one person or thing for

special attention:

~ e x w p i ~ w .

otaMyw

Lisa was singled

out on graduation day as the student most likely to

succeed.

10 136 run out

(phr v) stop being valid:

Mvw

oev toxuw

Matthew's lease

ran

out last month so he's looking for

a new flat to rent.

10 137 hold out

(phr

v) ~ l a s t

long enough:

avTtxw

The

hikers should have enough water to hold out until the

rescue team arrives

10 136

work

out

(phr

v) ~ d o

intensive physical exercise:

y u ~ v 6 ~ o ~ O L

Weightlifters work out several hours each

day to bui ld their muscles.

Der: workout

n)

10 139

bum out phr

v)

~ b e c o m e

unable to continue because of

overwork:

e ~ a v r A o l l ~ O L K m a n o v o u ~ O L

He

worked so hard

at improving

his

tennis game that he burnt himself out

IN OTHER

WORDS

(page

82)

10 140 fundamentally

(adv) ~ c o m p l e t e l y :

~ O O L K 6

The two

politicians had fundamentally different views on global

warming.

10 141 flawed

(adj)

~ h s

a mark or mistake:

E A O T T W ~ O T L K 6 < ;

The data was flawed so the experiment has to be run

again.

10 142 radical

(adj) extreme:

p L ~ L K 6 < ; p t ~ o a n a o n K 6 < ;

Communism

is

a radical version of socialism.

10 143

makeover

n) ~ s e t

of changes that makes

someone or something look better:

O A O K A ~ p w T L K T i

avovtwo11

Our company should function better after

management carries out its radical makeover.

10 144 unjustifiable

(adj)

~ s e e

6.129

10.145 state of affairs= situation

at

a specific

time: KOT6ma0Tl

The

cutTent

state of affairs in the company does not allow

for rises.

10 146

utterly

adv) ~ s e e

6.147

10 147 disgraceful adj) ~ e x t r e m e l y

bad or shocking: moxp6<;,

OTII1WTLK6c; His poor treatment of his

mother in law

is

disgraceful.

Der: disgrace

n)

10 146 incensed

(adj)

~ s e e 6 83

10.149 spectacle n) = unusual or

impressive

sight or event:

8ta11a The laser show was quite a spectacle.

10 150

beyond

(someone s)

c o m p r e h e n s i o n ~

too difficult

or complex to understand:

a K m a v 6 ~ T o < ; It is beyond

my

comprehension why you quit your job when you

haven't got another one.

10.151

cease

v) =stop: OTO ..IOTW

Conversation

ceased

when the professor entered the classroom.

10 152 utmost

(adj) greatest:

untpTOTO<;

This letter

is of

utmost importance so please send it out immediately

10 153 concern n) ~ f e e l i n g

of worry:

a v ~ a u x i a

My mother

expressed her concern about

the

level of

security

at

the airport.

Der: concerned adj)

10.154 make

a stand

against=

strong-minded attempt

to

oppose something:

n p o ~ C A A w

o8evapn avTimaon

Local environmentalists agreed

it

was time to make a

stand against illegal hunting in the area

10.155 start from

scratch=

start

from nothing: ~ e K t v W

an6

T ~ V

apxTi I tore up

my

first draft and started the essay

from scratch.

10 156

put a stop

t o ~

cause to end:

~ a ~ w

TtAo<;

(oe

KCtTL

We

must

put

a stop to the children's rude behaviour

UNIT 2

Language and Literature

TOPIC

VOCABULARY (page 95)

12 1

blurb

n) ~ s h o r t

bit of information printed

on

the

outside of a book, etc.:

n e p i A ~ L \ J ~

nAoKTi<; (oe

omo86<pUAAO) From the blurb on the back of

the

book, it sounds like an exciting story.

12.2 correspondence n)

=

etters you write and receive

or the process of writing and receiving letters:

a M ~ A o y p a < p i a

I described all the problems I

was

having with my new car in my correspondence with

the car company.

Der: correspondent

n)

correspond

v)

12 3 legend n) ~ o l d

story which might be true:

~ u S a < ;

SpllAo<; Htstorians thtnk that some parts of the legend

of

Robin Hood might be true.

Der: legendary (adj)

12 4

linguistics n)

~ s t u d y of the way language works:

yAwoaoAoyia

Kate speaks four languages

so

she

has

decided to study linguistics t university.

Der: linguist

n)

linguistic (adj)

12 5 lyrics n)

words of a song: oTiXOL Tpayouotou I

know who wrote the music of that song but who

wrote the lyrics?

Der: lyricist

n)

lyrical (adj)

12.6 manual n) = book with instructions on how to do

something: eyxetpioto

The

manual that came with

the

video explains exactly how to operate it

i2 7 non fiction n) writing which is about

real

events:

AOYOTEXVia ( ~ a O L o ~ t v ~ e

npOWOTLKCt yeyov6TO)

The

non-fiction section

of

the library has a

large

collection of biographies.

Opp: fiction

n)

12 6

paperback

n)

book with a flexible paper cover:

xapT6ono ~ L ~ A i o It's easy to read paperbacks

in

bed

because they are light and convenient to hold.

7



UNIT 2

12.9 sm ll

print

details of a

document

written in small

letters, usually contain ing

conditions that

limit

your

rights: Ta l)JLM

ypawma

(a£ a u ~ ~ 6 1 - m o Always

be

sure to read the small print on your contract before

y u

sign it

12 10

subscription (n) =money paid in order to receive a

newspaper, magazine or service regularly: ouvOpol-lr ]

We

renewed our subscription to the daily paper,

though we

don't

have time to read

it

every

day

Der:

subscriber

(n)

subscribe

(v)

12 11

edition

(n)

=a version of a book, magazine or

newspaper printed

at

one time: tKOOO l The second

edition

of

the

book came

out

two

years

after

the first.

12 12

cronym (n)

=word made

up of

the

first letters of a

phrase or name: a K p l i l v u ~ o The North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation

is

usually known

by

its acronym, NATO.

12 13 anecdote (n)

=short, funny story: avtKi5oTo

Patrick

told

us an amusing

anecdote

about

what happened

on his holiday

Der: anecdotal (adj)

1214

consonant

(n)

~ l e t t e r

in the

alphabet

that

is

not

a

vowel (a, e, i, o, u): a u ~ c p w v o The letters

b

d

m

and t

are consonants.

12.15

j rgon

(n)

=words and expressions used

by

people

in a particular profession:

c:nayyEAIJOTtKr ]

opoAoyla

I don't understand this letter from the lawyer because

it's full

of legal

jargon.

12.16

poetry (n) =literary

writing arranged in

patterns of

lines and sound, often in rhyme: noi lO l We studied

Shakespeare's plays;

now

we are studying his poetry.

Der: poem (n)

poet

(n)

poetic

(adj): nmnnK6c;

poetical (adj):

nOlnTLKO<;

12.17

quot tion

(n) =a sentence or phrase someone has

spoken

or

written: an6onoo1JO,

xwpio

The

president

of

the college started his speech with a quotation

by

Winston Churchill.

Der:

quote

(n): a n 6 o n a a ~ a

quote

(v): napa8t1w an6onao11a

12.18 rumour (n) = unofficial information that may or may

not be true: c.pr JIJ l There is a rumour going around

that Richard has lost his job.

12 19

slang (n) ~ i n f o r m a l

language used mostly in

conversation: apyK6, AmKr j

£Kcppao11 The word cool

is

popular

slang for great .

12.20 slog n

(n)

= short, easily remembered phrase:

oUv811110

The students shouted anti-war slogans at

the demonstration.

12.21 verse (n) =group of lines of poetry or song: o1pocpr ]

( n D l r j \ J O T O ~ I

TpayouOtoU)

She memorised the first

two verses

of

the poem.

12.22 vowel

(n)

=the letters a, e,

i,

o, u: cpwvr ]c:v Each

vowel

in

English has several pronunciations.

dissert tion

(n)

= long piece of formal writing, usually

for academic purposes: O t a T p t ~ r ] Barry

is

writing a

dissertation on medieval poetry for his doctorate.

post

(v)

put (a written text,

a

picture, etc.) on an

Internet website for people to see: avapnJJ,

napa8t1w

mo

~ t a C i l K T u o

Readers

of

the online magazine can

post their comments under each article.

Der: post

(n)

12.2s browse (v) =spend time looking casually and slowly:

~ e c p u M i < ; w , pixvw ~ L a ~ a n a While she waited for the

dentist, she browsed through some magazines.

12.26

outline (n) =general

points

about something

without

the details: ~ a o t K 6 orn1Eia I prepared an outline and I

used it as a basis when I wrote my speech.

Der: outline

(v)

12.27 concisely (adv) =without unnecessary words: ouvomtK6

The

marketing plan shows concisely what

we

propose.

12.2s footnote (n) ~ a note, usually found at the bottom

of the page or after the main text, providing extra

information

about something in

the main text:

unomwc:iwOJl The new

edition

of

Shakespeare's plays

has detailed footnotes on unusual words in the texts.

12.29

proofre d

(v)

= read a manuscript before it is

published and

correct

any errors: Otop8Wvw KEiiJEVO

When I proofread

my

report, I discovered that two

diagrams were missing.

Der: proofreader

(n)

12.30 m nuscript

(n)

=writer s

original pages of a play or

book before it is published: xc:tp6ypac.po Paula sent

the manuscript

of

her

novel to

a

number

of

publishers

but

none

of them accepted it.


COLLOCATIONS

(page

96)

12.31

voice

(v)

= express an opinion or feelings: £ K c p p 6 ~ w

After the manager voiced criticism of our work, we all

agreed

to try harder

12.32

strike up convers tion (struck, struck)= begin

talking to

someone

you don t know: m6vw K O U ~ t v T a

My

grandmother likes to strike up conversations with

strangers on the bus.

12.33

return (a)

compliment do for

someone else what

they have done for you: OVTanoOLOw X6P 1 Thank

you for helping

us. We

hope to be able to return the

compliment someday.

12.34 withhold (v) ~ d e l i b e r a t e l y keep something back:

anoKplmTw

The police withheld information about

the

incident

from the reporters.

12.35 come in for criticism = receive strong negative

comments:

A a 1 1 ~ 6 v w apVJ1TlK6 ox6Ata

Jack

came

in for criticism from his mother after he

joined

the

demonstration against the government.

12.36 pay compliment

tell

someone that

you like

something about thern: K6vw KOIJnAqJtVTO Tom paid

Jenny

a

compliment about her new

hairstyle.

12.37

crack

joke

=tell a short,

funny

story: Atw aoTeio,

avtKCioTo Tom was very funny at the party; he

cracked jokes all evening.

12.38

disclose

(v)

=give out information, especially secret

anoKaAUnTW

The spy disclosed classified information

after

he was caught.

Der: disclosure

(n)

12.39 ir n

opinion

let others know what you think or

feel on a subject: £Kcppa<;w n ~ 6 m a ~ L a anol)Jn He

airs his opinions on politics even though

nobody

cares

what he thinks.

12.40

dominate

(v)

=have

strong control

or

influence

over

a person or situation: KUptapxW She always talks too

much and dominates every conversation.




12 41

boil

down

to (phr v)

~ b e

the main reason or most

important point: Kmai\Tiyw oe

It boils down to this:

if

you

don t bring in more business, I ll have to let you go.

12 42 tear down (phr

v)

~ c o m p l e t e l y destroy: K m e i 5 a < p i ~ w .

KDTOOTptcpw The workmen tore

down

a

block of

flats

to make way

for

a

new

shopping

mall.

12 43

play

down

(phr

v)

say something is less important

than it really

is: u n o ~ a S ~ i ~ w , ~ w i l v w o ~ ~ a o i a

Although

she

won

first prize,

Monica

tried to

play

it

down at school so the others wouldn t be envious.

12 44 back down

(phr v) stop asking for something or stop

saying you will do something: unoxwp<il The strikers

backed

down

from their

demand for

a 5

pay

increase.

12 45

lay down (phr

v)

(laid, laid) tell someone how to

behave: StTw Kav6ve<:; The

headmaster laid down

the

law

and forbade

smoking

at

school.

12 46

jot

down

(phr v) write something

in

a brief way:

o ~ w : t < i l v w She jotted down Margaret s phone number.

12 47 stand down (phr

v)

leave an important position:

anooUpo1-10L, napmTOUIJ.OL

The prime minister

announced that

he would

stand

down

because of

political

pressure.

12 48

run

down (phr v) ~ c r i t i c i s e strongly: KaKol\oy<ill

don t like Bob because he s always running

down

other people.

12 49 break down

(phr

v)

~ s t o p working (machine,

car,

etc.:

xaMw

(yta ~ ~ x a v n ~ m a ) My washli1g machtne

broke

down

and

I had to call a repairman.

Der: breakdown (n)

12 so

narrow down (phr v) limit the number of

possibilities:

n e p t o p i ~ w

I ve narrowed the list down to

two options - a holiday in Rome or a cruise to Cyprus.

12 51

crackdown (n)

~ t o u g h

action by someone in authority

to stop people from breaking a law: \ T i l j J ~

a u ~ p < i l v

1- ETpwv Because

of

the recent crackdown on

speeding, drivers are staying within the speed limit.

Der: crack down (phr v)

12 52 hand-me-down (n) ~ t h i n g , especially clothing

which have been used by one person and passed

on

to someone else, often

in

the same family:

~ e r a x e t p t o ~ t v a pouxa

I a V T t K e l ~ e v a As

a

child, I

usually wore hand-me-downs from my older brother.

Der: hand down (phr v)

12 53 downpour (n) ~ e x t r e m e l y heavy, sudden rain:

~ n 6 p a

We

were

caught

in a

downpour and

got

soaked.

12 54

come-down

(n) situation in which you find that

your status or situation is not as good as before:

t;em::o1-16c; After working as an accountant, it was

quite a come-down

for him

to

become

a

bookkeeper

again.


12 55

enact

(v) make into a law:

e c p a p ~ 6 ~ w , S e o n i ~ w A

noise pollution law was enacted early this year.

Der: enactment (n)

broaden

(v)

see 2.96

enclose (v) i surround: neptKI\eiw, neptcppaoow

The

pool

was enclosed

by

a fence.

2. put something

in the envelope with a letter: eowKI\eiw I

wrote

a

letter

to my pen-pal in England and enclosed a photograph

of myself.

Der: enclosure (n)

12 58 encode (v) =put

secret information into

a

different

form: KWOtKonot<i:l

During World War

II

secret military

messages were encoded before they were sent.

Opp: decode (v)

12 59 deaden (v) =make

quieter or less painful:

1-iELWvw,

e ~ a o 8 e v i ~ w Closing the

windows

deadened the noise

from the

street

below.

12 60

fasten

(v)

close or do up: i5tvw She fastened her

seat

belt and drove away.

Der: fastener (n): ouvi5erTipa<:;, K6mToa

12 61

enforce

(v) =make

sure a law or rule is kept: em{3 .1AAw,

StTw ae e c p a p ~ o v T i The role of the police

is

to enforce

the

law.

Der: enforcement (n)

12 62 enrich

(v)

~ m a k e better: e ~ n l \ o u T i ~ w , ~ e i \ T t < i l v w

Reading books

and

seeing plays can enrich your life.

Der: enrichment (n)

12 63 ensure (v) make certain that a particular thing will

happen:

e ~ a o c p a l \ i ~ w We want to ensure that he

receives the best

possible medical

care.

12 64

tighten

(v)

i

make

(a

rule, a law, security, etc.) even

stricter:

Kavw v 6 ~ o

K.l\n.)

a u ~ p r e p o The laws on

immigration have been tightened, so that now it s harder

for

foreign nationals to enter the country. 2

make

(a belt, a watch strap, etc.) fit more closely: ocpiyyw

He lost

so

much weight he had to tighten his belt.

12 65 entrust (v)

= make someone responsible for doing

something important: ava8tTw

She

was

entrusted

with

managing

the factory while the boss was away.

WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 98

12 66 summary

(n) brief account:

n e p i l \ ~ l j J ~

12 67 biography (n) story of someone's life:

~ t o y p a c p i a

12 68

resume

(n)

CV:

~ l o y p a < p l K O

o ~ ~ e i w ~ a

12 69

compliment (n)

= something nice you say to praise

someone: KOI-InALI-ItVTO

12 70 supplement (n) ~ s o m e t h i n g added:

tv8no,

o u ~ n i \ T i p w ~ a

12 71 complement

(v)

~ t o

add to something

in

a way that

improves it: OUI-InAnpWvw

12 72 acquire (v)

=get:

anoKTW

12 73 inquire (v)

~ a s k

for information: ~ n r w

n l \ ~ p o c p o p i e < : ;

12 74 require (v)

need:

x p e t a ~ o ~ m , ~ ~ T < i l

12 75 implicit

(adj) not stated openly:

u n o v o o u ~ e v o < : ;

12 76 explicit (adj) stated openly: oa<pTi<:;

12 77

illicit

(adj)

~ n o t

allowed by law or approved of by

society:

napcivoJ-Loc;,

anayopeuJ-Ltvoc;

12 78 literal (adj) exactly as written: KUptol\eKnK6<:;

Der: literacy (adj):

l K Q V O T ~ T a ypa<pTi<:; KOl a v a y v w o ~ < : ;

12 79 literate (adj) ~ a b l e

to read and write:

e y y p a ~ ~ m o < : ;

Opp: illiterate (adj)

12 80 literary (adj) connected with literature: c p t l \ o l \ o y t K 6 ~

l\oyoT8XVlK6<:;

12 81 prescription (n) see 6.23

12 s2

inscription

(n) =

1

hand-written note inside a book's

cover: acpttPWOTl 2. writing carved into stone: emypa<pr']

12 83 subscription

(n)

~ s e e

12.10

12 84 content (n)

~ s u b j e c t ,

ideas, material in something:

neplEX6J-LEVO

12 85

context

(n) = general situation in which something

happens: o u ~ c p p a ~ 6 ~ e v a , nl\aimo

12 86 consent

(n) see 1 0.55

29



~

12 119 reiter te

v)

=repeat in order

to

emphasise

or

clarify:

e n a v a A . a i - J . ~ O v w

The teacher reiterated the instructions

to make sure everyone understood.

12.120 have a (reasonable)

command

of a language = be

able to speak a language well: X E L p i ~ o ~ m (owan' ) TTl

y

1-cilooa

I have lived

in

this country for several years,

and

now

I have a reasonable command of the language.

12.121

outspoken

(adj)

=saying

freely what you think

even though it might offend someone: E L A L K p t v T i ~

My

grandmother believed in democracy

and

was

outspoken on the subject.

12.122 come to (my) attention= (fml)

be

noticed by: Kim

nt<pTEL

OTDV OVTiADL JTi ~ o u ) The headmaster said it

had come to

his attention that John had been late

to

school every day this week.

12.123 notify

v)

=see 6.65

12.124

promptly

(adv)

=without

delay:

~ t o w ~ They replied

promptly

to

my

letter.

Der: promptness n)

prompt (adj)

12 125

colloqui l

(adj)

=relating

to

informal conversation

or

language: T D ~ K a 8 o ~ L I - o u ~ t V D ~ My teacher said

that instead of using colloquial English, I should try to

write more formally.

12.126 convey v) = make feelings or ideas understood:

~ E T O < p t p w , ano15i15w

My

father said everything

was fine

but

the expression on his face conveyed a different message


A Match the two parts to form sentences.

B

c

1. You're bound

to

pay me a compliment when

2. Don't start cracking jokes

or

3. I'll have to start from scratch if

4. It's beyond

my

comprehension why

5. Jane may say

she's settled in at university,

but

if you read between the lines,

6.

It was kind of you

to

babysit. I'll return the

compliment anytime

Choose the

odd one

out.

1 blossom bud bush

2 mammal tadpole kid

3.

· biography . paperback manual

4

vintage

outmoded youthful

5

·mew

ban bark

6 seed fur

feather

Match.

12.127

find out

(phr v) = discover: ovaKOI-umw

I never found

out who broke into my flat.

12.128 get my)

point

across= make people understand:

KQVW

KQTL KOTOVODTO

He had trouble getting his point

across and no one understood his idea.

12.129 let (someone)

know=

inform, tell: c v n ~ c p c i l v w

KilnOLov) The librarian promised to let me know when

the·book arrives; she said she d give me a call.

12 130

draw conclusion have an idea after you have

studied something

or

thought about it: ~ y a ~ w tva

o u ~ n E : p o o ~ a What conclusions were drawn from the

mayor's report?

12.131 make (myself) understood = get people

to

understand

what

I)

mean:

y i v o ~ O L

K O T a v o n T 6 ~

Even

though I don t speak much Greek, I can make myself

understood using

my

hands.

12.132

hint v)

=give a little suggestion:

u n m v i o o o ~ O L She

wouldn t

tell me exactly what she bought for my

birthday

but

she

hinted

that it was something

I d like

12.133

hold

back

(phr v) (held, held = stop from moving

forward

or

speaking:

K p u ~ w

o L O T i l ~ w

va

~ L A n O W

She

certainly doesn't hold back; she always says exactly

what she thinks

a.

you delete all my work.

b.

you would

want

to move into an

apartment without heating.

c. you' ll have everyone in fits of laughter.

d.

you'll see it may not be the case.

o•

e. you want.

\_

f.

you see me in

my

new outfit.

pouch

foal

rumour

veteran

howl

scale

1.

Someone who is

outspoken

a. is too nervous

or

bored

to

sit still for long.

2 Someone who is

t ctful

b. does what is expected

of

them.

3. Someone who is restless

c.

carries out very cruel acts.

4 Someone who is

concerned

d. does not hesitate

to

express their opinion.

5 Someone who is

merciless

e. gives their opinion in a careful way.

6

Someone who is dutiful f. is worried about something.

31



UN T

4

D. Complete the sentences using the verbs and phrasal verbs below. There are

two

verbs phrasal verbs which you

don t need

to

use each time.

1 dig around tear down burn out play down

run

out spell

out

jot down

hold out

1. If you keep on working around the clock, you ll ............................ yourself ........................... .

2.

The lecturer was talking so fast

that

the students only had time

to

........................... the main ideas.

3

Your theory

is

rather confusing - perhaps you can ........................... it .. .

. .......... for me.

4. You

won t find the information

easily-

you ll have to ........................... a bit.

5. Paul

is

so modest, he always ............................ his achievements.

6. The soldiers managed

to

........................... until reinforcements arrived.

2 enforce deaden require

book

proofread

post

enrich enclose

1. The novel will be... .... ..... ..... . .... one more time before publication.

2. It is up to the teaching staff to make sure

the

school rules are ............................ .

3.

Subscribers are invited to .......................... photos of their pets on this site.

4. The high walls which ............................ the

property

afford the celebrity some privacy.

5. The police officer took him to the station and ................. him for drink-driving.

6. The patient was given morphine to ........................... the pain

of

his injuries.

TOPIC VOCABULARY

(page 111)

14_1 fence (n)

=boundary

around an area of land:

< p p c l X T f l ~ There is a wooden fence around

our

garden.

Der: fence

(v)

14 2

hedge (n) =row of large bushes that

grow

close

together:

C J l P G X T ~ C :

(an6 otvTpa, 8 a ~ v o u c ; The hedge

that separates our garden from our neighbour s

is

too

high now.

14 3

lawn

(n)

= area

of

grass which

is

kept short: ypaalOL

Tim

had to

mow

the lawn because the grass

had

grown so high.

14 4 shutter (n) = wooden or metal cover on the outside

of

a window:

n a v T ~ o U p t ,

napa8up6<.puAAo

We closed

the shutters to keep

out

the sun

and

heat.

14 5 shed (n)

=small

building used for storage: K O A U ~ a .

n a p O n f l y ~ a We put

the tools into the

shed

when we

finished working.

14 6 radiator

(n) =a

device used for heating a room:

KaAopt<.pE:p

The radiator

in our

flat was

out

of order,

so

we

were freezing until the

plumber

came to repair

it

Der: radiate

(v)

14 7 corridor (n) = long passage with doors on each side:

O t 0 6 p o ~ o ~

The doctor s surgery

is

at

the

end

of the

corridor; it s the last

door

on the right.

14 8 bedsit (n) = rented room that

is

a combination

bedroom

I

sitting room: yKapoovttpa

His bedsit is

tiny

but

has everything he needs.

14 9

double-glazing

(n) =two layers

of

glass

to

improve

insulation: Om,\6 T ~ c l ~ L a y

dad put

in windows with

double-glazing to keep

out

the cold.

14 10 estate agent (n)

=person

whose work

is

to sell or

rent land, homes or offices: K T i l ~ O T o ~ e a l T i l C :

When we

decided to sell our house, we asked an estate agent

to help

us

find

a

buyec

14 11

detached house

(n)

=a

house that

is

not joined

to another: onln nou Oev txet ~ E O O T O L X i O TO

OmAavQ

KTr ]pLa

The

doctor

and

his wife

bought

a

four-bedroomed detached house in a quiet suburb.

14 12 dwelling (n) = (fml) home: KOTOLKia

This castle

was

the

official dwelling

of

the bishop until the church built

a

modern house for him.

Der: dwell

(v)

14 13 commuter belt (n) =an area around a large city

where people who work

in

the city live: neptoxr ]

yUpw

an6 ~ e y 6 A 1 1 n6Ail 6nou ~ o u v 01 6v8pwnot

nou £ p y Q ~ o V T O L

o

auTr ]

ost

residents

of

London s

commuter belt

travel into the city by train.

14 14

community centre (n)

=a

building used for meetings,

social events and other gatherings:

noA.moTLK6

KtvTpo The local amateur drama club meets weekly in

the

community

centre.

14 15 housing estate (n)

=a

large

group

of houses built

at the same time:

ouyKp6nwa KOTOLKLWv

The new

housing estate being built on the edge of town will

provide accommodation for hundreds

of

working

class families.

14 16 interior

design

art

of

planning the way a home

or office

is

decorated on the inside: £OWT£PLKf]

6 L a K 6 0 ~ I l O J 1

Sally redecorated

her

house after she

completed a course in interior design.

14 17

cramped

(adj)

=crowded,

not big enough:

O T P L ~ W Y I J E : v o ~ , O T £ v 6 x w p o ~ With three of us

cramped in the back seat, the ride was very

uncomfortable.

14 18

demolish

(v) =completely destroy: KOT£OOCJli/;w

The

builder demolished the

old

houses.

Der: demolition

(n)

14 19 mortgage

(n)

=bank loan taken to purchase a home:

06v£LO £

uno8r ]Kfl The bank gave us a mortgage to

buy our

first home.

Der:

mortgage

(v)

14 20

on the

market

offered for sale: O t a 8 E : m 1 J o ~

OTflV

ayopO Our house was on the market for just one

month before

it

was sold.



14.21 slum

(n)

=poor area where living conditions are bad:

qnwxoyeLTOVL6

Many immigrants find housing in the

slums because it is cheap.

14.22 urban (adj) = related

to

the city: aanK6<; Some

researchers claim that urban living causes

stress.

Opp: rural (adj): ayponK6<;

14.23

convert (v)

=

change into another form: IJETOTptnw

The

barn has been converted into a studio.

Der: conversion

(n):

IJ ETOTponf]

14.24

rural (adj) = relating to the countryside: aypoTtK6<;

They are moving from the city to a rural area.

14.25

up for sale

=offered

for people to buy: npo<; n w l - ~ a n

I m

putting

my house up for sale since I ve been

asked

to

relocate to another city.

14.26 built up (adj) = having a lot of buildings:

n u K V O K O T O t K n ~ t v o < ;

The

speed limit is 50

mph

in

built

up

areas.

14 27

congestion

(n) = condition of being crowded with

traffic or people:

(KuKI-ocpoptaKJi)

a u ~ c p 6 p n a ~ ,

ouvwona1J6c;

Getting home at rush

hour

is

a

problem

because

of

the congestion on the roads.

Der: congested (adj)

14.28 exterior (n) = outside:

TO

e ~ w T e p t K 6

~ t p o < ;

We

painted

the exterior of the house with weather-proof paint.

Opp: interior (n)

14.29

disrepair

(n) = broken or bad condition that needs

fixing: avO.yKll emoKeur ]c;

KT lplou

The

farmhouse

is

in

a state

of disrepair

the roof leaks, the windows are

broken and the heating doesn t work.

14.30 premises (n) = buildings and land occupied and used

by a business

or

organisation: KTf]pla, E:YKOTOOT6.oetc;

e m x e i p ~ a ~ < ; ) Our company s premises are on the

town s main street.

14.31

infr structure

(n)

=basic

systems and structures

of

a place or organisation, such as transport or

communication: u n o O o ~ f ]

The

government can improve

the country s infrastructure

by

building roads and adding

electricity

lines

14.32

bypass

(n) = road which takes cars around a town

instead of through it: neptcpepetaK6<;

6 p 6 ~ o < ;

We took

the bypass; it was much faster than driving through

town.

14.33 implement tion (n)

=the

process

of

putting

something into practice or use: ecpapiJOYr J

The

implementation of a recycling scheme would reduce

the amount of rubbish waste that has to be burnt.

Der: implement

(v)

14.34 o n e ~ w a y

system

= system

of

streets where traffic

goes in only one direction: ~ o v o p ~ n a ~ The

city

has a plan for

a

one-way system which

is

intended to

ease the heavy flow of traffic during rush hour.

14.35 subsidy

(n) =financial

assistance given

to

businesses

or

individuals

to

help reduce

the cost of

a product

or

service:

e m x o p J i y n a ~ ,

em661non The

government

offers subsidies to homeowners who

buy

energy

efficient devices like solar water heaters.

Der: subsidise

(v)

14.36

incentive

(n)

= something that makes someone want

to work

harder or achieve something:

K[VTFPO

Drivers

are unlikely to use public transport without financial

incentives to give up using their cars.

14.37 landlord (n) = person who owns property and rents

it to others: omTovotKOKlJP lC:

We

pay rent to our

landlord every month.

UN T

4

14.38

renov te

(v)

=

make

something old look new again,

especially a building: avaKmvll;w They are renovating

their new home; the kitchen

and

the bathrooms need

to be modernised.

Der: renovation

(n)

renovated (adj)

14.39 property (n) =things owned by someone:

lOlOKTnoia.

neptouoia A hotel will be built on the property I own

in the centre

of

town.

14 40

restore (v) = put something back to its original

condi tion: avanaA.mWvw Chris restored his old desk

and

now it looks as good as new.

Der: restoration (n)

14.41 neglect (n)

=the

state of not receiving proper

attention or care:

n a p a ~ t l - n a n ,

eyKaTal-etl)Jn The

government buildings are crumbling from years of

neglect.

Der: neglect

(v)

neglectful (adj)

14.42

occup nt

(n)

= person

who

lives

or

works

in

a place:

evotKO<; Occupants

of

the flat haven t paid their rent

for three months.

Der: occupancy (n): KTJian, KmoxJi

occupier (n): tvotKOC:, KCnoxoc;

occupy (v): KOTOlKW, Kmtxw Stan


WORD

FORMATION

(page

112)

14.43 brotherhood

(n)

= friendship; support a group

of people, especially men, get from each other:

a o e l - c p o o u v ~

The

boys established

a

sense of

brotherhood after a week at camp.

14.44 citizenship (n)

=status of legally belonging to a

particular country:

un 1K06T 1TO

After

five years

of

living in Ireland, Lisa was granted Irish citizenship.

14.45

companionship

(n) =relationship with a good friend

who spends time with you: ouvTpo<ptK6T 1TO,

cptA La

I really enjoy the companionship of

my

friend Sue.

14 46 kingdom

(n)

= area or country ruled by a king or

queen: ~ a a i l e t o The

Windsors have ruled the British

kingdom for four generations.

Der: kingship (n): ~ a m l - e i a

14.47

manhood

(n)

=typical

or traditional male qualities;

time

when someone

becomes

a man: av0pto1J6c;,

avoptKJi nl-tKia The story follows the adventures

of

a

boy as he passes into manhood.

14.48

martyrdom

(n)

= having suffered or died because

of

your beliefs: IJOPTUpto A common theme in medieval

art is the martyrdom

of

the saints.

14 49

readership (n) = total number of people who read a

particular magazine or newspaper:

avayvwonK6

Kotv6

The

newspaper s daily readership

is

over a million.

14.50 sainthood (n) = having been made a saint:

a y t o a u v ~ .

aytonol 10 1

Mother Teresa

is

a candidate for sainthood

because of her work with the poor.

14.51

scholarship

(n) =

1.

money given to a good student

to

pay school fees: unoTpoc.pla

Diane won a

scholarship to study

at

Cambridge.

2.

serious

academic study: a K a o ~ ~ m K J i

~ 6 p c p w a ~ His research

project

on ancient architecture is

an

example of

serious scholarship.

33



UN T

4

14.52

sisterhood

(n)

=strong

feeling

of

closeness among

women:

ai5£AcpooUvf1

( I J E : T a ~ U yuvmKWv)

I have a

feeling of sisterhood with the women in my

support

group.

14 53 sponsorship (n) ~ f i n a n c i a l

support:

X P ~ ~ m o M T ~ o ~

Athletes need sponsorship from a business or

organisation to help them

pay

for their training

and

travel expenses.

14.54

st rdom (n)

=being

very famous:

cpr )IJil

aoTtpa.

KaAAlT£XVLK6

on:ptw11a Not all actors achieve

stardom; most of

them

work hard and never become

well known.

WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 113)

14 55 suburb

(n)

= area

outside

the

city

where people live:

npo6ono

14 56 outskirts

(n) = part

of

a town farthest from the centre:

m:plxwpa

14.57 district (n) =particular part of a town or city: m : p L D X ~ -

m:pH.p£p£La

14 58 border

(n)

=line dividing countries or regions: oUvopo

14 59

bound ry (n)

=line

which marks the

outer

edge

of

an

area: 6pto

14 60 b rrier

(n)

=something which prevents

people

or

vehicles from entering a place: c . p p 6 y ~ a . qm66to

14.61 outdoor

(adj) = designed for use outside;

done

outside: u n a i 8 p t o ~

14.62

outward (adj) =external; going

away from

home:

K L V O l J ~ £ V O ~ n p o ~

TO

E : ~ W .

£ ~ W T £ p t K 6 ~

14.63

household (n)

group

of

people living together:

OLKoyE:V£10

14 64

housekeeping

(n) =cleaning and cooking: votKOKUpL6

14 65 housew rming

(n) =

party to celebrate moving into a

new

home: syKaivta onmoU

14 66 inhibit

(v)

= prevent or

slow down: s ~ n o i S i ~ w

14 67 inh bit

(v) =live

in a particular place: KOTOtKW

14 68 inherit

(v)

= receive

money

or property from someone

who has died: KA.JlpOVOIJW

14.69

prefer ble (adj) =more desirable: n p o n 1 J 6 T s p o ~ . mo

£ n t 8 U I J J l T 6 ~

14 70 prefer

(v) = to like one thing

better

than another:

npOTliJW

14.71

preferential (adj)

~ s e e

2.91

14 72 socialise

(also -ize) (v) ~ m e e t other people socially:

K6VW napE:a. E XW KOLVWVLKE c; snac.pE:c;

14 73

civilise (also -ize) (v) =educate and improve

someone s

way

of life: £ K n o A I T L ~ w

14 74 popul rise (also -ize)

(v)

= make interesting to many

people:

OIOOiow.

KOVW KOTI o ~ ~ O q l l l \ 8 < ;

14 75 gener lly (adv)

=true

in most situations: ysvtKO

14 76 greatly (adv) ~ v e r y : noAu. oe ~ e y O A o

~ a 8 ~ 6

14 77 totally (adv) completely: O A O K A ~ p W T I K O EVTEAW<;

METAPHOR

AND MEANING (page 113)

14 78

threshold {n) = entrance or

doorway: KaTWc.pAt,

£ l o o 6 o ~

As Jane crossed the threshold, the lights

went on

and

everyone shouted, "Happy Birthday "

on

the threshold o f ~ about to begin something

34

new:

010

KOTWc.pA.t,

OTJlV

apxrl

Pauline has

just

started

working

as

a lawyer

and is

on the threshold of a

new

career.

14 79 opening

(n)

= vacant position: Ksvr ] Stoll s p y a o l a ~

There's an opening for an engineer

at

the car factory.

14 80 the key to the way to achieve: TO KAstiSl, l A.Uoll

Hard work

is

the key to success.

14.81

opportunrty

knocks

when a chance to do something

comes up: l suKatpia n a p o u m 6 ~ £ T m hey

say opportunity

knocks only

once, so don' t miss that chance

of

a lifetime.

14 82 get

(my)

foot in the

d o o r ~ get

an

opportunity: txw

TllV suKmpla

va

~ £ K t v r ] o w

K6TL

If

I can

get my

foot

in the

door at

this company, I m sure they'll become

regular clients.

14 83

unlock

(v)

=open; make available

by

removing

an

obstacle: anoKaAUnTw. sAsuSspWvw Knowledge

of languages can unlock opportunities when you're

looking for work.

14 84 corridors

of

power

= world

of

people who

make

high-level decisions: K U ~ £ P V I l T L K o l KUKAOL

The

newspapers want to find

out

what

is

really going on

in the corridors of power.

14 85 come up g inst brick w ll = be prevented from

going ahead: ouvavTW q_m66to

I m trying to convince

my

parents to let

me go

to Peru

but

I've

come

up

against a brick wall. They refuse to let me go.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 114)

14 86 flat

1. (adj) ~ f i x e d : ora8ep6<;

The guest house

charges a flat rate for families.

2.

(adv) exactly:

aKpt[3Wc;

He changed the

car

tyre in

two

minutes flat.

fl t out = quickly,

with

as much effort as possible:

nupsTwiSWc;

She's tired because she's been working

flat

out

to finish the

project

on time.

flat on

(my) back unable

to

get

out of

bed: OTo

K p ~ a n l

pulled

a

muscle and

I've been flat on

my

back for

three days.

14 87

floor

1. (n) flat area you walk on inside a building:

n6TWIJO

I

sweep the floor every day

but

wash it once

a week.

2.

(v) unable to respond because

of shock

or

surprise:

a n o o T o ~ W v w

Paula was completely floored

when

Bob

asked her to marry him.

take the

floor begin to

speak

in a

public

discussion: nalpvw TO A6yo

The health minister took

the floor to respond to questions.

wipe the

floor with defeat completely:

KOTOTponWvw, ouvTpl[3w

Manchester United wiped

the

floor

with Real

Madrid

in the last game.

14 88

key

1

(n)

set of notes in music: KAillaKa

This

symphony

is written in the key of

C

minoc

2. (n) button

on a

computer

keyboard:

nAr ]KTpo

Press the delete

key to erase what you wrote.

3. (adj)

most

important:

o u m W i S J l ~

[ 3 a o t K 6 ~ Good advertising

is

a key factor in

our safes campaign.

RELATED WORDS

(page 114)

14 89 tin (n)

=soft,

silver-white metal: K O O O L T £ p o ~ . T £ V £ K E : ~

in

is

used to make cans for food.

14 90 timber (n) ~ w o o d used for building: ~ u A E i a

These

trees are being grown for timber.

14.91

steel

(n)

=strong metal

made

from iron:

aTaOAL Steel

rods were used to build the bridge; it should

be

very

strong.

_I



14 92 wood (n) =

material from a tree, used to make

furniture: ~ u , \ o I bought some

wood

to make

a

table.

Der: wooden (adj)

14 93

lead (n)

~ s o f t

grey metal: ~ 6 , \ u ~ i 5 o c ;

Lead used to be

added

to

petrol but it

caused air pollution.

14 94 marble (n) ~ h a r d rock used for statues and floors:

~ a p ~ a p o

The

floors are marble

-

aren t they beautiful?

14 95

concrete (n)

=

building material

made

from a mixture

of sand, small stones, cement and water:

).JnE:T6v,

TOLJ-ltVTo The floors were made

of

concrete.

14 96

brick (n) ~ b u i l d i n g block used for walls, paths, etc.:

r o u ~ , \ o

The

walls

are made

of

brick

and

the

floors

are

wood.

14 97

earthenware

(n) ~ d i s h e s made from baked

clay: mi/\Lva a K E U ~ ) We bought some

colourful

earthenware in Mexico.

14 98

bronze (n) mixture of copper and tin:

~ n p o u v r c ; o c ;

The

museum has a collection

of

small statues made

of

bronze.

PREPOSITIONS

(page 114)

14 99 take into account =

consider something when making

a decision: , \ a ~ ~ a v w u n 6 l j J ~ ~ o u

When choosing a

new

neighbourhood, many features must

be

taken into

account like the

schools and

facilities available.

14 100 in

tune

with

similar

in

style

or

suiting

the

feelings

or

needs of

someone

or something:

npooapllOOIJtvoc;

I

TOLpLOOT6c;

J-lE

The

new shopping

centre

is

in tune

with the surroundings as its design

and

colours match

the

other

buildings

around

it.

14 101 within reach of

easily

accessible: ae an6aTOOJl

6nou 1J.nope:l

va

qnC:tae:L Kave:lc;

Their

new

house

was

convemently located within easy reach of public

transport.

IN

OTHER WORDS (page 114)

14 102 there is a distinct possibility= very likely: e:lvot noAU

meav6 Mt

Etna erupts every few years; there

is

a

distinct possibility it will happen again

soon.

14 103

there is little prospect not much hope: unapxouv

eA6xtmec;

e,\nii5ec;

va We

had

hoped

to have

a

long

holiday this year

but

there s little prospect of us getting

away

for more than one week.

14 104

it s a foregone conclusion =certain to

happen: e:lvm

n p o E ~ a < p / \ ~ ~ t v o a n o r £ 1 \ e o ~ a It s

a foregone

conclusion tha t

our

team will win the championship.

14 105 it s

conceivable=

possible: e:lvat m8av61t s conceivable

that Sam will return tonight, though

I

doubt

it

14 106

the odds are =the chances

are:

oL

m8av6TJlTE:<;

e::lvm

The odds are they ll

lose

the game; the

other

team is

much better.

14 107 inevitably (adv) ~ s is certain to happen:

avan6q>EUKTO Inevitably, the persona/lives of the royal

family appeared in the tabloids.

Der: inevitable (adj)

out of the question

=

impossible:

aOUvaTOV A trip to

Canada

is out

of the question for us this year.

wouldn t bet on not likely:

i5ev

e i ~ m aiyoupoc;

People think he

told

the truth

but

I

wouldn t bet on

it;

I ve caught him lying several times in the past.

UN TS 4 and 6

14 110 there s a slim chance

there s

a

slight

possibility:

un6pxe::t

IJ.LO IJ.LKpr J

m8av6TJlTO There S a slim chance

that

I

will pass the history exam;

I didn t

really study

for it.

14 111 (do) not stand a chance

have no

hope: Oe::v

txw

e::AniiSa

She

doesn t

stand a chance in that race; the

others are

much

faster runners.

UNIT 6

Science and Technology

TOPIC


16 1

hardware

(n) ~ c o m p u t e r equipment: ~ ~ X O V L K 6 c ;

e ~ o n , \ t a ~ 6 c ; uno/\oytoTwv I must

upgrade

my

computer- my

hardware

and

software are both

out

of

date.

16 2 substance (n) =

matter:

ouala Marie Curie discovered

a

substance called radium.

Der: substantial (adj)

16 3 appliance (n) ~ m c h i n e used in the home: O L K L O K ~ )

ouaKe::ur )

We bought two new

kitchen appliances:

a

microwave oven

and

a toaster.

16 4 machinery (n) ~ e q u i p m e n t :

~ ~ x v ~ ~ m The

machinery

at

the factory

is

carefully maintained.

Der: machine (n)

machinist (n):

~ ~ x a v o u p y 6 c ;

16 5 laboratory (n) =building or

room

where scientific

and medical tests or

research

are done:

e::pyaoTr )pto

The archaeologist sent bones to the laboratory to

determine their age.

16 6

vacuum

cleaner

(n) an electrical appliance that

removes dirt from carpets and

furniture

by sucking

it

into

a machine:

JlAEKTPLKr )

oKoUna While the vacuum

cleaner was

out

of order, the cleaners

had

to make do

with simply sweeping the carpets.

16 7 microwave oven (n)

=an oven that

cooks

food

quickly by electromagnetic radiation rather than heat:

<.poUpvo<;

IJ.LKpOKUIJ.OTwv

Most

kitchens today are

equipped with microwave ovens.

16 8

kettle (n) ~ container used for heating or boiling

water: ~ p a a r ~ p a c ;

When the guests arrived, the kettle

was

on and

tea was being prepared.

16 9

keyboard

(n)

the set of keys used to operate a

computer or typewriter: n / \ ~ K T p o / \ 6 y t o

The keyboard

on my new computer

is

cordless.

16 10 modem (n) =equipment used to

connect

a

computer

to

a

telephone or cable

line:

116VTE:Il (ouoKE:Ur J

O U V O E O ~ < ; U T I O A O Y L O T ~ OE

T ~ A E < p W V L K ~ y p a ~ ~ ~ )

Whenever you want to

surf

the Web, you need to

connect to the Internet by modem.

16 11

solid

(adj) ~ f i r m and hard, not liquid or gaseous:

mepE6<; I put the bottle of water

in

the freezer and it

turned

solid

in four hours.

Der: solid (n)

16 12

liquid

(n) ~ f l u i d :

uyp6

Water

is

a liquid;

steam

is

gas.

16 13

fluid (n)

~ s u b s t a n c e

that flows, not a solid or a gas:

uyp6

It is important to drink fluids such

as

water

when you spend

a lot

of time in the sun.

Der: fluid (adj)

35



UN T

6

15.14 b cteri pin)= tiny organisms which often cause

disease: ~ O K T ~ p i O L O , ~ L K p 6 ~ L a

If

you

don t

refrigerate

food, the bacteria will

grow and

spoil

it.

Der:

bacterial adj)

16 15

virus (n) =

1 tiny germ that can cause disease:

t6c;,

1JlKp6[3to

Mosquitoes carry the virus that causes

malaria. 2.

computer program

which can get into a

system and damage information: t6c;

unoAoytonl.lv)

My files were lost when

my computer

got

infected

with the latest virus.

16.16 inst ll (v) =put in and make ready to use: c:yKa8toTW

A technician installed a

new

phone line in the office.

Der: installation

(n)

16 17 downlo d (v)

= move information from a

computer

or

the Internet

to

another computer:

IJE:Tac.ptpw, K O T E 3 6 ~ w

o s o o ~ i : v a , n l - ~ p o q > o p i s c ; )

I wanted to download a song

from the Internet but my computer didn t have enough

memory.

16 18

upgr de (v) =make

a computer, etc. more powerful:

a v a ~ a 8 ~ i < ; w I want to upgrade my

computer

by

adding more memory.

16 19

microscope (n)

=instrument

which makes tiny things

appear large: IJLKpooK6mo e put a hair under the

microscope

and

it looked as thick as

my

finger.

Der: microscopic adj)

16 20

test

tube

(n) =a long thin glass container open at

one end used in biology or chemistry: 6oKq...taoTLK6c;

o w A ~ v a c ;

The chemist s laboratory was full of test

tubes and other equipment used for conducting

experiments.

16 21

sterilizer

(n) = a machine in which equipment is

heated

to

a very high temperature in order

to

ki l

all the bacteria it may contain: a n o o T £ t p w T ~ p a c ;

Dentists use a sterilizer to clean their instruments after

examining patients.

Der:

sterilization (n)

sterilize

(v)

16 22

motor (n)

=the part

of

a machine or vehicle that

powers it: ~ ~ x a v ~ , K L V ~ T ~ p a c ; Powered by an electric

motor, the ceiling fan works noiselessly.

Der: motor (v)

16 23

boiler (n) =a container in which water is heated or

hot water is stored: A£13J1TOC ; Boilers for domestic use

are often

powered by

solar energy.

16 24

generator

(n) = see 4.153

16 25

surveill nce (n) =careful

watching

of

a person

or place suspected

of

being involved

in

criminal

activities: .snm']pf]OJ1 un6nTou,

KpaTOUIJE:vou)

Electronic surveillance includes security cameras that

record people entering

and

leaving the building.

16 26

virtu l re lity = images and sounds produced by a

computer that seem real: £LKOVLKf]

npay1JOTLK6Tf]TO

There s a virtual reality game that makes you feel/ike

you re in outer space.

16 27

compound

(n) = combination of two

or

more

substances: flLYIJO, X J l i J L K ~ tvwon Bronze

is

a

compound

of

copper and

tin.

16 28 emission (n) = release

of

gas or other substances

into the air:

£ K n o ~ n ~

aspiwv KTA.) Engineers say that

the emission

of

carbon monoxide from cars is high.

Der:

emit (v)

16 29

hack (v)

=break into a computer system illegally:

IJnalvw o£ apx.sla unoA.oytoTf] napO.VOIJO Some

students got into trouble for hacking into the

university s

computer

system to

check

exam results.

Der: hacker

(n)

16 30 p tent (n) = official document that says you have

legal right

to

be the only one

to

make or sell a new

invention: naTtvTa, .sup.smT.sxvla The

company

took

out

a

patent on

their

new product and

they ll start

manufacturing

next

year.

16 31

cyberspace (n) =imaginary space through

which computers send information to each other:

K U ~ e p v o x w p o c ; e emailed the

document

to Jane

but

she never

got

it; it

must

have

got

lost somewhere in

cyberspace.

16 32

device (n) =something mechanical invented for a

particular purpose: ouoK.suf], llflX6VfliJO This remote

control device will enable us to operate the television

from

our

seats.

16 33 biotechnology (n) =using

bacteria

or

cells from living

things in technology and industry: 13toT.sxvoA.oyia

People worry

about

the

long-term

effects

of

biotechnology, such as the genetic modification of

vegetables.

Der: biotechnological adj)

16 34 cell (n) =smallest

part

of

an animal

or

plant which

can survive by itself: KUTTapo Cancer cefls divide and

multiply quickly.

16 35

modify (v)

= change slightly

to

improve: Tpononotw

The teacher

modified

the course to fit the level

of

the

students.

Der: modification

(n)

16 36

artificial (adj) =not natural: T8XVW6c; Artificial light from

a

fluorescent light bu lb makes colours seem less bright.

16 37 v ccine (n) =see

6.21

16 38 genetic lly engineer (v) = alter the DNA structure of

cells or organisms to make them more suitable for a

particular purpose:

IJ.ST0136AAw TO

XOPOKTflpLOTLK6

KUTT6pwv r'j opyOVlOIJWV \18 OKOn6 Tf] 13.SA.Tiwor'] TOUC ;

Many consumers avoid soya products made from

genetically engineered beans.

Der: genetic engineer

(n)

genetic engineering

(n)

16 39 defective

adj)

=imperfect or

faulty: .sAaTTWIJOTtK6c;

Defective brakes

should be

checked immediately

as

they could result in a serious car accident.

16 40

gene

(n)

=pattern

of chemicals

in

a cell which carry

information: yovi6to

Red hair

runs in

my

family; it s

in

our

genes.

Der: genetic adj)

geneticist

(n)

16 41

clone (n)

=animal

or plant produced artificially from

the cells of another animal

or

plant, so that the new

one is identical

to

the original:

KAWvoc;

Dolly the

sheep was

a

clone.

Der: clone (v): KAwvonotW

16 42 procedure (n)

= a way of doing something that is

generally accepted as being the usual or correct

one:

6ta6LKaoia

It

is essential to fol low

proper

procedures

when

conducting

scientific experiments.

16 43

tamper (v)

= try

to

change something you have no

right

to

touch: avaKOT.SUOIJOL, nap.s1JI3aivw Someone

tampered with

my

phone; it s

got a

strange ring now.



~

16 44

ethics (n) = beliefs and rules about what is right or

wrong: oeovmt-oyia, n8tK6<; K<ilotKac;

Doctors take

the Hippocratic oath, promising they will follow

a

strict code of ethics.

Der: (un)ethical (adj)

16 45 synthetic (adj) =art ificial : ouv8enK6<; Synthetic

fabrics can be uncomfortable in the summer.

16 46 immunity (n) =the protection somebody s body gives

against disease: avoola

The health worker s immunity

to infection

was

remarkable considering

her

constant

exposure to patients

with

serious illnesses.

Der: immunization (n)

immunize (v)

immune (adj)

BOOST

YOUR VOCABULARY

COLLOCATIONS (page 127)

16 47 m ke a breakthrough = achieve something after a

lot of hard work: Kilvw

o n ~ a V T t K ~

np6ooo

They finally

made

a

breakthrough in the negotiations.

16.48

raise awareness

make people think or

know

more

about an issue:

npoKaAW ouvalo8T]OTl

This organisation

is working to raise awareness about global warming.

16 49 raise expectations

=

cause someone to think that

something good will happen: oivw et-nioec;

The

boss

raised

my

expectations when

he hinted

he

might

increase salaries.

16 50

raise money collect money for a particular

purpose: ouyKevTpti:lvw

XPT'JI.lOTO

We

are organising

a

marathon to

raise money

for the local hospital.

16 51 t ke

precautions =

take

action

to protect

against

possible harm or trouble: naipvw npo<pu -a ;etc;

My

doctor

recommends I take precautions to

protect

my

skin from the sun.

16 52

reach a compromise = end an argument by

both

sides accepting they cannot have everything they

want: K a m t - ~ y w oe

o u ~ ~ ~ ~ a o ~ 6 Mum

and

I reached

a

compromise

about

the party: I can

go but

I

must be

home

by

midnight.

PHRASAL VERBS

(page 127

16 53

filter

out (phr

v)

=to remove something unwanted

from a substance by passing it through a special

device: qnATp6pw

Factories are required to filter

out

toxic

substances

before disposing

of

their

waste.

16 54

give

out

(phr v) = produce: e K n t ~ n w , napayw

The

fire gave

out so much

heat that we

stood

far away.

16 55

try

out (phr v) = test: o o K t ~ a ~ w

After

trying

out my

new digital camera, I

decided

to

go back

to

my

old-fashioned model.

16 56 phase out (phr v) = gradually stop using: anooupw

oraotaKil

Our company

is

phasing

out

the old

computers; it s too expensive to replace them all

at

once.

16 57

take

out

(phr v) = get something officially: Kavw

( a u v o p o ~ ~ . aocpMeta I<An.)

She

decided

to take

out

membership

at

the local swimming pool.

figure out (phr

v)

= understand something; solve a

problem:

~ p i o K W

a n a v r ~ o ~ A U O ~

I tried to figure

out

the maths problem

myself but

I

couldn t do

it.

out

(phr v) = see

1

0.135

UN T

16

16 60

sort out (phr

v)

= organise: T O ~ l V O I J W TOKTOnOlW

Sue

spent Saturday afternoon sort1ng

out

the bills from the

past three months.

RELATED WORDS (page

127

16 61 glimpse

(v)

= see something briefly:

~ t n w

cpeuyaAta

As

the

car sped

past, I

glimpsed a child

sitting in the

back seat.

Der: glimpse

(n)

16 62

make

aut

(phr v) = manage with difficulty to

see

or

hear: iStaKplvw

I

can t

make

out

the words

on

that

sign.

16 63

gaze (v) = look steadily:

m e v i ~ w . K o t T a ~ w e n i ~ o v a

He

gazed

at

the

photograph

of the lake

and

remembered

last summer.

Der: gaze (n)

16 64

witness (v)

=see

an event happen: ylVOIJ.Ol a u T 6 n T r ) ~

~ a p w p a c ;

The police asked

if

we had witnessed the

accident.

Der: witness

(n)

16 65

observe

(v) =see 10.80

16 66

notice

(v)

= be

aware

of:

a v n A . a 1 J . j 3 0 . v o ~ J m

Carol

was

drinking

her

morning coffee

and

reading the

paper

when

she noticed

it

was 9 00

Der: notice (n)

noticeable (adj):

a ; t o o ~ ~ e i w m c ;

16 67

glance (v) =take a quick look and then look away:

pixvw ~ t a ~ m t a The cycl1st glanced over h s shoulder

at

the other riders

and

then pedal led faster.

Der: glance (n)

16 68 oversee (v) = make sure something is done properly:

emj3AE:nw

Barbara s job

is

to oversee all the

company s foreign projects.

Der: overseer (n)

16 69

stare

(v)

= look at something directly for a long time:

K o t T a ~ w e n i ~ o v a Beth stared out

the

window as

the

train

pulled out

of the station.

Der: stare (n)

16 70 peer

(v) =look closely, especially because of difficulty

seeing: K O t T i l ~ w

e p e u v ~ n K i l

The

old

man opened the

door

and peered

into the dark,

but

he

couldn t see

anyone.

16 71

envisage (v) = consider something as possible or

what you intend:

o p a ~ m i ~ o ~ m .

c p a v r a ~ o ~ m l envisage

working

as a

clerk for

a

few years, then moving on to

a

better

position.

16 72

view

(v) = (fml) look at or watch: napaKof-ou8<il, ~ A t n w

I made an appointment to view that flat tonight.

Der: viewer (n): S e a T ~ < ;


(page

128)

16 73 compromise

(v)

= to come

to

agreement with

another person, when you both

accept

something

different

or

less than

you

originally asked for:

o u ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ o ~ m

16 74 comprise (v) =consist of: n e p t - a ~ ~ a v w , anoTef-w

16 75 compile (v) =write or produce something by bringing

together information from different sources: ouAA.tyw

UAlKO (yta ~ ~ ~ A i D K.An.)

16 76

transplant

(v)

= permanently move from one place to

another: IJ,ETOq>UTElJW,

IJ ETOIJ OCJX EUW

16 77 transfer (v) = see 8. 7

16 78 transform (v) =change completely: ~ n a ~ o p c p w v w

37



UN T 6

16.79 discover

(v)

=learn

or find something new: avaKaAUrnw

16.80

invent

(v)

=make

something which is

the first of

its

kind:

£<.p£Up[OKW

16 81

explore (v) =travel

around a place to learn about it or

find something: e ~ e p e u v W

Der:

explorer

(n)

exploration

(n)

682 evolution

(n) =

see

10.91

16 83

progress (n)

=

process of

development

or

improvement: n p 6 o i 5 o ~

16.84 dv nce

(n)

=progress in

science or technology, etc.:

np6oi5o<;

16.85 common

(adj) =happening or

found etten:

Kotv6c;.

ouvn8to11tvoc;

16.86 typic l

(adj)

=characteristic

of things of the same

type: XGPGKTnptonK6<;

16.87 ordin ry

(adj)

=

not special or different

in

anyway:

OUVT )8L01-i£Voc;

16 88

install v)

=

see 16.16

16.89 insert (v)

=put

something

into

something

else:

rtoayw,

~ a C : w

16.90 inject

(v) =put a substance

into your

body through

the skin using

a needle:

KO.vw tveofl

WORD FORMATION

page 128)

16.91 ctivist

(n) =

person

who takes part

in social,

environmental

or

political

activities: a K n ~ L o T r l c

Thousands of peace activists demonstrated against

the

war.

Der:

action (n)

activate v)

active

(adj)

16.92 nim tor

(n) =

person

who makes cartoons:

OKLTooyp6c.poc;

Ktvouf.itvwv oxeOLwv

The animator

who created Ratatouille was brilliant.

Der:

animate v)

animation

(n):

napaywyrl KLVOUf.ltvwv

oxeiSiwv

animated (adj)

16.93

c mp igner (n)

=person who works for

a

political

or

social cause:

auT6c; nou K6vet t:KOTpaTela

Campaigners for the animal rights movement believe

in

stopping the use of animals in scientific testing.

16.94

consumer (n) =person who buys

goods

and

services: KaTavaAwTr']c; Teenagers are the main

consumers of

popular music COs.

Der: consumerism (n): KaTavaAwTLOI- 6<:;

consumption

(n):

KOTav6Awof1

consume

(v)

16.95

cur tor (n)

=

someone who looks after objects at

a

museum: tc.popoc;

1-iOUot:iou Or

Tom

Rich, the curator

of

the dinosaur collection, will lead a tour

at

2.00 pm.

16 96 dramatist

(n)

=see

4.80

16.97 environment list

(n) = person

concerned

with

studying

and protecting

the environment:

n e p t ~ a A A o v T o A 6 y o c ;

Environmentalists try to

protect

nature.

Der: environment (n)

environmental

(adj)

16.98 speci list

(n) =

person

with a particular skill or a

38

lot

of

knowledge about

a

particular

subject:

eti5tK6c;

We

took

ob

to an eye specialist to have his sight

checked.

Der:

specialisation

(n)

16.99

technici n (n) =person with

technical training

whose

job involves

using

special equipment: TEXVLK6c; Pat

works as a

sound

technician in a recording studio.

16.1 oo tr nsl tor

(n)

= person

who

translates from

one

language to another:

1- ETac.ppaDTrlc;

She works

as

a

translator for the National Geographic magazine.

Der:

translation

(n)

translate

v)

16.101

veget ri n

(n)

= person

who does not

eat

meat or

fish:

xopToc.p6yoc; Lisa is a vegetarian; she gets proteins from

eggs, nuts and grains.

16.102 voc list

(n) =singer; especially

one who sings

popular

music:

TpayouiStOTr']c;. Tpayoui'SlOTpta

The

lead vocalist

lost her voice

at

the end of the group s European

tour.

Der:

vocalise

(v):

£Kcppa1;w

vocal (adj)

16 103

accountant (n)

=see

6.62

16.104 spokesperson

(n) =

someone

who

speaks on behalf

of

a

group or

an

individual:

t:Knp6ownoc; The students

elected

a

spokesperson to represent them

at

the

meeting with the headmaster.

16.1 os dependent (n)

=

person

who

relies

on someone

else for

financial

support

(AmE:

dependant):

npooTaTeU6jlt:Vo 11tAoc; She has four dependents:

three children

and

her mother.

Der:

dependence

(n)

METAPHOR AND MEANING

page

129)

16.106 h mmer

(n) =tool used to

hit

nails

into

wood:

mpupi

Dad hurt his thumb when he hit

it

with the hammec

Der:

hammer (v)

h mmer

home

=

make

a

point

strongly:

Oivw

tiJ,<.pOOT]

at:

K6TL

The campaign hammered home the

message that smoking endangers your health.

16.107

button

(n) =small

key

which you

press

to operate a

machine:

KOUIJ.ni To stop the CD player for a minute,

press the pause button.

16.108

screw (n) a small, sharp piece of

metal

used to join

things together:

~ l i S a

To

fix that drawer, use a screw.

Der:

screw v)

tighten the screws

=

put

pressure

on: yivojlm

mo

auOTT]p6c;, t ~ w If

we

want this law to pass, we ll

have to tighten the screws on the decision-makers.

16.109 clockwork

(n)

=set

of springs inside

a

toy or

clock that makes

it

work: ~ n x a v t o ~ 6 < ;

pot.oytou

nmxvtiStoU The clockwork inside this toy

dog

makes it

move like a real dog.

run like clockwork = run smoothly: iSouAeUw poA6t

Thanks to Sue s managerial skills, the meeting ran like

clockwork.

16.11o

sp nner

(n)

=tool

used

to tighten nuts or bolts

(ArnE: wrench): yaAAtK6

KAeti'Si

The mechanic used a

spanner to tighten the nuts

on

the tyre.

throw sp nner n the works

=

unexpectedly

do

something

that prevents a

process

or plan

from

succeeding:

n a p e ~ n o i 5 i ; w

nc; rpyaoir<; Sally s

resignation from the project has thrown a spanner

in the

works; we ll have to reconsider the whole plan now.

16 111 gear (n)

=part of

a

machine: ypaval;l, ~ n x a v t o ~ 6 < ;

The children were fascinated

by

the gears turning

around

inside the grandfather clock.

get

into ge r

=

start

working

effectively:

aTpciJvof.lOL

OTfl

i5ouAt:t6 We d

better get

into gear

if

we want to

be

ready before the guests arrive.



tools of the trade = skills and equipment needed

to

do a job: a n a p a i T ~ T a ecp66ta

A computer and

a

good

dictionary are tools of the trade for

a

writer.

MEANINGS (page 130)

monitor

= 1. (n) computer screen: o86Vfl unoAoytoTrl

I

w nt to get

colour monitor for my computer.

2

(n) someone who checks that things are

done

properly:

£ A £ Y K T ~ c ;

e n t m i n ~ c ;

There s

a

monitor on

the playground during break to oversee the children.

3 (v) observe the progress of something: napaKo.\ouSciJ,

e.\tvxw

The

baby clinic monitors the early development

of

infants in the area.

14

screen =

1 (n)

flat part of a

lV or

computer, showing

words and pictures: o86vn Our

new

TV has a very large

screen; we feel/ike we are at the cinema when we

watch it

2 (n) cinema: K L V ~ ~ m o y p a < p o c ;

y favourite

book was adapted for the screen; the film just came out.

3

(n)

flat structure that divides a room: 6LOXWPLOTLK6,

n a p a n t T a o ~ a We

put

a painted Japanese screen

between the kitchen and the living room.

4 (v) test or

examine carefully:

£ ~ £ T a ~ w e ~ o v u x t m L K a

Applicants for

the job will be screened at individual interviews. 5

(v)

show a film

or lV

programme: n p o ~ a w e K n o ~ n ~ .

Tmvla KTA.) The documentary on the Galapagos

Islands will be screened tonight at 9.

16 115 web (n)

=

1

structure made

of

thin threads: LOT6c;

Tracy watched as the spider spun its web.

2. complicated set

or

things that are closely

connected

to

each other:

n.\ twa The story is

a

complex web

of

lies and deception. 3.

system

which links computers via the Internet: OlKTuo To

get information on any

number of

subjects, you can

search the World Wide Web.

VOCABULARY

PRACTICE (Units

14-16)


16.116

on a

regular basis=

happening often and according

to

plan: oe

TOKT6

xpovtKO OtaaTT ]IJOTO We meet on a

regular basis to review the company s pertormance.

16 117

shortly (adv) =soon: O L J V T O ~ a Please

sit

down and I

will

be

with you shortly.

16 118 invariably (adv) =always: OT08E:p6., J6Vt JO Ron

invariably forgets to return the books he borrowed.

16 119 provisional

(adj)

=likely to

be changed when other

arrangements are made: npoawptv6c; A provisional

government was in power for two months, until the

elections were held.

16 120

tendency (n) = aspect of your character that you

show by behaving in a particular way:

T6a11 My cousin

has

a

tendency to use her hands while she is talking.

16121 gradually (adv) =slowly: ~ a 8 ~ L a i a We gradually

got

used to the

new

neighbourhood.

16 122

bit

by

bit= gradually: ,\lyo ,\iyo

The new

anti-smoking regulations are being introduced bit by

bit so as to allow time for people to

get

used to them.

16 123 in the nick

of

time= just in time

to

prevent something

bad from happening: n6vw OT lV Wpa

The

rescue team

arrived in the nick

of

time to evacuate office workers

before the bomb exploded, destroying the building.

A. Fill in the

gaps. There are

three

words you do not need

to use.

shed

hedge

radiator

What do we use

to

...

?

motor

microscope

1 enter data into a compute r .......... .

2. heat a room ................... .

3. stop cars driving

down

a street ........... ... .

4.

study small things .............. .

5. make a statue ..................

B. Choose the correct answer.

kettle

key shutters sterilizer

spanner

barrier marble screw

6. clean medical equipment thoroughly ...... ........... . .

7. join two pieces of wood together ........... .

8. boil water .................. .

9.

keep light from coming through a

window

............. .

10. store tools ................... .

1. Condit ions in the slum

I suburb

are so bad that an outbreak

of

cholera is feared.

2. Many elderly widows and widowers miss the

companionship I

brotherhood that a partner offers.

3.

It would

be

foolish to buy a second-hand car without trying it

on I out.

4. A vocalist I spokesperson for the band said they would

be

cancelling their sell-out tour.

5. If the union isn t prepared

to

compromise

I comprise

the strike will continue.

6.

Many people settle in

rural I urban

areas because

of

the slower pace

of

life.

7. Good people skills is definitely one of the gears

I

tools of the trade for a salesperson.

8.

Companies often use financial

incentives I subsidies

like bonuses to encourage staff

to

work harder.

9. The house next door has been on the

sale I

market for two months.

10. If the factory

popularized I

upgraded their machinery, production levels would rise.

39



UN T 8

c

1. Match the words below.

1.

detached a. cleaner

2.

community

b.

estate

3. housing C. belt

4. microwave d. house

5.

commuter

e. tube

6. vacuum f. centre

7.

test

g.

oven

2 Use your answers to Exercise 1 Complete the sentences

1.

The youth programme run at the local ................................ is proving extremely successful.

2. The researcher carefully poured the liquid into the .............................. and

watched

it change colour.

3. A I an . . ......... with a garden around

it

offers a lot of privacy.

4 I

couldn't

be bothered

to get

out

the

................................. so I just used the

broom to sweep

up the

crumbs

on

the kitchen floor.

5.

6

7.

Dinner's in the fr idge- just pop it in the ................................ for a few minutes to heat it up.

This

town

is expanding fast and new

......................... are springing up all over

the

place to

accommodate

the newcomers.

Like

most of

her colleagues,

Sue

lives in

the

................................. and takes a train into the

city

centre each day.

D Use the phrases to complete the dialogues

ake

any necessary changes

out

of

the question

hammer

home

come

up against a brick wall

throw a spanner in the works

the odds

are flat out

1.

How are your attempts to apply for citizenship going?

Oh, I ............................................................................................................. It seems like I might

not

be eligible.

2. I fancy a weekend break in a luxury hotel.

That's ............................................................................................ I'm afraid. There's no

way we

could afford it.

3. How do you think Chelsea will

do

in today's match?

........................... they'll win.

4. According to these statistics, teenage

smoking

is on the rise.

Parents really need to ........ .

. .............................................................. to their children

how

harmful it can be.

5 The deadline for your assignment is coming up.

I

know. That's

why

I'm working ........................

6. The mayor's office just informed us he

won't

be able to open the new children's ward this afternoon.

Well, that's .......................................................................... Who's going to take his place

at

such short notice?

TOPIC


18.1

estuary (n) = part of a river where it becomes wide

and joins the sea: £Kf3oArl

noTOIJOU

We

sailed

down

the river to the estuary

but didn t go out

to

sea.

18.2 shore

(n)

= edge of a sea, lake, or river:

aKTi]

We walked

along the shore

of

the lake

and

watched the sailboats.

18 3

cliff

(n) =steep side of an area of highland: YKPeu6c;,

~ p a x o c ; It makes me nervous to walk near the edge

of

the cliff,·

I m

afraid I'll fall.

18.4 dune

(n)

=hill of sand: auu6Aa<poc;

As children, we

loved to roll down the sand dunes

at

the beach.

18.5 peak

(n)

= top of a mountain or the mountain itself:

40

Kopuc.pfl

f3ouvoU Mont

Blanc is the highest mountain

peak in the Alps.

Der: peak

(v)

18 6 summit (n)

=top

of a mountain: KOpucpJi ~ o u v o u )

When the climbers reached the

summit

of Mt

Everest,

they put

up a

flag.

18 7 ridge

(n)

=long,

narrow top of

a

mountain or group

of

mountains: Kopucpoypauuli I can t see beyond the

mountain ridge but I believe there is a valley on the

other side.

18 8 valley

(n)

=a low area of land between mountains

or hills:

KOLA6i5a The climbers

stood at

the top

of

the

mountain, looking down on the valley below.

18 9

dam (n)

= wall built across a river that stops the flow

of water and creates a lake behind it: <ppayua

Egypt s

Aswan Dam

is built

across the Nile

River

18 10

reservoir (n) a large lake, natural or man-made,

which is used

for

storing water: u5arano8flK11,

5c:E;all£Vrl

The reservoir provides enough water for all

the towns in this area.



hemisphere (n) = one half of the earth, either the

northern

or

southern half:

n ~ t o t p a i p t o

New Zealand is

in the southern hemisphere.

18 12

equator

(n) = imaginary line around the earth, dividing

it into north and south: t o n ~ e p t v 6 ~

The

equator

is

halfway between the North Pole

and

the South Pole.

Der: equatorial (adj)

18 13 continent (n) = one of the world s major areas o f land:

n n e L p O ~

We

toured the North American continent,

from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Der: continental (adj)

18 14

eruption

(n)

=a

sudden explosion in a violent

or

destructive way: t K p n ~ n The

city of Pompeii was

destroyed

by

an eruptton

of Mt Vesuvti.Js

in

79 AD.

Der: erupt (v)

18 15 erosion (n) = process of gradual damage to rocks or

soil, especially by water or wind: o L O . ~ p w o n

The force of

the current has caused the erosion of the river bank.

Der: erode (v)

eroded (adj)

18 16 arid (adj) =so dry

that

few plants are able

to

grow:

~ e p 6 ~ . O . y o v o ~

The safari goes through

arid

desert

until you reach the

game

reserve.

Der: aridity (n)

18 17 avalanche (n)

= large mass

of

snow that suddenly

falls down a mountain: X L O V O O T L ~ a o a

Last winter,

two

skiers were killed in an avalanche.

18 18

slope (n) = side of a hill or mountain: ni-ayt6.

The

beginner s ski slope

is

not

very steep.

18 19

wilderness

(n) = undeveloped area: e p n ~ L O . ,

a y p L 6 T o n o ~

Much of

Alaska is still wilderness.

18 20 volcano (n) = mountain from which gas, lava and rock

explode through a hole in

the top:

n<Poimeto

Mt

Etna is still an active volcano.

Der: volcanic (adj)

18 21

altitude

(n) = height above sea level: u l J o ~ . u L j J 6 ~ e T p o

The plane flew

at a low

altitude

as it

approached the

airport.

18.22 hurricane (n) = violent storm with heavy rain and

strong winds:

KUKA.Wvac; very year hurricanes

c use

tremendous damage to homes in Florida.

18 23 soil (n) =the

top

layer of earth in which plants grow:

t o a t p o ~ . x w ~ a

Not

many plants

grow

in this region, as

the

ground

is

mostly

rock, with very little soil.

18 24

irrigation (n) = the technique of making water flow

into fields where crops are grown:

O pOeuon

There isn t

much rainfall in this area,

so

farmers water their crops

using an irrigation

system.

Der: irrigate (v)

mainland (n) = large mass of land that forms the main

part of a country; not the islands: nnetpwnKJi

xwpa

After

a

holiday

on

one

of

the islands, we returned

to

our home on the mainland.

drought (n) = unusually long period without rain in

which crops die: ~ n p a o i a

a v o ~ ~ p l a The farmers hope

the drought doesn t last too long; this season s crops

may not

survive.

drizzle

(n) =very

light rain:

LjJLAJi ~ p o x J i

You don t

need

an

umbrella; there s

just a

slight drizzle.

Der: drizzly (adj)

overcast (adj) = cloudy, with no sun visible:

o u w e t p t a o ~ t v o ~

The skies were grey

and

overcast

so

we expected rain.

18 29

breeze

(n) = gentle wind: aupa,

aep6.KL They sat on

the balcony enjoying the

cool

evening breeze.

Der: breezy (adj)

18 30 mild

(adj) = quite warm and pleasant: ~ a A a K 6 ~ J i m o ~

It

was

a

mild

evening

so

we decided to eat outdoors.

18 31 fog (n) =thick

clouds

of

water vapor at ground level,

which make it difficult

to

see: o ~ l X A D

The fog was so

heavy we

could

barely see ten metres in front

of us.

Der:

foggy

(adj)

18 32

frost (n) = layer of ice crystals that forms on things

outside when the weather is very cold: n a y e r 6 ~

The

car

was covered with frost this morning.

Der: frosty (adj)

18 33 gale (n) = very strong wind: 8ueAAa

The storm seems

to

be

turning into a real gale.

gale force wind = extremely strong wind: u e M w o n ~

O . v e ~ o ~

The weather forecast

predicted

gale-force

winds.

18 34 sleet (n) = mixture of freezing rain and hail: Xlov6vepo

The rain turned to sleet as the temperature dropped.

Der: sleet (v)

18 35

settle (v) = 1. (of snow, dust, etc.) come down onto

a surface and cover it: K a T a K a S L ~ w 10 oTpWvw

The

ground is

too

wet for

the

snow

to settle.

2. sit

or

lie

down

comfortably in a certain place or position:

K 6 . 8 o ~ m . ~ o i - e u o ~ m

Granddad settled

back

into his

favourite armcha ir

and

took

a

sip

of

whtskey.

18 36

patch (n) = a small part of a surface or area that is

different from

what

is around it: K 0 ~ ~ 6 . T L , ~ e p a ~

The

red

patches on

this

map

represent very dry areas.

18 37 thaw

(v) = ice or snow becomes warmer and changes

into liquid: ALWVW,

~ e n a y w v w When the

snow

starts to

thaw in the spring, the water level

rises

in the rivers.

18 38

drift

(n)

=a

large pile

of

(snow, sand, leaves, etc.) formed

by the movement of the wind: o w p 6 ~ XLOVLOU, O . ~ ~ o u

Large drifts of snow almost buried the parked

car.

Der: drift (v)


COMPOUND

NOUNS (page 143)

18 39

windmill

(n) = building with long pieces of wood that

turn in the wind and produce energy: avqL611uA.o<.; At

the top of the hill, you

II

find the old windmill which

was

used

to

grind

wheat into flour.

18 40 windscreen (n) =glass on the front of a car that a

driver looks through: n a w n p l ~

The heavy rain on the

windscreen made t difficult to

see

the road.

18 41

coastline

(n) =land along

the

edge of

the

water:

napai-ia, O K T O y p a ~ ~ J i

Argenttna has

a

very long

coastline.

18 42

coastguard

(n) = organisation responsible for

watching over a country s coast:

OKTocpuA.aKr j The

coastguard is always there to help ships in distress.

18 43

rainfall

(n) =amount of rain

that

falls at a particular

time: ~ p o x o m w o n

The

amount

of rainfall this winter

has been

lower

than average.

18 44

rainbow

(n)

=

arch of colours

in

the sky which can

appear after rain: oupO.vLo

1 6 ~ o

After

the storm ended,

we saw

a

beautiful rainbow.

18 45 rainforest (n) =thick forest of tall trees in rainy,

tropical regions: TpomK6 06oo<.;

The rainforest is home

to hundreds of unusual species of plants.

41



UN T

8

18 45

raindrop n) ~ d r o p of rain:

omy6va

~ p o x ~ c ; When

raindrops began to fall, we decided to cancel our

plans

for

a picnic.

18 47 he tstroke n) =illness caused by being

in

hot

weather too long: S s w o n A ~ ~ i a

Several people suffered

heatstroke when the temperature rose above 40°C.

18 48

heatwave

n) =stretch of unusually hot weather:

KaUowvac; The temperature was 42oC for a week

during the heatwave last summer.

18 49 thundercloud n) ~ l a r g e , dark cloud likely to

produce

rain: oUvvr:cpo KOTOLylOac; When we noticed the

thunderclouds, we hurried home.

1s.so thundercl p

n)

= loud noise heard

after

a

flash of

lightning: ~ p o v r ~ The children were frightened by the

loud thundercfap.

18.51 w terf ll n) =place where water spills over the edge

of a high cliff to a level below: Karapp6.KTflC: Niagara

Falls are the best-known waterfalls in

North

America.

18 52 w terfront

n)

= area next to a river, lake or sea:

n p o K u ~ a l a .

napalda n6i\f]c; Houses on the waterfront

are desirable. because

of

the view.

18 53 w tercolour

n)

=paints

which dissolve

in

water

or a picture painted with these paints: vep01JnOyL6.

ui5moypa jlia

They

bought

a

watercolour painted

by

a local artist.

18 5c l l ndslide

n)

=a

mass of earth that falls down the

slope of a mountain: KOToi\fo8f]Of]

ei56q:.ouc;)

The

people were afraid of a landslide after the volcano

erupted.

18 55

l ndm rk

n)

=famous

building or object that you can

see and recognise easily: S t o ~ )

o p o ~ ~ o The Effie/

Tower is a famous Paris landmark.

18_56

snowdrift

n)

=deep pile

of snow

formed

by

the wind:

xtovoonl365a The

snowdrift

was four metres deep.

18 57 snowfl ke n) =piece of falling snow: vtq:.65a xtovtoU

he

snowflakes melted as they landed on the ground.

18 58 sunbe m

n)

= ray of sunlight

fJi\LOXTli5a

A sunbeam

came through the window and lit

up

the room.

ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS page 143

18 59

obsessed adj) ~ u n a b l e to stop thinking or worrying

about

something:

nou

8X£L IJOVla

IJE:

K6TL She's so

obsessed with cleanliness that she won t even let

visitors wear shoes in the house.

Der: obsession n)

18 60

compatible

adj) ~ c a n exist together: o t l ~ j l w v o c ; .

TOLptaoT6c;

Don t

travel

together

unless

you

are

compatible and

like to do the

same

things.

Der: compatibility

n)

18 61

content

adj) = satisfied with what you have:

euxaptouwtvoc;

Whereas their friends have all

moved

to

bigger

houses, they're quite

content

with living in a

tiny apartment.

Der: contentment

n)

content v)

Opp: discontented adj)

discontent n)

18 62

isolated adj) ~ s e e

8.19

18 63 engrossed adj) see 4.118

1864

deficient

adj)

lacking something:

e M t n ~ c ; . a v m a p K ~ c ;

A diet deficient in calcium makes bones too soft.

Der: deficiency n)

42

RELATED WORDS page 144)

18 65 wander

v)

=

walk

from place

to

place without a

particular purpose: T p t y u p l ~ w , n e p t n i \ o v t t ~ m We

wandered

around

the market, looking at the displays.

18 66 tiptoe

v)

=walk

quietly on your toes: nepnoTW one;

1JUT£C: TWV noOtWv The babysitter tiptoed into the

room to check on the baby.

18 67

trudge v)

=walk

slowly with heavy steps: nepnaTW

1-i£

K6no The hikers

trudged home

in the

pouring

rain.

18 58

stride

v) strode; s t r i d d e n ) ~ walk quickly with long

steps:

~ a i 5 i ~ w ~ e y 6 A a

~ ~ ~ a m Fred

strode into the

room

just

as the

meeting

was

about

to begin.

18 69 step

v)

=move one foot

in

a certain direction:

K6vw tva 3 ~ 1 - 1 0 The speaker stepped down from the

platform

at

the

end of her

speech.

18 70 w de

v)

= walk through water that is not deep: nepnaTW

mo

vep6 I waded across the stream to

get

the ball.

18 71 plod v)

~ w a l k heavily and slowly:

nepnmw

~ a p t a

The tired horse ploc aed slowly through the fields.

18 72 shuffle

v) ~ w a l k slowly pulling your feet along the

ground:

otpvw

TO

n6i5La

~ o u

The

old

man

shuffled

into the room and sat down heavily

18 73 march v)

= walk with regular steps: nap£i\aUvw.

K6vw

nop£la

The soldiers

marched down

the street,

in strict formation.

18 74 dash

v)

~ r u n

quickly:

rptxw. o p ~ w

Jody

dashed into

the supermarket to buy a few things.

Der: dash n):

aorpamaia

Kivnon

18 75 dawdle

v) walk very slowly, wasting time:

x a ~ e t l w

The children

dawdled

on their way to school,

stopping

to look in the shop windows.

18 76 clamber v)

=climb

over

a difficult obstacle, usually

using hands:

avappLXWI-IOL

We

had

to

clamber

over

the rocks to

get

to the cave.

18 77 scramble

v) ~ c l i m b quickly, using your hands:

oKap jlaAwvw ra

rtooepa Billy scrambled

up

the

hill in

no

time.

18 78

stagger v)

=walk unsteadily: T P E : K i \ l ~ w , napanaTW

After the accident, he managed to stagger into a cafe

to ask for help.

18 79 stroll

v)

=walk

slowly,

in

a relaxed way: K6vw

m::plnaTo The couple strolled along the seashore,

enjoying the breeze.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS page 144

18 80

ground

1. n)

area used

for

a particular activity:

y ~ n e o o .

£Kroon

The city has built a new football

ground in the park. 2. v) punish a child by stopping

him from going to places he enjoys: n ~ w p W

1-1£

nEptopLOI-16)

Tammy was

grounded for two

weeks and

won t be

able to

come

to the party.

3. adj) crushed:

r p L ~ ~ t v o c ; . a A w ~ t v o c ; This recipe uses freshly ground

peppec

grounds =

n)

land, garden and lawn that surround a

building: n £ p [ ~ o i \ o c ; Their country house has extensive

grounds with a lake and a guests cottage.

Der: grind v)

on

the

grounds

that

= for

the

specific reason:

£ n £ L i 5 ~ , i\6yw

TOU

6n She refused to

attend

the

reception on the

grounds that

she

hadn t

been invited

personally.



UNITS 18 and

20

18.122 flood (n)

=

large amount

of

water covering a place

which is usually dry:

n J . . ~ ~ ~ u p a

The heavy rain this

spring caused a flood in

our

basement.

Der: flood (v)

flood the

market

make such a large number

of

goods available

for

sale that they cannot all be sold

and the price falls drastically: K O T a K J . . u ~ w T ~ v ayopa

Cheap

imported

appliances are flooding the market.

18 123

torrent

(n)

strong

flow of

water:

X £ i ~ a p p a < ;

After

the

storm, the stream turned into a raging torrent.

(a)

torrent

o f ~ a lot of: X £ i ~ a p p o < ; ,

K m m y t o ~ 6 < ;

The

candidate was

hit

with torrents of questions from the

reporters

18 124

trickle (n)

small amounts (of liquid) flowing slowly:

OT<lAa,

~ l K p 6 < ; a p t 8 ~ 6 < ;

When the rain

slowed

to a

trickle, we ran to the

car.

18 125 shower with (v) = give someone a lot

of

presents or

affection: K G T O K A U ~ w (K6notov)

IJ E:

Laura's parents

showered

her

with gifts when she graduated.

18 126 wade through (phr v)

=

read

or

deal with a lot

of

boring information:

KOTam6vo11m IJE avtaptc;

n J . . ~ P 0 4 J O p i £ < ;

I

can t

go out

this weekend because I

have to wade through a load

of

papers.

18 127 storm of

protest

very strong objection:

KlqJa

o t a ~ a p T u p i a < ;

There was

a

storm

of protest

from the

workers over the

proposed

reduction

in

benefits.

18 128 dry

up

(phr v) ~ s t o p being available: OT£p£uw,

£ ~ a v T I . o u ~ m What will happen to

our project

if the

money dries

up?

18 129 drop n the oce n = very little: may6va

OTOV

WK£av6

This cutback will help a bit,

but

it's

just

a drop

in the ocean since the company

is so

deeply

in

debt.

18 130

(be)

snowed

under too

much work

to

do:

nvlyof. OL

TT]

6ouAet6 Carole

is snowed

under with extra

homework this weekend so she

can t

go

on

the picnic.

18 131 rising tide an increasing amount

or

occurrence

of something negative which is difficult

to

control:

a v ~ o u x n n K T i m l ~ ~ o ~ There is concern

about

the

rising tide of drug-related crime

in

the city.

IN OTHER WORDS

(page 146)

18 132 run mile = try

to

avoid a situation because you are

embarrassed

or

frightened:

To

~ ~ w oTa n66La

Don t

show

her a

spider-

she

II

run

a

mile

18 133 st nd out mile = be more noticeable than others:

~ £ X W P i ~ w

John is so tall he stands

out

a mile in

any

crowd.

18 134 weigh

ton

be extremely heavy: ~ u y l ~ w tva T6vo

( ~ T 4 J . )

Can

you

help

me

carry this suitcase? It weighs

a ton.

18 135 go the extr mile

do

something which is not

required: K6vw K6n f. £ TO napan6vw

Usa

is

always

ready to

go

the extra mile when she's asked to help.

18 136

come down

on (someone)

like ton

of

bricks

criticise or punish someone severely: emni\flTTw.

K O T O a 6 t 6 ~ w (K6notov) The boss came

down on

us

like a ton of bricks because we wasted money

on

photocopying.

18 137 give (someone) an inch

and

(he'll) take a y a r d ~

always want more than agreed on:

6Lvw

oe

K6nOLov

T

6LKalwf.ia

va

~ 1 T r l O £ L noAA6

Don t

give in to

her

if

you give her an inch, she'll take

a

yard.

18 138 h ve few

pints

drink a few glasses

of

beer at a

pub:

nlvw

tva -

Quo noTT]p6KLa We

always

meet

on

Monday

nights to have

a

few pints.

18 139 feel10

feet

t a l l ~ feel proud of yourself because of

an achievement: vtW8w u m : : p f l c p a v o ~ She said she felt

10 feet tall after winning the essay contest.

18 140 lose h lf

stone

lose about 3 kilos: xavw Ouo- Tpla

KlAO I wish I

could

lose half a stone.

18 141

an

ounce

of

h e l p ~

a very little bit

of

help:

~ t a

oT<lAa

~ o T i 8 £ t a

He wasn't an ounce

of

help in the kitchen; he

stood and

talked to

me

without offering to do

a

thing.

UNIT2

Arts

and

Crafts

TOPIC VOCABULARY

(page 158)

20 1

dome (n) ~ r o u n d e d

roof:

tpouJ..o<;

The dome

of

St Paul

S

cathedral in London

ts

111 metres htgh.

20 2 rch (n) = curved structure held up at each side by a

wall or pillar: alj ioa, K O ~ a p a

The bridge

is

supported

by

arches.

20 3

pottery

(n) pots, dishes, etc. made from clay and

baked to harden them: £ i O ~ K £ p a ~ t K T i < ; We

bought

some

brightly

coloured

pottery

in Peru.

20 4 f bric

(n) =

cloth:

Ucpao11a

She chose a strong fabric

to

cover

the sofa.

20 5 lens

(n) =

curved glass used in cameras, telescopes,

glasses, etc.:

cpaK6c;

I use a telescopic lens for

close-up photographs.

2o.s

sculpture

(n) solid object made of wood stone,

clay, etc. as a

work

of art: yi\unT6 Michelangelo

is

famous

for

his marble sculptures.

Der: sculptor (n): y J . . u m ~ < ;

sculpt (v)

20 7

column

(n)

~ t a l l

stone post, often with a decorated

top: Koi\6va

Marble columns

supported

the

roof of

the Parthenon.

20 8

mural

(n)

picture painted on a wall: Tmxoypa4JiG

The mural, covering one wall, depicts a war scene.

20.9 ornament

(n) =

small attractive object used

for

decoration:

oToALOL, OtaKOOI..LT]TLK6

Every

year

we

hang colourful ornaments

on our

Christmas tree.

Der: ornamental (adj)

20 1

o snapshot (n) photograph: 4JWToypa4Jia, OTlWl6TUno

We

took lots

of

snapshots

at

the barbecue.

20 11

abstract

(adj) = 1.

in

art, using shapes

or

patterns

to

express the artist's feelings rather than showing

things or people:

0 4 J ~ P ~ ~ t v o c ;

It is often hard to

understand abstract paintings. 2 ideas that exist as

thoughts,

not

related

to

physical objects:

0 4 J ~ P ~ ~ t v ~

tvvma

Philosophy deals with abstract ideas like

"freedom".

Der: abstract (n)

abstract (v)

20 12

artefact (n)

~ o b j e c t made a long time ago, usually

of historical importance:

X£LponolT]TO avnKEif.IEVO

(lOTOPlKTi<; ~ ~ a o i a c ;

The art

museum downtown

has

some

interesting prehistoric artefacts

on

display.



· : ~ ;

20 13 illustration n) ~ p i c t u r e or drawing: E L K o v o y p a < p ~ a ~ .

etK6va The children like the illustrations in this

storybook because they are colourful and humorous.

Der: illustrator n)

illustrate v)

20 14

icon

n)

symbol:

a u ~ ~ O A O LKOVLOLO

Madonna has

become a pop icon.

20 15 portrait n) painting, drawing or photograph of a

person:

noptptto

A portrait

of

my

great-grandmother

hangs over the fireplace.

20 16 canvas n) ~ s t r o n g cloth made of cotton or linen,

often used by artists to paint on: K O ~ ~ i l c ;

( ~ w y p a < p t K ~ c ; )

Rembrandt painted with oi1 paints on canvas.

20 17

cr yon n)

=colour for drawing made from wax

or clay: Kpayt6vt, K ~ p o ~ n o y t i l Small children love

drawing with coloured crayons.

20 18 watercolour n) ~ s e e 18 53

20 19 inspiration

n) ~ s e e 4 85

20 20 sketch v) draw quickly without details: aKLToilpw

Robyn sketched a map for me on the back of the

menu.

Der: sketch

n)

20 21 erase v) ~ c o m p l e t e l y remove: a ~ ~ v w Robert didn't like

what he had written so he erased it and started again.

Der: eraser

n)

20 22 landscape n) area of land with a special

appearance

or

painting

of

the countryside: Tonia

The green rural landscape is very relaxing.

20 23

picturesque

(adj) attractive, scenic often because

it is old

or

unspoilt: ypac.pLK6c; The mountainside was

dotted with picturesque stone villages.

20 24 easel n) wooden frame which holds a painting an

artist is working on:

K a ~ a A t T o

Because I came into

the art class late, there was no easel /ef t for me to set

my painting on.

20 25

palette

n) wooden board used for mixing paints:

naAtm

The

artist held his palette in one hand and

brush in the other.

20 26 shade n) form of a colour: a n x p w a ~ They painted

the room an unusual shade of green.

20 27 capture v) represent a quality, feeling or

atmosphere successfully: anoi iii iw, a n a 8 a v m i ~ w The

portrai t captured her childlike innocence perfectly.

20 28 masterpiece n) see 4 30

20 29 flair n) natural ability to

do

something well: K A i a ~ .

TaAtvTo Tina

has

a

real flair for languages - she

speaks five


PHRASAL VERBS (page 159

20 30 touch up (phr v) improve by making small changes

in th appearance

of

something: pETOuoO.pw, KO.vw

~ t K p o i 5 t o p 8 w a e t c ; After the painter touched up the

faded colours, the picture came to fife.

Der:

touch-up n)

20 31 hang

up

(phr v) end a telephone connection by

putting down the receiver: KAeivw TO T ~ A t < p w v o

The number was busy so I hung up. I ll try again later.

wind

up

(phr

v)

bring

to

an

end: teAetwvw, K;\eivw

It's time to wind up the party it's one o'clock

20 33 follow up (phr v) try to find out more about something

or take further action:

o u v e x i ~ w

(tpeuva, npoona8eta)

The detectives

are

following up some new

leads.

Der: follow-up n)

20 34 draw up (phr v) prepare a document:

auvtilaow

If

you draw up

a

fist of people we should thank, I'll

write the thank-you notes.

20 35

pick

up (phr v) see 2 116

20 36 mix

up

(phr v) see 8 39

20 37 ease

up

on)

(phr

v

treat someone less severely:

y i v o ~ m

me e m e L K ~ < ; I wish the boss would

ease

up

on

me;

he's always critical of my work.

20 38 cover up (phr v) hide a fact or the truth from other

people: KaAUnTw, anoKpllnTw The politician tried to

cover up the truth but the newspapers brought it out

into the open.

Der: cover-up n)

20 39 brush

up

on (phr v) improve knowledge by studying:

<ppeaKilpw (yvwaetc;) I want to brush up on my French

before I go to Paris.

COLLOCATIONS (page 159

20 40

show p intings

= exhibit works

of

art: EK8tTw

nivaKec; ~ w y p a < p L K ~ c ;

The

young artist showed his

paintings for the first time in a special exhibition.

20 41

mount

a) photograph fix a photograph securely

into a frame:

K o p v t ~ i l p w

John mounted his graduation

photograph in a gold frame and hung it on the wall.

20 42

mount a) c mp ign

= organise activities

to

achieve

social, political or military results: opyavWvw K a ~ . m O . v t a

Greenpeace activists are mounting

a

campaign to save

the seals.

20 43 mount an) exhibition plan and display art works in

a public place: eK8ttw, opyavwvw

t K 8 e a ~

The

focal

gallery is mounting an exhibition of Tina's drawings.

20 44 catch (someone s)

e y e ~

get (someone) to notice:

Kilvw KilnOLov) va npoatl;et A flash of light caught

my eye and I turned to see where it c me from.

20 45 catch (someone s)

attention

have a sudden effect

on someone: t p a ~ w ~ n p o o o x ~ (Kilnotou) The noise

of the loud argument suddenly caught my attention.

20 46

catch

a glimpse see briefly: ~ A t n w <peuyaMa

Patty caught a glimpse of Joe just as the door closed.

20 47 focus

my) e n e r g y ~

concentrate one s efforts:

~ i l ~ w

6 A ~

~ o u

t ~ v evtpyeta

Having analysed his role,

the

actor is

now

focusing his energy on learning it

off

by

heart.

20 48 focus ttention = look at or think about something

carefully: emKevtpwvw t ~ v n p o o o x ~ ~ o u We have

narrowed down our research to focus our attention

on one particular ge group.

20 49 focus c mer = adjust vision of a camera:

E o n O . ~ w

~ t a < p w t o y p a < p L K ~ ~ ~ x a v ~ She focused her camera

before taking the picture.

2o.so dr w comp rison = process

of

considering

differences and similarities between things: KOvw

oUyKpLOTl The

lecturer drew a comparison between

the novel and the film.

20 51

dr w conclusion

=

see 12.130

45



UNIT 20

20 52

draw ttention

to = cause other people to notice:

£<pLoTW

TrJV n p o o x ~ K6notou) o£

KC:m

The

guide

drew

our attention to the

painting

by

Van Gogh.

20 53

pose for

photo = sit or stand somewhere in order

for someone

to

take your photograph:

not;O.pw

yLa <pwToypmpia Tourists can be seen posing

for

photographs in front

of

the palace.

20 54

pose problem =

create a difficult situation:

O ~ ~ L o u p y w

tva

n p 6 ~ 1 . ~ ~ a

The

proposed budget

cuts pose huge problems for local authorities whose

resources are already limited.

2o ss pose question = ask a question: StTw tva

t::pc.l.nrn1a The speaker posed the question

of

whether

t is

morally right to eat meat.

20 56

re d

(someone s)

mind =

be able to tell what

someone is thinking: o t a ~ a < : w a K t l ) J ~ (Kan01ou)

Thanks

for

offering - I was just about to

ask

you to

help. You must have read my

mind

20 57 bear grudge = dislike someone because of a past

event: Kpani> KOK[a Sue bears a grudge against Bob

because he didn't invite her to the party.

20 58

bear

a) sign ture

=

(fml) have someone s name

written

in

that person s handwriting: cptpw

lV

u n o y p a c p ~ If

it

is real,

that

letter

bearing

Churchill's

signature is valuable.

20 59 bear resemblance (to) = look similar to someone

or

something: ~ o t 6 ~ w ~ c )

Your son bears a

strong

resemblance to your father.

20 60

restore

order return a disorganised situation to its

former organised state:

cnavmptpw I

anoKa8toni>

T ~ V r a l ; ~ The police restored order after the

demonstration became violent.

20 61

restore a

painting) = repair a work

of

art so that it s

in its original condition: avanaAmWvw (nivaKa) The

paintings on exhibit were restored

by

experts from

London.

Der: restoration n)

20 62

restore confidence in)

= make people trust someone

or something again: cnavaKTc.i>

TflV

c ~ m o T o o U v r J

The

government is

hoping

that the tax cuts will restore the

public 's confidence in the economy.


20 63 commission n) = formal request for special work, often

artistic, done for payment: E V T O A ~ , av68£0Tl

tpyou

20 64

omission n)

= something left out or not done:

n a p a i . £ L L ) J ~

20 65

mission

n) = important task: a n o o r o A ~

20 66 likewise (adv) = similarly: n a p o ~ o i w c ;

20 67 likeness n) = close resemblance: o ~ o t 6 H ] T O

20 68

likelihood n)

= probability:

m8av6rwa

20 69 visible (adj) = able to be seen: opm6c;

Opp: invisible

20 70

audible

adJ) = able

to

be heard: LKav6c; va aKouor£i

20 71 tangible (adj) = noticeable, able to be touched:

X£Lpomaor6c;

20 72

contemporary

(adj) = see

12 89

20 73 tempor ry adj) = lasting for a limited time: npoowptv6c;

Opp: permanent (adj)

20 74

contemptuous adj)

=feeling or showing that you have

no respect: m:ptcppovr]TLK6c;

46

20 75

represent

v) = be a sign or symbol of: avanaptoTW,

a u ~ ~ o l . i i ; w

20 76 indic te v) = show, point or make clear: Oclxvw,

u n o o ~ r . w v w

20 77 demonstrate v) = show how to do something:

£nL6£LKVlJW

20 78 remainder n) =

what

is left: ro un6Aomo

20 79

ruins n)

= remains

of

a destroyed building: .spelma

20 80

leftovers n) =food left uneaten after a meal: anocp6yta

WORD FORMATION

(page

160)

20 81

ccessible (adj) = easy to use or reach: npomr6c;

The new entrance makes the museum accessible to

the handicapped.

Der: access

v):

see

8 1 07

Opp: inaccessible (adj)

20 82

adaptable

(adj) = able to change to suit a new

situation: c u n p o o 6 p ~ o o r o c ; I'm sure

Mary

will

do

well

in her new school; she s very adaptable.

Der: adaptation

n):

see 4

70

adapt

v):

see

4 1

04

20 83

admirable

(adj) =

worthy

of praise:

a l ; t o 8 a u ~ a a r o c ;

The

church's

work with the

poor

is admirable.

20 84 adorable (adj) = very attractive: al;tol.arpcuroc; Your

baby is adorable. She has such a cute face

20 85

affordable

(adj) = cheap enough for ordinary people

to buy: O L K o v o ~ L K 6 npomr6c;

Mobile

phones are so

affordable these days

that

almost everyone owns one.

20 86

analytical

(adj) = using a method

of

separating things

into their parts

to

examine and understand them:

avaAunK6c; Jody's analytical skills have helped her in

her job

as

a researcher.

Der: analyst n)

analysis n)

20 87

applicable

(adj) = see

2.120

20 88

stronomic l (adj) = very high costs: aorpovo)JLK6c;,

£1;mp£TLKO u l ) J ~ A 6 < ; y1a noo6) The prices in this

restaurant are astronomical. How

can they charge so

much?

20 89 bearable (adj) = difficult or unpleasant but can be

tolerated: av£KT6c;

The noise from the

parade

was

bearable because we knew

it

would end

soon.

Opp: unbearable (adj)

20 90

comprehensible

(adj) = easily understood:

KOTOVOflT6c;

The instructions

for

using this digital

camera are comprehensible and easy to follow.

Opp: incomprehensible (adj)

20 91

conceiv ble

(adj)

=

possible

to

imagine: m8av6c;

While it's conceivable

that

humans

may

one day

inhabit

the moon, it

won't

be in the near future.

Opp: inconceivable (adj)

20 92

digestible

(adj) = food that is easy for the body

to process:

.sUn.snroc; Bananas and rice are easily

digestible foods.

Der: digestion n)

digest

v):

xwv£uw

Opp: indigestible (adj)

20 93 economical

(adj) = wasting as little as possible, often

money: O l K O V O ~ L K 6 c ; , cpTI1V6c; We

are

going

to get a

smaller

car

that will

be more economical

to run.

Der: economy (n)

economise (also -ize) (v): K6vw O L K O v o ~ l a

economic (adj): o t K o v o ~ L K 6 c ; , oxenK6c;

.1£ TllV

O l K O V O ~ O

I



UNIT 20

20 129 shadow

(n)

=area

of darkness created when

something blocks light:

aKt6

He stood in the

shadow

of the tree so we didn't notice him.

Der: shadowy (adj)

shadow hanging over

(me)

=feeling

that something

unpleasant is going

to

happen: (E:xw) tv KOK6

n p o a i o 8 ~ ~ a The team has

had

a

shadow

hanging

over them ever since they lost the championship.

cast a

shadow=

make a situation seem less hopeful:

npoKaAW

OV louxia

Paul's

being

fired

cast

a

shadow

over the whole office.

20 130

twinkle (v)

=sparkle;

shine with an unsteady light:

A a ~ n u p i i ; w The sky was clear last

night

and the stars

twinkled brightly.

Der: twinkle

(n)

twinkle in (someone s) eye = look

of

excitement or

mischief:

M ~ t j J ~ 010 ~ a n a

(Kcmmou)

With a twinkle

in his eye, Ted

told

me about his plans for the surprise

party.

20 131 light up

(phr v)

=suddenly

look happy:

q J W T i i ; o ~ m

(an6

xapa The children's faces lit

up

when we

suggested going

on a picnic.

20 132 see

(something)

through rose-coloured glasses=

see only good things and none

of

the bad:

TO PMnw

6Aa p66tva She's a

happy

person who always sees

the

world

through rose-coloured glasses.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 162)

20 133 see

(someone

I

something)

in

a

new

l ight= change

your opinion:

pAtnw

(Kcmmov

I

Kiln) aMo ~ a n

When Rob said he was caring for his elderly mother,

we began to

see him

in a

new

light.

come to

l ight=

become

known:

tpxo1-1m

oTo c . p w ~

New evidence has recently come to

light

which has

changed

the direction

of

the investigation.

make

light of=

treat something as not important

or

not serious: naipvw K6n a4J ')c.ptoTa My parents made

light of my concern; they said I don t

need

to worry

about

the future

at my

age.

20 134

picture (v)

=imagine:

q J O V T i l i ; o ~ m What do

you

picture

yourself

doing when you grow

up

and finish

school?

get the picture = (inf) understand a situation:

KOTaAa[3alvw You don t have to explain

any

more - I

get

the picture.


paint

a

picture

=

describe

a situation vividly:

neptypilqJw i ; w ~ p a The doctor

painted

a picture of my

father's condition that was very encouraging.

20 135 shape (v)

=influence

the development of:

6 L a ~ o p q J w v w Fred's attitudes have been shaped by

what he

reads in the newspaper.

Der: shape (n):

o x ~ ~ a .

~ O p < j l ~

in shape = in good physical condition: oe q J 6 p ~ a

m:: KaA ')

c.pumK ')

KOT6oTao l

Mike runs five kilometres

every day

so he ll be

in shape for the marathon.

take

shape

= begin

to

have a more certain form:

naipvw

1- 0pc.pr']

The plans for our trip began to take

shape after we decided on the city we wanted to see.


20 136 go

on

and

on=

talk continuously for a long time:

'-HAW aKaT< mauoTa My dad

went

on and

on about

golfing; it was so boring.

20 137 go

cheap= sell at a low price: nwAoUI-IOL <.pT'lV6

Bananas were

going

cheap at the market today

so

we

bought

two

kilos.

20 138

all

go=

extremely busy:

T p o ~ e p a

a n a o x o A ~ ~ t v o c ;

It's

been all go since the shop opened; we haven't had a

minute

to rest

20 139

have

a

go=

try: 6 o K L ~ a 1 ; w I m

not very good at

scrabble but if

you want

to play. I'll have a go at

it

20 140 go with (phr v)

=look

good together: T m p t a ~ w

Both

the blue

shirt and

the green

shirt

go with the

jeans; it

doesn t matter

which one you wear.

20 141 get

going= start working

or

start moving: ~ E : K L V W

O T P W V O ~ Q l O T ~

OOUAELO The film starts in 45 minutes;

we d better get going

if

we don t

want

to

be

late.

20 142

make a go of= be successful: nc:Tuxaivw K6TL

n p o o n a S W v T a ~

oKAilp6

Rita is working

hard

to make

a go of her new business.

20 143

(be) going strong= doing well: p a n t ~ m KaM His

grandmother is

90

and

still going strong.

20 144 goes to

show=

proves a point: anoiSE:LKvUc:L (6n)

We

didn t expect Veronica to win, which just goes to

show

how

wrong

we were.

20 145 to go = remaining: aK61-i'l. nou ano1-1EV8L The holidays

are

almost

here - just a

month

to go

A. Circle the ONE word

that CANNOT

be

used

in

each sentence.

1.

The elderly

woman shuffling I clambering I trudging down

the street

was

obviously tired.

2.

Only a fool would venture

out

in a

boat

in a gale I hurricane I breeze.

3. The mountain road had been blocked

by

a

I

an

avalanche I

snowdrift

I snowflake.

4. The little

boy

knew that the

circular

I

triangular

I rectangular package was unlikely to contain a new ball.

5. The deluge

I drought I

heatwave had lasted for a long time; everyone was relieved when

it

finally started to rain.

6. The artist is in her studio working on a portrait

I

palette

I

watercolour.

7. The hikers set off on a cold and soaking I

frosty

I foggy morning.

8. The huge

domes I cones I columns

on the building are typical

of

this architectural style.

48



B Complete

the

sentences using the

nouns

below.

reservoir wilderness coastguard torrent pottery rays artefacts

cubes o sleet • l ns

1. A number

of

............................ unearthed by archaeologists at the site date back

to

the Bronze Age.

2 There has been

so

little rain this year that the water level in the ............................ has dropped dramatically.

3

He

cut

the cheese into ............................ and added it

to

the salad.

4 Locally-made ............................ is always popular with tourists.

5

Getting lost

in

an

icy ............................ is any Arctic explorer s worst nightmare.

6

The scientists wore goggles

to

protect their eyes from the ............................ emitted by the device.

7 The ............................ which had been falling all afternoon had changed into

snow

by nightfall.

8

I was unable

to

study the bacterium properly as the microscope had a cracked ............................ .

9

Further downstream the gentle river becomes a fast-flowing ............................ .

10. The ............................ intercepted a boat which

was

transporting illegal immigrants.

c 1. atch the words to form expressions or collocations

1.

flood

······

a the extra mile

2. pose

b

the market

3. mount

c . someone s eye

4

catch

······

d. a comparison

5. bear

e a question

6.

draw

f order

7.

go . ... g . an exhibition

8. restore

h a signature

2 Complete the sentences with phrases from Exercise 1

ake

any necessary changes

1. It was only hours after the rioting began that the police were able

to

................................... .

2

A sudden movement on the other side

of

the warehouse ................................... and I

went

to investigate.

3 In his essay, the student ................................... between the

two

philosophical theories.

4

Sorry,

but

if the cheque doesn t ................................... , I

won t

be able

to accept

it.

5. A special ............................................

to

celebrate the landscape painter s long and successful career.

6

John s an old friend; that s

why

I m prepared

to

................................... on his behalf.

7 As

cut

price computers ................................... , demand for expensive models fell.

8 During the job interview, the manager of the company ............................ rather unexpected ............................ .

D Choose the correct

word

or phrase to complete the sentences.

1. A storm

of

protest is when few many people object

to

something.

2

If you walk along the shore, you are far from near the sea.

3

The windscreen is located at the front back of a car.

4. A thunderclap is something

we

can hear

see

in the sky.

5 Someone who is obsessed with something

is

happy with it thinks about i t all

the time.

6

If you tiptoe into a room, you walk

quietly

quickly.

7

A plain tie is one with without a detailed pattern.

8

If you hail from Athens, you are

from Athens are going

to Athens.

9 Something which is hazardous is safe dangerous.

10. If you are snowed under with work, you have a lot little to get through.

11. If you touch

up

a photograph, you

improve enlarge

it.

12. If you cover up a mistake, you reveal hide it.

13. A comprehensible explanation is one which is

easy difficult

to

understand.

14. A man and a woman

should should

not

get

married if they are incompatible.

49



5

cr ve

v) have a strong desire for something: AaxTapW

After a week on a diet Todd craved something sweet.

Der: craving n)

substitute

n) something you use in place of

something else: unoKaTOOTOTO Artificial

sweetener

is

used

as a

substitute for

sugar.

Der: substitution

n)

substitute v)

wean

v) stop

feeding a baby mother s milk and

train it to take other food: a n o y a A a K T L ~ w

Many

infants

are

weaned

at about six months.

hew v) use your teeth to soften food: IJOOO.w The

meat was tough and

hard

to chew.

Der: chewy (adj)

m sh up

(phr v):::: puree

or

crush food: noATonotW

Mum mashed up the banana

for

my baby sister.

consume v) eat or drink something:

KOTavaA.Wvw

Teenagers consume a huge quantity of food.

Der: consumption

n)

sieve

n)

kitchen tool with small holes used

to

filter

out liquids or small pieces: ooupwnlpt

K60KlVO

Put

the flour through

a

sieve to remove the lumps.

Der: sieve v)

frying pan

n)

flat metal pan with a long handle:

nwO.vt We

made

an

omelette

in the frying pan.

crockery n) dishes: mmLKO (AmE: dishes) My

crockery

is

stored in the cupboard.

s ucep n n)

deep pot for cooking, often with a

handle: KOToap6Aa Cook rice in a covered saucepan

for 2 minutes.

cutlery n) knives, forks and spoons (AmE:

silverware): IJOXOtponipouva

The table

was

set

with

silver cutlery and

elegant

china.

consistency

n) ::::thickness or smoothness of a

substance: nuKv6TJlTO Beat the

butter

and sugar until

the mixture has a smooth consistency.

Der: consistent (adj): am8£p6c;,

O ~ O L O ~ O p L p o c ;

dr in

v)

=

remove liquid by causing it to flow away:

o T p a y y l ~ w Drain the water from the pasta before you

add the sauce.

Der: drain n): a L p a i ~ a ~ n anoxtreuan

ingredient n) one of the foods or liquids you use to

make a meal: ouoTOnK6 I have all the ingredients for

a cake except eggs.

peel

v)

=

remove the skin from a fruit or vegetable:

~ £ L p l o u 6 i i ; w First we

peeled

the potatoes then we

sliced

them.

Der: peel n): Lpl.ouoa

peeler

n):

a n o < j l i . O L W T ~ c ;

simmer v) cook gently just at boilrng point:

m y o f 3 p 6 ~ w Simmer the stew for an hour until the

meat is done.

dough

n)

mixture of flour, liquid and fat used

to make pastry or bread: i ; u ~ n .

i ; u ~ a p t

o prepare

biscuits roll out the dough

and

cut it into shapes.

gre se

v) = 1. rub with oil or margarine to prevent

food from sticking: f3ouTupWvw Grease the

pan

before pouring in the batter. 2.

put oil on something

to make the parts work smoothly: AaOWvw My sewing

machine

needs to be greased every six months.

Der: grease n)



pastry (n) =

mixture

of

flour, fat and water which is

rolled out flat and used to make pies: ~ u ~ n Apple pie

has a pastry base and a fruit filling.

pinch (n) =

very small amount:

EAGXLOTn nocr6rnm

dd a ptnch

of

salt to the vegetables after cooking.

Der: pinch

(v)

stir (v) =

1 mix a liquid in a circular movement using

a spoon or other object: avaKaTeUw Jack added

sugar to his tea

and

then stirred it.

2

move slightly:

KLVOlJI-J.OL

c:AmppO,

oaA.c:Uw As morning approached,

the child stirred in her bed.

crust (n) = the layer

of

pastry around a pie or the

hard outer layer

of

bread: K6pa L j J W ~ L o u ) , <puhho

niTac; Many

children

prefer

their sandwiches with the

crusts

cut

off.

c lorie (n) =

unit for measuring the amount

of

energy

food produces:

8Ep1Ji0a

Chocolate cream cake has

more calories than

a

cup

of

fruit salad.

fattening

adj) = likely

to

make you put on weight:

naxuvTLK6c; Foods like chocolate, cake and ice-cream

are quite fattening.

Der: fat

(n)

fatten

(v)

food

poisoning = stomach illness caused by eating

food containing harmful bacteria: r p o < p L K ~ i5nhnrnPiaan

We

developed food poisoning after eating spoilt

fish

nutritious adj) = food that provides substances

people need

to

be healthy: 8pemLK6<; For a nutritious

snack, try

a

yoghurt or some fruit.

Der: nutrient (n): S p e n n K ~ oucria

nutrition n): i 5 L a r p o < p ~

poultry (n) =

birds used for meat

or

eggs: nouhepLKa,

Kptac; nouhepLKWV

We

usually have poultry, either

chicken

or

turkey, on Sundays.

cholesterol (n)

= chemical substance found in the

body which is believed to cause heart disease:

xohncrropivn Hard cheese

and

eggs are high in

cholesterol and should be eaten in moderation.

food ch in series of living things that are connected

because each feeds on the one below it: r p o < p L K ~

ahucrioa The use of chemicals in agriculture affects the

entire food chain because plants are eaten

by

animals;

then humans eat meat from those animals.

genetically

modified adj) = having the structure of

its genes altered: yevenKO

~ e T a i \ i \ a y ~ E : v o c ; We are

not yet sure of the long-term effects on humans of

genetically modif ied corn.

organic

adj)

=

made

or

farmed using only natural

animal and plant products and without adding

chemicals: ~ L O A O Y L K 6 < ; Organic food is becoming

increasingly

popular

as consumers become more

concerned with healthy eating.

processed

adj) = food) treated with chemicals

to

make it last longer

or

look better:

e n e ~ e p y a c r ~ t v o c ;

Processed food is less healthy than fresh food.

Der: process (n): i5tai5tKacria

process

(v)

scare (n) = a situation in which people are afraid

that something dangerous is happening that will

affect everyone:

T p 6 ~ o c ;

In the recent food scare the

authorities discovered a toxic chemical in a certain

kind

of

cheese.

22 50 watch

(my)

weight =

be careful about (my) die1

that

(I) don t

gain weight: npocrtxw

TO

j l Q p o ~ ( .IOU) I

have to watch my weight if I want to stay a size 36.

22 51

contaminate (v)

= pollute with things that are dirty

or

poisonous:

~ o h u v w The

water in

the lake has

been

contaminated with chemicals from

a

nearby factory.

Der: contamination (n)

contaminated adj)

22 52 crop (n) =

plants grown for food:

K a A A L E : p y o u ~ e v o

elOoc;

Summer

crops like tomatoes are grown in the

winter in greenhouses.

22 53 swallow (v) = make food or drink go down the throat:

KOTanlvw Tina swallowed the tablet with some water.

BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY page 175)

22 54 gr te

(v)

rub food on a grater in order to

cut

it into

small pieces:

T p i ~ w (arov rpi<pTn) We grated the

cheese and put it on top

of

the pizza.

Der: grater

(n)

22 55 chop (v) = cut

into small pieces:

L j J L A O K 6 ~ w . r o ~ a x i ~ w

I

chopped

the onions

and

mushrooms into small

pieces and

put

them in the tomato sauce.

22 56 digest (v)

= see 20 92

22 57 slice

(v)

= cut into thin flat pieces: K 6 ~ w cre <ptroc;

I sliced the meat thinly and placed it between two

pieces

of

bread to make a sandwich.

Der: slice (n)

22 58 grape (n)

= small green

or

purple fruit, often used

to

make wine:

crTac.pUA.t

I

picked

a bunch of grapes from

the vine to serve my guests.

22 59 pork

(n)

= meat from a pig: xmptv6 Kptac; Do you

prefer pork

or poultry for supper tonight?

22 60 plum (n) = small yellow or red fruit with a stone:

o a ~ a c r K n v o Sue

bought

plums to make jam.

22 61 peach (n) = fruit with a yellow or red skin and a

stone: pooaKLvo

My

mother put apples, peaches and

oranges in the fruit salad.

22 62 helping (n) = amount of food served:

~ e p i o a

She

liked the pasta salad so much that she asked for a

second helping.

22 63 portion (n) =

amount

of

food served that a person

eats at a meal: ~ e p i o a nocr6TnTO Each

of

the boys

ate

a

large portion

of

rice.

22 64 serving (n) amount of food a person is given at a

meal: ~ e p i o a Please put a small serving of potatoes

on

my

plate.

Der: serve

(v)

22 65 spill

(v)

= accidentally

pour

liquid: xuvw

(KOTa

MSoc;)

Ben spilled water on his shirt but it dried quickly.

22 66 nibble (v) = eat in very small pieces: T O L ~ n o h o y w

Meg wasn t really hungry but she

nibbled

at a biscuit.

22 67

devour (v)

= eat quickly and eagerly: K O T a ~ p o x S i ~ w

The lions devoured the animal they had

just

killed.

22 68

ingest (v)

= eat

or

drink something: h a ~ ~ a v w r p o < p ~ .

KOTanlvw This plant is poisonous; if ingested, call a

doctor.

Der: ingestion (n)

22 69

staple

(n)

=

a product, especially food, that people

eat

or

use regularly: ~ a m K npo"L6v

In India and

China, rice is a staple.

Der: staple adj)

5



UNIT 22

22.10 beef

(n)

=

meat from cows:

IJOOXOPloto Kptac;

Hindus

don't

eat beef; Muslims

don't

eat pork.

22.71

wheat

(n) ~ g r a i n used to make flour: omipL My

favourite bread is made from whole wheat.

22.72

bitter

(adj)

1

having a strong sharp taste;

not

sweet: mKp6c; The medicine

left

a bitter taste in

my

mouth

2.

feeling angry or upset because of a bad or

unfair experience: mKpaiJ.tvoc;

He became

bitter

after

losing his job.

Der: bitterness (n)

22.73

savoury (adj)

1

having

a

salty or spicy taste:

a/qJup6c;, ntK lVTLKoc; I prefer

savoury

snacks like

pretzels or crisps to sweets 2. having a pleasant

smell or taste: yeuoTLK6c:;,

opEKTtK6c;

The savoury

smell of roast lamb came from the kitchen.

Der: savour (v)

22.74 sour

(adj) ~ h a v i n g

a taste like that of a lemon: ~ L v 6 c ;

The

strawberries were

sour so

I sprinkled sugar on them.

22 75 greedy (adj} = wanting to eat or drink more than you

need:

A G i ~ a p y o c ; cmt.noTO<;

The first guests to help

themselves

at

the

buffet

were so greedy that there

was nothing left for the latecomers.

22 76 gourmet

(n)

a person who knows a lot about good

food and drink: Kaf.orpayac;,

y a O T p o v 6 ~ o c ; My brother

is

a

gourmet

when

it comes

to wine.

22 77 c sserole (n) a dish made

of

meat or chicken

and vegetables which is cooked slowly with liquid:

<.payJlT6 K O T o a p 6 A a ~

The restaurant s speciali ty is the

chicken casserole.

22 78

foodie (n)

::::someone who enjoys eating and cooking

a variety

of

food: Kaf.orpayac; He

is

a devoted foodie

who enjoys

both

cooking

and

eating all sorts

of

ethnic

foods.

22 79

connoisseur (n) = person who

knows

a lot

about

art

or

food: y v t i . l o T J l ~ , stiSr ]IJWV

My

sister

is

a

connoisseur

of

wine

and

has a large collection of wines from alf

over the world.

22 80

pulses (pi n) = seeds which are

cooked

and eaten

such as peas or lentils: 6onpta Pulses

and

beans are

an excellent source of protein

and

also low in fat.

22 81 herb

(n)

= plant whose leaves are used in cooking

to add flavour to food: a p w ~ G T L K 6 ~ 6 T a v o The herb

oregano

is

often used in Italian cooking.

Der: herbal (adj)

22 82 seasoning

(n)

pepper, salt and spices that add

flavour to food: ~ n a x a p L K 6 K a p u K s u ~ a Why

don't

you

add some

seasoning to make this soup more

interesting?

Der: season

(v)

22 83

spice (n)

substance from a plant added to food for

flavouring: 1JnaxaptK6 Cumin

and

curry are

spices

used in Indian cooking.

Der: spicy (adj)

22 84 in

the

mood (for) ~ f e e l like doing something: xw

OtO.Seon

(va

KO.vw

K6n) Nick said he was in the

mood

for seeing a film.

22 85 o offer currently available for sale: O t a 8 t o q . . 1 o ~ , ae

npoo<.popO. There are a

lot

of

new

COs on

offer at

the

music store.

22 86

array

(of)

(n)

group

of

people

or

things

of

the same

type or related in some way:

napOTOE,f]

There s an

array of gold rings on display in the store window.

S2

22 87

in se son

=fruit

and vegetables that are growing

now and are plentiful: T i l ~ s n o x r ] ~ When strawberries

are in season,

/like

to make strawberry jam.

22 88 (be) spoilt for choice = not sure what to

choose

because there is such a wide variety: iSEv E tpw n va

OtaAtE,w If

you enjoy ethnic restaurants, you will be

spoilt for choice in London.

22 89 side by side = next to each other:

nAO.t-nA6t

The girls

sat side

by

side during the bus ride.

22 90

in qu nd ry =

not

able to make a decision: OE

o i t . n ~ ~ a

I'm in a quandary; I really

don't

know

whether to study

or get

a

job

next

year.

22 91

indulge (in) (v) let yourself do something you enjoy:

unoKUnTw OE (IJtO an6Aauo11) love the summer- it s

my

opportunity to indulge in leisure activities like

reading.

WORD FORMATION

(page 176)

22 92 ssessment (n)

=judgement

or opinion made after

careful consideration:

EKTlJ.lflOll.

aE,toA6yf]Oflln many

schools, assessments of a pupil s progress are sent to

parents twice

a

year.

Der: assessor

(n)

assess (v)

22 93 closeness (n) = intimacy: OLKEL6TflTO, OTEV6TflTO

After

their holiday together the friends felt a new feeling of

closeness with one another.

Der: close (adj)

22 94 closure

(n) =the

shutting down of something

permanently:

KAEiotiJO, OtaKonr ]

A e t T o u p y l a ~

The

closure

of

the

car

factories in the area has had a

serious effect

on

the local economy.

22 95 commitment

(n)

= strong belief that something is

good and should be supported: o t o ~ e u o n

Members

of

Green

peace

have

a

commitment

to protecting the

environment.

Der:

commit (v)

22 96

e gerness (n) = enthusiasm: AaxTOpa, avuno].lOVflOla

In her eagerness to help serve the wine, Shelley

dropped

the bottle

and it

broke.

Der: eager (adj)

22 97 exposure (n) =the state of being in a situation where

something dangerous or harmful affects you strongly:

tK880fl (ae KlviSuvo) Over exposure to the sun during

childhood can lead to skin cancer in later life.

Der: expose (v)

22 98

handful

(n)

small

number of

people or things:

~ L K p 6 c ; a p 1 8 ~ 6 c ; That rock group is

not

very popular;

only a handful

of

people attended their last concert.

22 99

houseful (n)

=

large number

of

people

in

a house:

tva onin y s ~ a T o (av8pwnouc;) We had

a houseful

of

guests over the weekend.

22 100

investment

(n)

=something

you buy

or do

because it

will be useful or profitable later: otKOVOf.itKr ] c:ntviSuon

Buying

your

own home

is

a

good

investment.

Der: investor (n)

invest (v)

22 101 involvement

(n)

= act

of

taking part

in

an event,

activity or situation:

av01JtE.ll We need

the active

involvement

of

the

mayor

in order to

get

this

programme moving in the city.

Der: involve

(v):

see 10.97



22.102

likeness (n)

=see

20.67

22.103 literature (n)

=stories

poetry and plays that have

artistic value: AoyoTEXVla He teaches modern English

literature

at

the local college.

Der: literary (adj)

22.104 seizure (n)

=act

of taking control of something,

especially violently: m a o x w ~

The court ordered the

seizure of all

the

company s financial records.

Der: seize

(v)

seized adj)

COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS page

176)

22.105 wean

(v)

= see

22.19

22.106 quench (my) thirst= drink something so you no

longer feel thirsty: o ~ ~ v w oiljJo

( ~ a u ) I quenched

my thirst with

a

glass

of cold

water.

22.107 swallow (my)

pride=

do something that you think is

necessary, although it makes you feel bad:

~ a ~ w

T ~ v

u n e p ~ q > c ' V e l a ( ~ a u )

Kma ~ t p o c : ;

He swallowed his

pride

and asked his

younger

brother to

lend him

some

money

22.108 whet (my) appetite = make

(me)

feel that I want

to have or do something: ( ~ a u ) avoiyet T ~ v 6 p e ~ ~

Watching that programme about Japan really whet

my appetite to see Tokyo.

22.109 watch (my) weight= see

22.50

MULTIPLE MEANINGS page

177)

22.110 splash

(v)

= 1. cause water to fall noisily: m T o t A i ~ w

The children splashed the water in the pool.

2.

publicize in a highly noticeable way:

O ~ ~ O O l e U W Oe

n e p i o m ~ S t o ~ Didn t you hear about their divorce?

It

was splashed all over the papers.

Der: splash

(n)

heat

= 1.

n)

in sports one of a series of races or

competitions to decide on the finalists: npoKpq..J.anK6c;

ayti:lvac; Chris

came in

first

in

the

qualifying heats

so

now he has

a

place in the finals.

2. (v) = raise the

temperature: ~ e m a i v w

We

heated some milk to make

hot

chocolate.

22 112 feed (v) = make an emotion stronger: Tpoq>ooonil,

o u v a ~ w v w

( ~ T < P . ) Watching

a

film about

a

break-in

only feeds

her

fear

of

being alone.

fed up (adj) = annoyed about something which has

been going on for some time:

1-inDUXTlOI..Itvoc;

I m fed

up with washing the dishes every meal; it s about time

the children helped.

113

stir (v) = see

22.37

stir up

phr v) = cause a particular feeling: npoKaAw

a u v a i o S ~ ~ a . a v a ~ v ~ a e t c : ; )

Watching the boys on their

horses stirred

up

happy memories of

my

childhood.

bite= 1.

(n)

small amount of food: ~ n o u K t a Anna is

starving

because she hasn t had

a

bite to eat since

breakfast.

2.

(v)

cut with your teeth: oayKWVW Tom bit

into an apple.

eat up phr v) = eat all

of

something: anoT£Aetwvw

q > a y ~ T 6 The dog ate up all the food in its dish.

eat (my) words = take back what I) said earlier:

naipvw niow

m

Myta ~ a u )

I had to eat

my

words

when

our team won the championship after

all.

RELATED WORDS page 177)

22.116 minority (n) =less than

50 :

~ e t o l j J ~ q > i a Women

were in the minority

on

computer courses 10 years

ago

but they re

not

in the minori ty today.

Der: minor (adJ): a o ~ ~ a v T o < ;

22.117 gigantic (adj) = huge: ytyavnoc:; They

built

a gigantic

shopping centre in our

town.

22.11 B

vast

adj) = extremely large:

Tepc' onoc:;

he

shop

stocks

a

vast range of products.

Der: vastness (n)

22.119 dozens

of many: tva owp6 Dozens of students

gathered

in

the cafeteria between

classes.

22.120 tons of::::

a

lot:

n:p ona noo6TTlTO I ve got

tons

of

food left over from the party so help yourself.

22.121 a pinch

of= see 22.36

22.122 innumerable adj)

=too

many to count: a v a p i S ~ ~ T o < ;

Ed

has innumerable

complaints

about the company

where he works.

Der: numerate adj)

numeral (n)

22.123 loads of=

plenty:

~ e y e ' / > , ~ n o o 6 T ~ T O We ll have loads

of

dishes to wash after the dinner party.

22.124 a drop of= a little bit of liquid: ~ l a OT6Aa, ~ l a

may6va I ll take just a drop of cream in my coffee.

22.125 abundant adj) = existing in large quantities:

aq>Sovoc:;

The village has an abundant

water

supply.

Der: abundance (n)

22.126 trace (n)

=small

amount of something:

ixvoc:; She

speaks English with just

a

trace of an accent.

22.127 immense

adj)

=extremely

large: n£/>,wpto<;,

a x a v ~ < ;

The new city library is immense.

Oer: immensity (n)

22.128

majority

(n)

=more

than

50 :

n / > , e t o l j J ~ q > i a

Steven is

class president because the majority

of

the class

voted

for him.

Der: major adj):

o ~ ~ a v n K 6 < ;

22.129 a touch of= a little bit: Alyoc:;, ~ t a ~ l K P ~ 6 6 o ~ I seem

to have

a

touch

of flu.

22.130 minuscule

adj) = tiny:

~ l K p o o K o m K 6 < ;

Some

poisons

are deadly even in minuscule amounts.

22.131 meagre adj) = less than you need: nevtxp6<;,

a v e n a p K ~ < ;

The meal was meagre

and

we left feeling

hungry.

22.132 countless (adj)

= many:

a ~ t T p ~ m < ; There are

countless reasons why people visit Greece.

22.133 minute adj) = very small: no)>,u ~ l K p 6 < ; ,

eMXlOTO<;

This air filter system will keep out even the most

minute particles

o dust.

22.134 ample adj) =plenty: aq>Sovo<;,

apK£T6<;

There

is

ample

room on this sofa for three people.

22.135 a grain of truth=

some truth:

lxvoc:;

a ) > , ~ S e t a c : ; You

can t

always believe him, but this time I think there is

a

grain of truth in what he says.

22.136 a speck of dust = bit

of

dirt: tva<; KOKKoc ; O K 6 v ~ c : ;

My

aunt s house is

so

clean that there s not

a

speck of

dust anywhere.


page

178)

22.137 drop (v) = let fall: plxvw,

a q > ~ v w

Kan) va ntoet

22.138 drip (v) =fall slowly in small drops liquid):

m a ~ w

22.139 splash (v) = see

22.110

5

'



UN T

22 140 le k

(v) =let liquid

or

gas escape from a container:

on': i;w,

6tapptw

(yta uyp6,

atpto)

22 141 spill (v) =see

22.65

22.142

pour

(v) =make liquid

flow

out of a container

by

holding

it at

an angle:

pixvw

(uyp6), o c p ~ i p w (noT6)

22.143

cook (n) = person who prepares food: 6 Y £ t p a ~

22 144

cookery

(n)

=preparation of

food

(AmE: cooking):

~ O Y E L P L K J i

22.145

cooker

(n)

=gas

or

electric appliance

for

cooking

food

(AmE: stove): ~ A E K T p L K J i

KOUi;iVO

22 146

spre d

(v)

=

cover

with

a thin layer: anAWvw, aAE:Lc.pw

22 147 squeeze (v) =press firmly: a r t ~ w

22.148 sprinkle

(v)

=shake

a small amount over: n a o n a / d ~ w .

pavTii;w

22 149 preserv tive

(n)

=chemical added to food to prevent

it from spoiling: OUVTJlpf]nK6

22.1so

conserv tive

(adj)

=not

liking

change

or

new

ideas:

O U V T ~ P W L K O C :

(DE

LOEEC:

22 151

addition

(n)

=something put with other things:

n p o o 8 J i K ~ .

n p 6 o 8 c o ~

22 152

eligible

(adj)

=allowed

by

rule

or law to

do

something: KOTclAAT )Aoc;, nou

tX Sl i5LKO[WIJO

an6 TO

V61JO

22 153 legible (adj) =readable: wavayvwoToc;

22 154

edible

(adj)

=suitable

for eating:

< p a y w m ~ o c ;

22.1ss

unlike (prep)=

different from: avTl8£TO

an6

22 156

dissimilar

(adj) =see

6.138

22 157

apart

(prep)= except for: EKT6c; (an6)

METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 178)

22 158

cough up

(phr v)

=give

someone money unwillingly:

nAf]pWvw avayKOOTLK6 My parents have to cough up

a lot

of money for

my

school

fees

22 159

sponge

off

(phr

v) =ask

for money

and

other

things,

without paying anything back: i;w

£LC:

~ a p o c ; K6notou

Tom sponged

off his parents

for a

whole year until he

finally got

a

job

and

moved out.

22 160

liquid te assets sell what you own in order to use

the money:

PEUOTOTIOL<.il n£pLOUOlOK6

OTOLX£ia The

company

had

to liquidate

most

of its assets in order

to pay off its debts.

22 161

c sh flow (n) = movement

of

money into and out

of

a

business: OtaKLVf]Ofl peumoU I XP1lll6Twv Our

company s cash flow has improved because sales

have increased.

22

162

go under

(phr v) = see

2.107

22 163

get greedy

=

want more

than you need:

ylvoiJOL

OnAf]OToc; The business was doing well until they got

greedy

and

raised prices.

22 164

(a) slice of the market = share of total sales

for

a

particular product: IJE:pLOto OTf]V

ayop6

Our company

has been growing yearly, but

our

slice of the total

market is still small.

22 165

down

the drain= completely lost: (now) x a ~ t v o c ;

Our plans to expand the business went

down

the

drain when the bank refused to give us a loan.

22 166 eat

into

(phr v)

=use or

take a larger share than

planned: Tp<.ilw

IJ.SY6Ao

IJ.SpLOto an6

K6TL

Our

expenses for this month have eaten into

our

savings

because

we

had to repair the

car

54

22 167 a piece

of

the pie a share

of

whatever money or

resources are available: ~ s p i 6 t o T ~ C : nimc; (w<p.) We

need to advertise more

if

we want to

get

a

bigger

piece

of

the pie.

22 168

take large bite out

of

reduce something by a

large

amount

anoppocpW tva 1J.Sy6Ao

11tpoc;

XP11116Twv Buying a new car took a large bite out

of

our savings.

22 169

st y

afloat

have just enough

money to

stay

in

business:

.smr3tWvw

(otKOVOIJLK<i)

The business is not

doing very well but we re managing to stay afloat.


22 170

drop in (phr v) = visit informally: c:moKtnTOIJOL

(

n p o c t o o n o i ~ m

Kate

and

Michael

dropped

in last

night on their way home from the cinema.

22 171

break

in (phr v) = enter a building by force: £ L O ~ O A A W

nap6VOIJO

Thieves broke in through the window and

stole our TV and camera.

22 172 flood n (phr v) =arrive in large numbers: K O T O K A U ~ w

fter

the earthquake, donations for the victims began

to flood in from all over.

22 173

sink in

(phr v)

=understand or

realise something

fully:

a v n ~ ~ a v o ~ m

ni.Jipwc; The

consequence of

my

mistake finally began to sink in.

22 174 st nd in (phr v) =take someone's place: avnKa8toTW,

avanAf]pWvw Martha

stood

in for

me at

work last

night because I wasn t feeling well.

22 175

pack it in (phr

v)

= (inf) stop

doing

something: TO

napaT<iw I ve decided to

pack

it in

and

quit

my

job.

22 176 tie

in with

(phr v) =be consistent with

or

connected

to something: ouvOtOIJOL

IJE

Your explanation does

not

tie in with what Joe said.

22 177

tr de n

(phr

v)

=give

an old car or appliance as part of

the payment for a new one: a y o p 6 ~ w K6Tt OlvoVTac; TO

nal.t6 we; T ~ t i ~ a

T ~ C :

a ~ i a c ;

Bill traded

in

his

old

washing

machine and got €100 off the price

of

a new one.

IN OTHER WORDS (page

179)

22 178

go

off (phr v) = 1 become spoilt (food): xar w (yta

Tpo<pJi) The milk smells bad; it

must

have gone off.

2 no longer like: naUw

va

c:vOtacptpoiJOL I ve gone

off

television. I find the programmes boring.

22 179 make up for (phr v)

=compensate:

avanAf]pWvw,

a n o i ; ~ ~ L w v w She offered to make

up

for forgetting my

birthday by inviting me to dinner.

22 180 make

up

(phr v) = consist of: anoTc:AW In some

areas, teenagers make up almost 50 of the

population.

22 181

pour

out= 1 (phr v) say everything that you feel:

~ y a i ; w an6 ~ t o o ~ o u

When

I

asked

Sue

what

was

wrong,

she

poured out her fears and her worries.

2 (v) put liquid into a glass or cup from a container:

a6st6i;w (uyp6) There s a bit of orange juice left; pour

it out

and

wash the pitcher.

22 182

dry up (phr

v)

= 1. remove water: oTc:yvWvw Barbara

dried up the water that

had

spilled. 2. stop talking

because you

do not

know what to say: ~ £ X V W

n r']SeAa

va nw

Dan was worried about drying up during his

presentation at the conference. 3. see 18.128



24.12

numeracy

(n) basic skills in mathematics:

yv<ilClT]

UNIT 4

a p t S ~ n T L K ~ < ; Dyslexics have problems with literacy;

Education and Assessment

problems with numeracy are different.

24.13

learning disability condition that makes learning

TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 191)

difficult:

~ a e n m a K ~

i5uoKoAia Vivian has a

learning

faculty (n) 1. department or group of departments

disability

in

maths but is brilliant at painting.

at an academic institution:

navemoTrH.J.LOKI \

axoAJi,

24.14

optional (adj) voluntary, not compulsory, available

Kmeu8uvon The

biology department

is in

the Faculty

as a choice: npompeTtK6c; All students have to learn

of Sciences. 2. (ArnE) the staff at an academic

one foreign language,

but

learning

a

second one

is

institution: Oti5aKTLK6 npoowmK6 navemOTrlllLOKI \c;

optional.

o x o A ~ < ;

The faculty at the local high school are very

Der: option (n)

well-qualified.

24.15

assessment (n) see 22.92

24 2

campus (n)

area containing the buildings

that

make

24.16

assignment (n) task given as part of a job or a

up an academic institution: neptoxJi naventOTT]I..llou,

class: a n O O T O A ~ avaeeon epyaoia<; We have to

KOA.eylou

i oxoAelou The college campus is large and

complete this biology assignment by

Thursday

well maintained.

Der: assign (v)

24.3

undergraduate (adj) related

to

university studies

24.17 tutorial (n) regular meeting of one or several

for a first degree: npomUXlOK6c; When Marian finishes

students with a tutor: nponapaoKeuaoTLK6

Jl_68TJJlO

her undergraduate studies, she wants to go on to do

The teaching methods at university include lectures,

a master s degree.

tutorials and laboratory work.

Der: undergraduate

(n)

Der:

tutor

(n):

e m ~ e A n T ~ < ; .

en6mn<; onoui5wv

24.4

postgraduate (adj) related to studies following a

(oe

n a v e m m ~ ~ L o

KoMyto

first degree (ArnE: graduate): ~ n a m u x t a K 6 < ;

Helen is

24.18 collaboration (n)

the

process of working together

enrolled in a postgraduate course in microbiology.

to produce something: ouvepyaola The research

24.5

primary (adj) 1. related to the education of children

findings are the result of the collaboration between

aged 5-11: n p w T O ~ a S ~ t o < ;

A good primary education

three different faculties at the university.

sets

the foundation for secondary studies. 2.

main or

Der: collaborate (v)

important: Kupto<;,

npwTOPXLK6<;

y primary aim is to

collaborative (adj)

get good grades so I can attend a good university.

24.19

peer (n) = someone who is

the

same age or equal

primary

school first six years of school (ArnE:

in status: ouvoJlr ]ALKoc; Teenagers are more often

elementary school): i 5 n ~ o n K 6 oxoAeio Michelle is nine

influenced by their peers than they are by their

and she S

in

her fourth year at primary school.

parents or teachers.

24.6

academic

(adj) related

to work done

in universities

24.20

degree (n) 1. course of study at a university or

and colleges, usually connected

to

studying rather college: oetpa

~ a e n ~ a T w v

(oe

n a v e m m ~ ~ o

than practice:

aKai5T]JlOLK6c;

Mandy got her academic

KOAAtyto)

Laura is doing

a

degree

in

linguistics at the

training at Cambridge University.

local college. 2. qualification received after completing

24.7

curriculum (n)

all

the

subjects studied at an

a course of studies: muxlo Jenny is highly qualified

academic institution for a certain course of study:

for the job -she has an engineering degree. 3. unit for

np6ypOJlJlO anouOWv

The new curriculum at our

measuring temperature or angles:

~ o i p a ,

~ a 8 ~ 6 < ; Water

school includes up to date subjects like computers.

boils at

too·c

4. certain amount or level: eninei5o This

24.8

lecture

(n) = instructive talk on a specific subject,

job requires a high degree of mathematical skill.

especially at a university or college: i 5 t < t A e ~ n

24.21

evaluate (v) make a judgement

about

the quality

Tomorrow s lecture will e on Renaissance

art

or worth of something: e K n ~ < i l . a ~ L o A o y w One way to

Der: lecturer

(n)

evaluate a student s progress is to give tests.

lecture (v)

Der: evaluation (n)

24.9

workshop

(n)

an occasion when a small group

24.22

A-levels (Advanced Level) (n) examinations in

meets

to

learn about a subject

by

sharing their various subjects taken at age 18

in

order

to

be

experience and knowledge: e p y a o T ~ p L o

accepted at a college

or

university: etoaywyLKtc;

Primary school teachers were invited to take part

in

e ~ n a o e L < ; After Rob passed all his A-levels, he

a workshop on drama therapy.

applied to university.

24.10

module (n) one of the units of a course of study:

24.23 GCSE (General Certificate

of

Secondary Education)

~ a e n ~ a .

S e ~ m t K l ] ev6rnTa

This

course is made up of

examinations in various subjec ts taken at age 16:

three four-week modules.

e ~ n a o e t < ; l l e u T e p o ~ a S ~ t a < ; EKnaii5euon<; I took six

Der: modular (adj): (YLO KUKAO anoui5wv) nou

GCSEs this year

a n a p T l ~ E T O L

an6

ev6TTJTE:c;

24.24 junior (n)

(ArnE) third-year student: TpLTO£TJ <;

24 11

literacy (n) ability to read and write: LKav6TnTO

( ~ a 8 n T ~ < ; I <pOL n T ~ < ; ) As a junior, you begin

to

y p a < p ~ < ; KOL avayvwon<; The national literacy rate can

concentrate on a particular field of study.

be improved by introducing programmes to teach

24.25

kindergarten (n) (AmE) first year of formal education

adults

how

to read

and

write.

for children aged 5 or 6: vnmaywyeio

In

kindergarten,

Der: literate (adj)

children learn skills they need for first grade.

Opp: illiteracy (n)

24.26

tertiary (adj) related to education at university or

college level: T p L T O ~ a 8 ~ L o < ; Bob thinks tertiary education

is important and wants

to

study at

university

55



UN T 4

24.27 elementaoy school

n)

= ArnE) first six years of

school: o n ~ o n K 6 oxot.Eio

Children learn to

read

and

write in elementary school.

24.28

graduation

n) =

act

of receiving a degree or

qualification; ceremony at which you receive a

degree:

anocpo[TflOil

After

graduation, she went to

work

for

a small

law

firm.

Der: graduate

n)

graduate

v)

24.29 middle

or

junior high school

= ArnE) school

in

the

U

attended by students aged 11-14: y u ~ v m o

Middle schools include students from grades 5 8

while junior

high schools

cover grades 7-9.

24.30 senior

n)

= AmE) fourth-year student: TEAEI04JOITOC:

~ a e w ~ c ;

I

4 J O I T n T ~ C : )

When

you

are a senior,

you

have

to

apply

to college if

you want

to

continue

studying.

24.31 freshman

n)

= AmE) first-year student in high

school or university:

n p w T D n ~ c ;

~ a e w ~ c ;

I

4 J O I T n T ~ C : )

Freshman year at college can be quite

overwhelming

because everything is so new.

24.32

high school

n)

= secondary school:

AUK8LO

In Britain

students attend

high school from the age

of

11 but in

the US, they usually

begin

at age 14 or 15.

24.33

Key Stage = one of four

levels

in

the British education

system:

£ K n a t 6 E U T L K ~ ) ~ a 8 ~ i 6 a

In the UK

primary

education is

divided

into two Key Stages: years 1-2

and years 3-6.

24.34

nursery school n) = school for children younger

than five: nat6tK6c; o T a 8 ~ 6 c ;

Henry

is starting nursery

school in September.

24.35 sophomore

n) = Am

E)

second year student:

6 E U T £ p o n ~ c ; ~ o e w ~ c ; I 4 J O I T n T ~ C : ) Sophomores often

concentrate on completing their required courses.

24.36

higher education

=education

at university

or

college

level: avc.iJTOTfl £Knai6euon Not all high school

graduates go

onto

higher education; some go to work.

BOOST YOUR

VOCABULARY

PREPOSITIONS page

192

24.37 exception to the rule =something or someone that

is different in some

way

and

cannot

be included in

a general statement:

e ~ a l p e o n

oTov Kav6va

Almost

everybody in our family has

blonde hair

but with her

brown hair Jane s the exception to the rule.

24.38 attitude

n) = see

6.117

24.39

substitute

n)

= see 22.18

24.40

credit n) = points given for successfully completing a

course: ~ 6 p t o , l 3 a 8 ~ 6 c ; The French course I m taking

is worth two credits.

be)

given credit= acknowledgement

lor

doing

something: tnmvoc;, Ot6Kpton

He was given credit

for

having finished the project

before

the deadline.

WORD FORMATION

page

192

24.41

preschool adj) =education before children begin

primary school: npooxoAtK6C: Children of preschool

age may

attend

a daily playgroup.

24.42 hyperactive adj) = very active and agitated, unable

to relax:

unepKLVflTLK6c;

Hyperactive children find

it

difficult to concentrate in

class

for long periods of time.

Der: hyperactivity n)

56

24.43 substandard adj) = below an accepted level:

Km<in£pnc; nm6TnToc;

The

food

at the cafe is usually

very good but

it

was

substandard

this time.

24.44 antisocial adj) =

not

interested in people or unwilling

to meet and talk with people:

avTLKOLVWVLK6C:

Jack

seems to be antisocial these days; he hasn t

accepted

any of

my

dinner

invitations.

24.45

inter school adj) = between two or more schools:

6taoxoALK6c;

Students

from

our school compete

in

inter-school debates against students

from all around

the country.

24.46

semicircle n)

=

shaped like a half-circle: f l ~ L K U K A L o

The open-air theatre in our city has seats set in a

semicircle around a stage.

24.47

bilingual

adj) =able

to speak two languages: oiyt.woooc;

Sam is bilingual; he speaks English and Greek.

24.48 monotonous adj) = boring because

of

having a

regular, unchanging pattern:

~ o v 6 T o v o c ;

Putting

stamps

on 200 letters was a monotonous task.

Der: monotony

n)

24.49

multiracial adj)

=

made up of

many different races:

noAucpuA£TLK6c; New York is a multiracial city;

it

is

home to people from all over the world.

24.50 extracurricular adj) = related to student activities

at school or college that are outside the course

of study:

£ ~ w o x o t . I K 6 c ; ,

£KT6c;

n p o y p a ~ ~ m o c ; The

college has many extracurricular activities including

sports, an orchestra and a newspaper.

24.51

counterproductive

adj) = having the

opposite

result

of

what was planned: avTtnapaywytK6c;.

a n o T e A e o ~ a T t K 6 c ; Research suggests that harsh

punishments

given to young people are often

counterproductive.

24.52

subw y

n) =

1.

tunnel

for

pedestrians that passes

under a road: un6yeta Ot613aon Don t

try

to cross the

motorway;

use the pedestrian subway, instead.

2.

AmE) underground train system: un6y£1oc;

m O n p 6 6 p o ~ o c ; When we were in New York we

took

the subway to Lexington Avenue.

24.53 subtitle

n) = see

4.126

24.54 semiconscious adj) = only partially awake and

able to understand what is happening around you:

n ~ I A l n 6 8 u ~ o c ; ,

~ I O O K O I ~ I O ~ t v o c ; The

phone

woke

me

up

and I

answered

in a

semiconscious

state.

24.55 prehistoric

adj) = related to the time in history before

anything was written down: npotoToptK6c;

The Natural

Museum

of

Science has an interesting exhibit on

dinosaurs and other

prehistoric

animals.

Der: prehistory n)

24.56 biannual adj) = happening twice a year:

£ ~ a ~ ~ v 1 a i o c ;

The company s investors hold biannual meetings in

June

and

December.

24.57 hypermarket

n)

= huge supermarket offering a very

wide range of products: un£payopa Shopping

at

the

hypermarket takes

a

long time because there are

so

many

products to

choose

from.

24.58

anticlockwise

adj) = moving in the

opposite

direction to the hands of a clock AmE:

counterclockwise): avTl8£TO Tfl

c.pop6 TWV OetKTWv

TOU pot.oy1ou If the

jam

jar doesn t

open

easily, try

turning it anticlockwise.

Opp: clockwise adj)



(lypersensitive (adj) = extremely sensitive:

i r e p e u a i o 8 ~ T o c ; Jane S hypersensitive to critic1sm

of

work so try

not

to

hurt

her feelings.

hypersensitivity (n)

,

nticlim x

(n) = situation that is not as exciting

as

you expected

so

you feel disappointed:

a n o v o w e u n K ~ t K ~ a o ~ We put so much

time

and

effort into planning the party

that

the actual event

was

an

anticlimax.

Der:

anticlimactic (adj)

extraterrestrial (adj) = relating to something that

comes from another planet: e ; w y ~ L v o < ; Scientists

have been debating for years whether extraterrestrial

beings exist.

Der: extraterrestrial (n)

WORDS (page 193)

drawback (n)

= disadvantage: ~ E L O V E K T ~ ~ a The

potential benefits of the surgery far outweigh the

drawbacks so I think

you should

do it.

pros

and cons

=see 8 54

pluses nd minuses =

advantages and

disadvantages: TO

auv KOL

TO

nA11v There are pluses

and minuses involved in working for a relative;

consider them all before taking a

job

with

your

uncle.

curse

(n) = 1 something that causes harm

or

trouble:

o u ~ < p o p a

KOTO.pa

Though I enjoy watching

Til I m

not

sure

if it is

a blessing

or

a curse.

2

offensive

or

impolite word: ~ p L O L < i

He uttered

a

curse when he

discovered the flat tyre.

Der: curse

(v)

ifs and

buts

= see 8 55

24 67

aid

(v)

= help:

~ o ~ S w

The firefighters

aided

by

volunteers rescued everyone from the burn ing

building.

Der: aid (n): ~ o ~ S e t a

aide (n):

~ o ~ 8 6 < ; , o u v e p y O . T ~ < ;

24 68 ameliorate (v)

= make better: ~ E A nwvw - o ~ O L Food

shipments

could

ameliorate the short-term effects

of

the drought.

Der: amelioration

(n)

24.69 be conducive

to (adj) = providing conditions that

help something happen:

w < p t f - L ~ o < ; ,

X P ~ O L ~ o < ;

oe The

atmosphere in the library

is

conducive

to

studying.

24.70 benefit

(from)

(v)

=see

2.74

24.71

detract

from

(v)

= make something seem less good:

~ E L < i l v w

( T ~ V

a ;ia) The

poor

photographs in this travel

guide detract from the appeal

of

the book.

Der: detractor

(n)

24.72 enh nce (v) = improve quality or attractiveness:

~ e t - nwvw The new park will greatly enhance life in

this neighbourhood.

Der: enhancement (n)

24.73

h ve n dverse

effect

have a negative effect: xw

apVllTLKE<:; ouvE:netec;

Cutting work hours has had an

adverse effect on

our

business because it

has hurt

morale.

24.74

impair

(v)

= make something less good: e ;ao8evw,

~ m w Some

doctors believe that listening to

loud

music can impair

your

hearing.

Der: impairment

(n)

24.75

ruin

(v) =destroy

or damage: KmaoTpt<pw

Dishonest

dealings

will ruin your career.

Der: ruins (pi n): see

20.79

24.76

spoil

(v)

= make something worse: xal-w The

bad

news

spoilt my

birthday party.

ADVERBS (page 193)

24.77 merely

(adv) = used

to

emphasise that something is

small in quantity, time

or

degree: ant-a,

~ 6 v o

Tim

and

Susan claim that they are merely

good

friends and

nothing more.

24.78 intensively

(adv)

=with

concentrated effort or activity

over a short period

of

time:

EvTanKO.

Bob

and

I

worked intensively

and

managed to finish the report

within a week.

Der: intensity (n): t v m o ~

intensify (v): EVTEiVW

intense (adj)

24.79 virtually

(adv) = used

to

emphasise that something

is almost true:

OXE06V, OTllV

n p a y ~ O T L K 6 T l l T O John is

virtually the only person I know who feels the way I do.

24.80 ideally

(adv) = perfectly, preferably:

LoavLK<i

Ideally

all students

should

receive career counselling before

making their final career choices.

Der: ideal

(n)

ideal (adj)

24.81 actually

(adv) = used

to

emphasise that something

is really true:

npawan

o T ~ V n p a w m t K T ~ m My

brother

looks

young

but actually

he's

over 40.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS

(page

193)

24.82 terms (pi n) = conditions of agreement: 6pOL

They

agreed on the terms of purchase before they signed

the contract.

in

terms of = used to specify which aspects of

something you are considering:

an6 111v

Ctno4Jn The

house

is not

impressive in terms of

size but

its design

is

exceptional.

come to terms with

= learn to accept an unpleasant

situation

or

event: o u ~ ~ L ~ < i ~ o ~ m

After

breaking

his leg

Adam had

to come to terms with missing the

basketball finals.

24.83 mark

=

1.

(n) level or point: ~ ~ e i o Fill the measuring

cup to the half-litre

marl< 2.

(v) identify; note: ~ ~ 8 L < i l v w

~ ~ a o e u w

I marked the page

by

turning down the

comer.

Der: marker (n)

marking (n)

marked

(adj) =noticeable; obvious:

o a < p ~ < ; ,

;EKa8apo<;

There

was

a marked change

in

her attitude after

she

left home.

24.84 degree (n) = see 24.20

24.85

grade=

1. (n) (ArnE) year in school: ( o x o i - L K ~ ) T i l l ; ~

Sarah was

my

best friend in third grade. 2.

(n)

letter

or

number that shows the quality

of

a student's work:

~ a 8 ~ 6 < ;

I

didn t

get a good

grade in the French exam

because I

didn t

have time to study. 3.

(n)

the rank

or

level

of

a person in their job:

~ a 8 ~ i i 5 a

Whether an

employee

is

entitled

to a company car

depends on

his

or

her grade in the company.

4.

(v) to

give a mark

to

a student for a test: ~ a 8 ~ o t - o y w The teacher spent

all weekend grading papers.

m ke the gr de

= succeed at something because

you reach the standard:

m6vw

~ O o n neTuxalvw

We didn t

think Barry

would

make the grade as a pilot

but

he

passed

all the

exams.

57



UNIT

24

METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 194)

24 86 wrestle

with (v) = have difficulty dealing with a

problem: naAE:uw w (Kimoto

n p 6 ~ t . n ~ a )

Hugh has

been wrestling with his conscience about the correct

way

to

react.

24 87 put (my) finger o = realise exactly what is wrong or

different:

s ~ n y w

e n a K p t ~ w c ; o v o ~ a < ; w

I can t

put my

finger on

it but

I sense something strange about Brad.

24 88

open

(my)

eyes

=

make

(me) realise

the

truth

about a situation, especially an unpleasant one:

ouvstonronmw rnv

a t . ~ S e t a

The visit to India opened

my eyes to the

potential

difficulties in marketing there.

24 89 transparent (adj) = 1. can be seen through: o t a q J a v ~ c ;

That glass door is

so

clean

it

is transparent.

2

easily

understood: ~ e K 0 8 a p o c ; , e ~ q J a v ~ c ; Although they tried to

deceive us, their real intentions were quite transparent.

Der: transparency (n)

24 90

(be)

under

(no)

illusion

= see 6.160

24 91

handle

(v) =see 2.55

24 92 grip

(n) =firm hold on something: t . a ~ ~ . O < P i ~ t ~ o

Beth

is a

good

tennis player

but

she needs to improve

her

grip on the racquet.

Der:

grip (v)

gripping (adj): ouvapnaonK6<;

get come to grips with = start to deal with a

problem: a v n ~ e r w n i < ; w n p 6 ~ t . n ~ a Ted s having

difficulty getting

to grips with his new status as an

unemployed

man.

24 93 insight (n) = accurate, deep

understanding

of people

or

complex

situations: ~ a 8 u : J . yvc.iJofl, avrlAfllj.Jfl

She

often has good insight into other people s

problems;

I think she

II

make a

good

psychologist.

Der: insightful (adj)

24 94 t ke look t = examine: £ ~ £ T 6 ~ w

If

Troy

had

taken a

look at the engine, he would have seen it was not new.

24 95 gr sp

(v) = 1 understand:

KOTavoc.iJ It took

a

while for

everybody at the

meeting

to grasp the significance

of the president s announcement. 2. hold something

firmly:

mavw

O<PlXTO,

p n ~ w He grasped me

by

the

arm and

pulled me to the window.

Der: grasp (n)

24 96 concept (n) =

idea

or

abstract

principle: apx '), tvvOLa

The lecturer

had

no trouble explaining the basic

concept behind Einstein s theory of relativity.

Der: conception (n)

conceptual (adj): svvmot.oytK6<;

24 97

blind

(someone)

with science

= confuse (someone)

with things beyond (his I her) understanding:

~ n e p l i £ u w

(K6.nOLov) 1 1£ £nLOTili-IOVLKoUc; 6pouc;

Mike blinds me

with science when he talks about computers.

WORDS

EASILY

CONFUSED (page 194)

24 98

vocation

(n) = see 2.59

24 99 lenient

(adj) =

not

as strict as expected: e n l e l K ~ < ;

Der: leniency (n)

24 100 disciplined (adj) = well organised and following rules

or standards:

n£t8apxrwtvoc;

Der: disciplinarian

(n):

onao6c; rnc; a u m n p ~ c ; net8apxiac;

discipline (n): net8apxia

disciplinary

(adj): n£t8apxtK6<;

24 101 motiv tion (n) =feeling

of interest, enthusiasm or

reason for doing something: K(VIlTPO, tvaUOI-IO

Der: motivate (v)

58

24 102 motive (n)

a reason

for

doing something: Kivnrpo

24 103

motif (n)

a design or pattern used as a decoration:

K£VTplK6 8t1JO, I J O T [ ~ O

24 104 tru ncy (n) =staying

away

from

school

without

permission: a0tKmoA6yf]TTl

anouoia,

Kon6va

Der: truant (n)

24 105 bullying (n) = threatening

to

hurt or frightening someone

weaker:

e K < P O ~ t o ~ 6 < ; o u v ~ S w c ;

~ e r a ~ u ~ a S n r w v )

Der:

bully (n)

bully (v)

24 106 cr m (for) (v) =learn as

much

as possible in a

short

time in preparation for an exam: n p o £ T O L I - 1 6 . ~ o 1 - 1 m yta

£ ~ £ T 6 0 £ l C :

24 107 gifted

(adj) =

having

natural talent to do something

well: npotKLOI-Itvoc;, raAavroUxoc;

24 108 privileged (adj) =having special rights or advantages

that most people do

not

have:

npovoi-ILOUXOC:

24 109 compulsory (adj) = must be done because it is an

order, rule or law: unoxpewnK6c;

Der:

compulsion (n)

compel

(v)

24 110

oblige

(v)

=force

someone

to do

something because

it

is an order, rule or law: unoxpec.iJvw (K6nOLov

va

K6V£L K6Tl)

24 111 tutorial

(n) = see 24.17

Der: tutor: £nLI-IEATlTrlc;, £n6nTfiC: onouOWv

(ae

nav£moT ')I-ILO ') KoAtyto)

24 112 tuition (n) = 1 teaching of a subject: OtOaoKaAla

2. amount of money you pay to study: oiliaKrpa

24 113

f cilit te

(v) = make something easier to

happen

or be

done: 0t£UKof...Uvw

Der: facilitation (n)

24 114 stimul te (v) =inspire, make someone feel full of ideas

and enthusiastic: napaKtvW

Der:

stimulation

(n)

24 115

simul te (v) =

produce

something

that

looks

or

feels

like a particular situation or object,

but

which isn't:

(ano)l-lli-IOUI-Im, avanaptar6.vw

Der: simulation (n)

simulated (adj)

COLLOCATIONS (page 195)

24 116 fees

pin)= money paid to do something: a ~ m ~ ~ .

OlOaKTpa The increase in school fees this year has

upset many parents.

24 117 prodigy (n) = young person who has an exceptional

natural ability in a particular area such as maths or

music: nmoi)

S a u ~ a

Mozart was a

child

prodigy; he

started composing

music when he was five years old.

Der: prodigious (adj)

24 118 residential (adj) = 1. see 2.93 2. for

which

one

must live or stay in a place

for

a certain period: nou

0LOI-IEV£l ') naptX£l

OtOI-IOVr'] OTO

Xc.i.JPO £pyaoiac; ')

onouOWv Participants

in

the residential English course

will

be

given rooms

at

the college dormitory.

Der: residence

(n)

resident (n)

24 119 refresher course (n) =course to

update knowledge

in a specific area: £nLI-IOP<pWnK6. I-I08fli-IOTO Lifeguards

are required to take a refresher course in first aid

every

two

years.

24 120

entr nce ex m (n)

a formal test which students

must pass in order to be allowed to enter a college

or university: £LoaywyLKtc; £ ~ £ r 6 o e t c ; She

passed

the

entrance exam

and

went on to study economics.



mock (exam) = practice exam intended to be similar

to

the real one: i 5 o K t ~ a O T t K ~ e ~ t T O O T l Our chemistry

final

is next week but we are having

a mock

exam

tomorrow.

oral (adj) spoken:

npmpoptK6c;

I took my oral exam

in

English yesterday and had to speak for five

minutes.

boarding school = school where students live:

crxot-eio

otKOTpmpeio

Students

t

boarding school

do not go home until the end of term.

24.124 single-sex school = school where students are either

all

girls or all boys: crxot-eio BnMwv apptvwv I went

to

a single-sex primary school nd never studied with

boys until high school.

24.125 comprehensive school =state secondary school for

students of all abilities and backgrounds: i 5 n ~ 6 c r t o )

y u ~ v a m o y e v t K ~ c ; KOTeuSuvcrnc; Elissa graduated from

the local comprehensive school and has gone on to

a

college.

24.126 distance learning = method of studying at home

using a computer or TV rather than attending classes:

anouotc; i5t'at-t-nt-oypmpiac; Marlene is taking her

degree

by

distance learning because she lives far

from

a

university.

24.127 rote learning = learning by memorisation, rather than

by thinking and understanding: ~ a s n o n ~ n x a v t K ~

anoonl8LOT]

Rote learning is suitable for memorising

the multiplication tables but it s

not

sufficient for

understanding higher mathematics.

24.128 computer-assisted learning = method of teaching

which uses computers

as

the major tool: 68T]OT] llE

X P ~ c r n nt-eKTpovtKou

u n o l o y t m ~

Computer-assisted

learning activities are available for all students

enrolled in this course.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

lUnits

22-24)

24.129 legal (adj) 1. related to the law: v o ~ t K 6 t ;

The

lege/

fees for drawing up the contract were 5% of the price

of the house.

2.

allowed by law: v 6 ~ t ~ o t ; The legal

drinking age here is 18

IN OTHER

WORDS:

phrasal verbs (page

195)

24.130 suck up

to

(phr v) (inn be nice to someone in

authority so they treat you well:

KoA.aKeUw,

KaA.omCtvoo

Rick sucked up to his dad because he wanted to

use

the car this weekend.

24.131 drop out (on (phr v) ~ s e e 10.134

24.132 pick up (phr v) = see

2.116

24.133 drag on (phr v) last for a long time: n a p m p a ~ w (cre

i5u tpKeta)

The

lecture seemed to drag on for hours.

24.134 dumb down (phr v) = make something simpler

in

a

way that reduces its quality: (unep)anl-ouonuw The

vocabulary in this book has been dumbed down and

now it s

not

s interesting a read.

24.135 count towards (phr v) = include in the calculation

of something: c r u v u n o l o y i ~ o ~ m All the coursework

counts towards the final mark.

24.136

swot

(up)

(phr v) =study hard, especially for a test:

ll£A.eni:l

£VTOTLK6

We ve spent the past week swatting

up on all the grammar rules for our final exams.

24.137 kick out (phr

v)

= force someone to leave: a n o ~ a w

Todd was kicked

out

of school because of his bad

behaviour.

24.138 clamp down (on) (phr v)

=take

strong action to

stop people from doing something bad or illegal:

~ a ~ w

n e p t o p t o ~ 6 The police are clamping down on

speeding

by

setting stiff fines.

24.139

mess

around (phr v) (inn behave

in

a way that

wastes time:

onaTaA.W TO

xp6vo

llOU

He spends most

of

his free time messing around with his friends.

A. Complete

the sentences with the phrasal verbs.

Make any

necessary changes.

flood in sink n stand n tie n with trade n

go off make

up

dry

up kick out swot up

1. It's time to ............................ that old motorbike of yours for a newer model.

2. Overseas students ............................ about

8%

of the student body; the rest are British.

3.

The actor ............................ halfway through his monologue and had to be reminded of his lines.

4 Edward spent

all

evening ............................ for tomorrow's history test.

5. I used to eat a lot of fish, but I ............................ it recently.

6.

Ann has been living with friends ever since her family ............................ her ............................ .

7. How does it feel

to

have won the gold medal? I don t

know-

it hasn't ............................ yet.

8. I usually work

in

the accounts department, but I ............................ for the receptionist while she's away.

9. The suspect's version of events didn't ............................ what witnesses had said.

10. Since the job advertisement appeared

in

the paper, the applications ............................ .

B. Write T (True)

or

F (False).

1.

When we feel fed up it is usually because we have eaten too much food.

2. Someone who is involved in tertiary education will be under 18 years of age.

3. If we devour something, we eat it quickly and hungrily

......

4. If you simulate a place, you recreate it. ..... .

5. Extracurricular activities

often take place after school. ..... .

6. If something is optional, we must do it. ......

7. If you have a miniscule amount of something, you have a lot of it.

8. If you see something mouth-watering you want to eat it.

59



UN T 6

C Choose the correct word to omplete each sentence

1. crockery

I cutlery

a. You've put the forks on the table but where is the rest

of

the ...............

?

b.

If we're having soup, the only ............................ we need are the bowls.

2

boarding residential

a. Michael's parents both work abroad so he attends a ............................ school.

b.

I'm taking

a... ..

........... course so 1' 1 be sleeping on

the

college campus.

3.

pinch

I

handful

a.

You

shouldn t add

too

much pepper- just a ............................ will do.

b. Only a ........ .......... ......... .

of

students attended yesterday's lecture.

4 undergraduate postgraduate

a.

John hasn't

got

a degree

yet-

he's doing a

I

an . . .............. course.

b. Some students go on to do ............................ studies after getting thei r first degree.

5.

gifted

I privileged

a. Children from

poor

families may

not

have as many opportunities as those who are more ................ .

b.

.. .......................... children sometimes

don t

find school challenging enough.

6 drain simmer

a.

Once the vegetables have boiled, ............................ them

to

get rid

of

all the water.

b. The soup needs

to

........................... gently for about half

an

hour.

7

grate slice

a.

. ............... the bread and I'll make the sandwiches.

b. Can you .............. ........... ... some cheese

to

sprinkle over the spaghetti?

8 closeness closure

a.

Since the ............................

of

the corner shop, we ve had

to go to

the supermarket.

b. A special ......................... .. exists between the sisters and they spend a lot

of

time together.

D Complete the sentences y combining a verb from the box on the left and a word from the box on the right

quenched

swallow

stay

watch

open

make

pride

thirst

1.

Unless sales improve, the

company

will

not

be able

to

.

grade

weight

afloat

eyes

2.

I ........ ........ .... my . . with a tall glass

of

iced tea.

3. The entrance exams are very difficult and a large percentage of applicants don t .................... the .................... .

4. The wildlife documentary really .................... her ................... to the problems some endangered species are facing.

5. I know it's hard to say you're sorry, but you'll just have to .................... your .................... and apologise.

6. Mary's supposed to be ................... her .................... , but I just saw her eating a huge ice cream

TOPIC

VOCABULARY

(page 207)

26 1

interest

n)

=

money

charged by a bank or other

institution for lending you money or extra money you

receive if you have invested a sum: T 6 K o ~ Banks pay

interest on savings accounts.

26 2

savings account = bank account where interest

is

paid on money that is left untouched for a time:

A o y a p t a o [ l 6 ~

TOIJlEUTr]plou

Jenny opened a savings

account in order to

put

aside money to

buy

a flat.

26 3

current account

= personal bank account from

which you can withdraw money using a chequebook

or card at any time: T p s x o u ~ s v o c ;

l . o y a p t a o ~ 6 c ;

I

prefer paying

by

cheque from

my

current

account

rather than charging payments on my credit card.

26 4

withdrawal

n) =taking money out of a bank

account: avilAnl)Jn X P n ~ a T W v ) fter making the

withdrawal I had only

£5

left in

my

account.

Der: withdraw

v)

60

26 5 chequebook

n)

= book

of

printed cheques that can

be used instead

of

money

to

make payments (AmE:

checkbook): ~ l ~ A t 6 p t o

srmaywv

Sally reported to the

police that her chequebook was stolen.

26 6

fees

n)

= see 24.116

26 7

expenses pi n) = money that something costs or

money that

is

needed to buy

or do

something:

tE oOa

The company

s

making savings by cutting back on

entertainment expenses.

Der: expensive (adj)

26 8

budget v)

= to carefully plan

how

much money you

spend: n p o u n o l . o y i ~ w (oanovn)

The family

budgeted

their money carefully in

order

to

buy

a

new car.

Der: budget n)

26 9

income

n)

=

money earned from work or

investments: eto60rwa To

boost

his income James

found a

second job

working in the evenings.

26 10

overdraft n) =money owed to a bank when you

have spent more than you had in your account:

unspavilAnl)Jn (an6

T p a n s ~ l K 6

l . o y a p t a o ~ 6 ) The bank

allowed

Sam's

business to have an overdraft facility.



grant n)

= money given by a government or business

for a special purpose: e m x o p ~ y n O T J The genetics

department received a grant of £10,000 for advanced

research.

Der: grant v)

loan n)

= an amount of money borrowed from a bank

or

person:

OvELO The

government

has

announced

a

new housing loan scheme.

Der: loan

v)

26 13 voucher n)

=a ticket or coupon that can be used

instead of money to buy a particular service or

product: Koun6vL, oehrio The students gave their

teacher a gift voucher for a bookshop

as

a gif t at the

end of the yea<

26 14 redeem v)

to

cash in or exchange for something

of value:

e ~ a p y u p w v w , e ~ a y o p a ~ w Food vouchers,

which

were

given

to

the

earthquake

victims can

be

redeemed at any supermarket in the area.

26 15

finances

n) =see 2.83

26 16 bargain hunting = looking for goods to buy at a

cheap price: K U V ~ Y L npompoptilv We went bargain

hunting

and

I found a suit on sale at half price.

26.17 incentive scheme

plan

which encourages people

to do something or work harder because of the

benefits:

n o A L T L K ~

npow8nonc;

np6t6VTWV Our new

incentive scheme offers customers free gifts if they

spend more than €

00

26.18 junk mail unwanted advertising or information

received by post or email: a v e m u ~ n m 6 t a < p n ~ L O T L K < : t

tvTuna

We

get a lot o unk mail offering

free cars

or

cheap holidays.

26 19

retail therapy

going out and buying things as a

way of making you feel better psychologically: B6h m

ma ~ a y a ~ t a

yta

LjJtilvta

Y O

va BehTLtilow 1n

6 t 6 8 e o ~

~ o u Richard tried retail therapy to cheer himself up:

he bought a new television.

26 20 brand loyalty = tendency only to buy a product

made by

a

particular

company:

q.1mmooUv11 OE l llO

< p i p ~ a Manufacturers depend on their customers

brand loyalty to keep sales up.

26 21

inflation rate n)

= increase in the price of goods and

services:

n h n 8 w p t o ~ 6 c ;

The htgh tnflation rate makes

it harder to save

money

since everything is more

expensive.

26 22 mail

order

=

method of purchasing goods at

home from a catalogue which is delivered by post:

m x u o p o ~ L K ~

napayyehla

These toys are available

only by mail order; they are

not

sold

in

the shops.

26 23 vending machine

n)

=

machine from which you can

buy drinks, sweets, etc.:

a u 1 6 ~ a m c ;

n w h n T ~ C : (W

< e p ~ m o o t K T n ) Sue put her money into the vending

machine and selected a chocolate ba<

26 24 interest-free credit

= buying something and paying for

it

later without additional charge:

aToKn

nimwOT]

Smith s

is

offering

DVDs on interest-free credit-

you can

pay in

up to

12

payments with no additional charges.

26 25 instalments

n) = series of regular payments

made

over a period of time so you don t have

to

pay

everything at once (ArnE: installments): Mow;

You

can

pay

for

this

video

camera

in

12 instalments.

26 26 outlet n) = shop or organization where a certain

product is sold:

K Q T Q O T n ~ a A L Q V L K ~ c ;

nwhnonc; The

company is looktng for new outlets for its top-of-the

range sportswear.

BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY (page 208)

26 27 astronomical n) = see 20.88

26 28

exorbitant

adj) = more than is reasonable:

e ~ w < p p e v t K 6 c ; Their prices are so exorbitant that I

don t know how they manage to sell anything.

26 29 reasonable

(adj) = see 20.98

26 30 prosperous (adj) = see 18 117

26 31

hard up (adj) = having very little money:

a<ppayKoc;

When I was hard up, Ed helped

me

out with a

loan

26 32 impoverished adj) = very poor: <pTwxoc;, e ~ a 8 A L W ~ t v o c ;

Tax breaks

are given to businesses that move into an

impoverished area of the city

Der: poverty n)

impoverish

v)

26 33

bankrupt

(adj) = unable to pay one s debts:

X P E O K o n n ~ t v o c ;

My friend s business went bankrupt

and had

to sell off all its assets.

Der: bankruptcy

n)

bankrupt v)

26 34 takings n) = money taken in:

e t o n p a ~ e t c ;

(AmE: take)

The takings from ticket sales were over €20,000.

26 35 expenditure

n)

= spending: oanavec;, t ~ o o a The

government

has

been criticized for cutting down

on

public expenditure.

26 36 capital n) = money or property, especially when used

to begin a business or for investments:

KecpOAmo

X P n ~ a T w v ) Jack

won t

be able to open his own shop

because he doesn t

have

enough capital.

26 37 funds pi n) = amount of money available

to

be spent:

<e<pahmo,

X P ~ ~ O T a

We re short of funds this year so

we re not going on holiday.

26 38 resources n) = valuable things which can be used or

sold: n6pot

Alaska

is

rich

in

natural

resources such

as

oil and gold.

26 39 currency

n)

= money used by a particular country:

v 6 ~ t o ~ a (xwpac;) The currency accepted throughout

most of Europe is

the euro.

26 40 share n) = one of the parts into which ownership of

a company is divided and which can be bought as

an investment: ~ E T O X ~ My shares in British Petroleum

have gone up in

value recently.

Der: shareholder

n)

share

v)

26 41 merchandise

n)

= goods bought, sold or traded:

EilnopeUI.laTa To

increase sales merchandise should

be arranged

in

an attractive display.

Der: merchandising

n)

merchant n)

26 42

goods

(pi n) = products made to be sold,

merchandise: EilnopeUI.laTa dOll

Nowadays most

goods and services can be bought on the Internet.

26 43 stock n)

= the total amount of goods available for

sale

in

a shop:

anoSE:I.lOTO, moK

The

item I wanted

wasn t

in

stock, so the shop had to order it for me.

Der: stock

v)


26 44 make off

(phr

v)

= leave quickly, escape: TO oKaw,

opaneTeuw

The

robbers ran from the bank and made

off in their getaway car.

26 45 lay off

(phr

v) =see

2.7

6



26 46 tail

off

(phr v) gradually become less, before

coming to a complete end: e::AaTTWVo Jm, o ~ ~ v w

Nancy s voice tailed off, her eyes closed and she fell

asleep.

26 47 sell

off

(phr v) sell all

of

something because you

need the money:

~ m o u t w

They re selling off their

furniture to

pay

off their debts.

26 48

buy

off (phr

v)

pay money to someone so that they

won t act against you:

£ ~ a y o p i l ~ w

The

proposed

tax

cuts are intended to

buy

off the working-class vote.

26 49 come off (phr v) succeed or take place as planned:

n£Tuxaivw The plan came off better than we could

have hoped.

26 50

work off (phr

v)

~ w o r k hard physically to get rid of

a feeling or weight: anaAA6oao1-1at, ~ e : : < p o p r W v o J m

( ~ £

o w ~ m L K ~ 6 p a o T ~ p L 6 T ~ T a )

After

eating all those

chocolates, we

had

to work

off

the extra weight in the

gym.

26 51 take

off

(phr v) see 2.117

26 52

pay off (phr

v)

pay the complete amount of money

owed: £ ~ O ( j ) A w xptoc;,

a n o n t . ~ p w v w

Edward has

finally

paid

off the mortgage on his fiat. It s all his now.

Der: pay-off (n)

26.53 set off (phr v) = begin a journey or adventure: E,t:KLVW

raE LOL We re se tting

off for

South America early on

Friday:

26 54

send

off (phr v) ~ p o s t : oTtt.vw,

T O X U 6 p o ~ w

These

orders need to

be

sent off first thing in the morning.

Der: send-off

(n)

26 55

round

off (phr v) do something

to

complete an

event

in

a pleasing way: oAoKAilpWvw

We

rounded off

the pleasant meal with a few drinks.

26 56

tear off (phr

v)

take

off

something roughly:

;£KOAAW,

~ y i l ~ w

~ i m a

Adam

tore

off

his clothes

and

rushed into the shower.

26 57

rip

off (phr

v)

cheat by charging

too

much money:

XP£lilvw u n £ p ~ O A L K i l , K A t ~ w They were ripped off

at

the garage: they

paid

far too much

for

the repairs on

their

car

Der: rip-off

(n)

26 58

make off

with (phr

v)

~ s t e a l :

K A t ~ w .

~ o u T i l w The

burglars made

off

with all

my

jewellery:

26 59 put off (phr v) make someone not do something or

not like something: anorpE:nw The accident has

put

Tina

off

driving.

26 60 leave

off

(phr v) stop doing something: 6taK6mw

The

painters left

off

working

at

one

o clock

to have

lunch.

26 61 write off (phr v) = decide something

is

not

worthwhile:

~ £ Y P i l ' I ' W

We ve written

off

the

project

because it

would

have been too costly to do properly.

Der: write-off

(n)

RELATED WORDS

(page 209)

26 62

acquire

(v) ~ s e e 12.72

26 63

house

(v)

provide a place to stay: c n £ y i l ~ w .

( j ) L A O ~ £ v w

The building houses more than

60

families.

Der: house

(n)

housing

(n):

O T t y a o ~

housed (adj)

26 64 retain (v) see

6.1

09

62

26 65 cont in

(v)

= have inside:

m:pttxw

neptA.atJrJ6vw

This

bottle contains 1.5 litres

of

mineral water.

Der: container

(n):

oox£io

contents (n): n s p t e X 6 ~ s v a

contained (adj)

26 66 receive {v) = get: AatJrJOvw, nalpvw I received a letter

from London University yesterday.

Der: receptacle

(n):

oox£io

reception

(n)

receptive (adj)

26 67 seize (v) see 22.104

26 68 store (v) = put away and keep until needed:

ano8f1KEUw

The books were stored in boxes until the

new

shelves were built.

Der: storage (n)

store (n)

stored (adj)

26 69 secure (v) = get or achieve something: anoKnD,

£ ; a o ( j l a A i ~ w The gymnast managed to secure a place

on China s Olympic team.

Der: security (n)

secure (adj)

26 70 absorb

(v) soak up

or

take

in:

anoppo(jlw The

school

was

overcrowded and couldn t

absorb any

more

students.

Der: absorption

(n)

absorbent (adj)

26 71

obt in

(v) =get or achieve: anoKTW We

weren t able

to obtain tickets

for

the match on Saturday:

Der: obtainable (adj)

WORD FORMATION

(page 209)

26 72 uthorise (also -ize) (v) = give official permission

for something to happen: eE,oumoOorW, eyKplvw A

budget

has been authorised for the conference.

Der: authorisation

(n): £ ~ o u m o 6 6 T ~ o ~

authority (n): £ ~ o u o i a , 6tKmo6ooia

26 73

categorise

(also -ize) (v) divide people

or

things into groups with similar characteristics:

KOTfiYOPLOnDLW

The books in

our

school library are

categorised into fiction, non-fiction

and

reference.

Der: categorisation

(n)

category (n)

26 74 characterise (also -ize) (v) ~ s e e 4.116

26 75

clarify (v)

see 4. 7 4

26 76 commerci lise

(also -ize) (v)

=see

2.75

26 77

diversify

(v)

see 4.152

26 78

dramatise (also -ize) (v) see 4.80

26 79 economise (also -ize)

(v)

= use money carefully so

you waste as little as possible: K6vw

OLKOVOtJla We

will have to economise

if

we want to save enough

money to buy a new car.

Der: economy

(n)

economic (adj): OLKOVOtJLK6C:, OX£TLK6C: tJ£ H]V

OLKOVOtJ[O

economical (adj):

O L K O V O ~ L K 6 < ; , 4 ' T ~ v 6 c ;

26 80 equ lise (also -ize)

(v)

= make the same

in

size,

amount or importance: eE,toWvw

The government

must

equalise spending on education for all pupils.

Der: equality

(n)

equal (adj)



26 81

exemplify v) = be a typical example of something:

anOTE:AW xapOKTTlPlOTtK6 O iYIJO

Renoir s

painting

exemplifies the Romantic

tradition.

Der:

example n)

26 82 falsify v) = deliberately change something in order to

deceive:

naponDLti>, nAaoToypa<.pW he ccount nt

had falsified the company reports for

10

years before

he was finally caught.

Der: falsification

n)

false

adj)

26 83 globalise (also -ize) v) = to make something become

generally accepted all over the world: i5Leupuvw

( o ~ m

n a y K o o ~ i w c ;

Cable television helped g/obalise

the television industry.

Der: globe n)

global (adj)

26 84 gratify v) = to please or satisfy: LKavonDLw,

euxapLOTW

I

was gratified to team that my advice was of help to you.

Der:

gratification n)

gratifying (adj)

grateful (adj)

26 85

horrify

v)

=shock:

T p o ~ a ~ w .

T p o ~ o p a T w

I was

horrified to hear about the earthquake

in

China.

Der: horror

n)

horrifying (adj): T p O ~ O X T L K O < ;

horrific (adj): qlpLKLOOTLK6<;

26 86 humanise also -ize) v) = make something easier or

more pleasant for people to deal with: e ~ a v S p w n i ~ w The

minister

wants to humanise the

treatment

of criminals.

Der:

human n)

humane (adj)

26 87 identify v) = see 6.61

26 88 intensify v) = see 24.78

26 89

internalise

(also -ize)

v)

= make

an

idea part

of

your

way of thinking:

utoSeTw ti5E:a,

Sewpia

KTA.)

Over

time, he fully internalised his parent s ideals.

Der: internalisation n)

internal (adj)

26 90

localise

(also -ize) v) = limit the size

of an

area

affected to prevent spreading: n e p t o p i ~ w TomKO) The

firefighters tried to localise the blaze to one building.

Der: locale n)

local (adj)

26 91 memorise (also -ize) v) = learn something by heart:

a n o ~ v ~ ~ o v e u w

The

only way to learn to spell irregular

French verbs is to

memorise them.

Der: memorisation

n)

memory n)

26 92 moralise (also -ize) v) = tell others what you think

is right and wrong, and how they should behave:

~ S L K o l - . o y w I don t trust people who are constantly

mora/ising;

they

often are

dishonest

themselves.

Der: moral n):

~ 8 L K 6 i5ioawa

morality n): ~ S L K ~ , a p n ~

moral (adj)

26 93

mystify

v) = find something strange

or

difficult

to

understand: KOvw KOnmov va anopc:i, o a o T i ~ w

Everybody was mystified by the magician s tricks.

Der: mystifying (adj)

26 94

neutralise

(also -ize)

v)

= prevent something from

having its normal effect: e ~ o u i 5 e r e p w v w The rise

in

prices has

neutralised my salary increase.

Der: neutralisation

n)

neutral (adj)

26 95 personalise (also

-ize)

v) = mark or design specifically

for the needs of an individual: npoownonotW The banks

personalise chequebooks with your

name address

and

telephone number.

Der: personal (adj)

26 96 popularise (also -ize) v) = see 14.7 4

26 97 publicise (also -ize) v) = make something known to

the public:

i 5 L O < P ~ ~ ~ ~ w .

i 5 ~ ~ o m e u w Music

companies

spend a lot to publicise the release

of

new

COs.

Der: public n)

publicity n)

26 98

simplify

v) = make easier: anl-.onotw

We ve simplified

our operating instructions

for

home appliances

Der:

simplification

n):

a n l - . o n o i ~ o ~

simplicity

n):

a n M T ~ T O

simple (adj)

26 99

specialise

(also -ize) v) see 6 57

26 100 specify v) =state or describe precisely what you

mean or need:

n p o o i 5 t o p i ~ w

My clients have specified

that they want

a

small house with

a

large garden.

Der: specification

n)

specific (adj)

26 101

stabilise

(also -ize) v)

=reach

a state where things

are unlikely to change: OTa8eponOLw The main aim of

the new economic plan is to stabilise the economy.

Der: stabilisation n): O T 0 8 e p o n o i ~ o ~

stability

n):

O T a 8 e p 6 T ~ T a

stabilizer (n)

stable (adj)

26 102

subsidise

(also -ize) v) = see 14.35

26 103

symbolise

(also -ize) v) =represent:

o u ~ ~ o l - . i ~ w The

Parthenon symbolises Athens and the Eiffe/ Tower

symbolises Paris.

Der: symbol

n)

symbolism n)

symbolic (adj)

26 104 typify v) = be characteristic of something:

x a p a K T ~ p i ~ w My grandfather s dislike of popular

music typifies the attitude of most older people.

Der: type n)

typical (adj)


26 105 priceless (adj) = see 10.1 07

26 106 worthless (adj) = see 10 113

26 107 invaluable

adj)

=extremely useful:

a v e K T i ~ ~ T o < ;

26 108

discount

n)

=

reduction

in

the usual price:

E:KnTWOfl

26 109 deduction n) =amount subtracted from a total sum

of money:

a q J a i p e o ~

(nooou)

26 11 o economic n) = see 26 79

26 111 economical (adj) = see 20 93

26 112 finance n) = see 2 83

26 113 bonus n) sum of money given as a reward or gift in

addition to your regular salary: i5wpo, t ~ T p a a ~ O L ~ ~

26 114

debit

n) =sum of money taken out of a bank account:

X P i : w o ~ (o p a n e ~ L K O

l - . o y a p t a o ~ 6

Der: debit v)

26 115

debt

n) =sum of money owed: xptoc;

Der: debtor n): O q J e t M T ~ < ;

26 116

credit

n)

=possibility

to pay for goods at a later

date:

n i O T w o ~

26 117 lucrative

(adj) = very profitable:

e m K e p i 5 ~ < ;

26 118 well

off

(adj) = having enough money to keep up a

good standard of living: euKaT maToc;

6



26.119

extravagant (adj) = spending more than you can

afford or costing

more

than is reasonable: anCnaAoc;

26.120 splash out (phr v) = (infj buy something expensive:

onamAciJ

X P ~ ~ m a

METAPHOR

AND MEANING

(page 21 0)

26 121 repay

(v) =

return

money borrowed;

reward

for

a

kindness: ~ e n A . 1 1 p W v w avTano5l5w We repaid the

loan from my parents in three years.

Der: repayment

(n)

26.122 pay (my) debt to society=

do

community service

or

serve time in jail to compensate for a wrongdoing:

~ e n i \ f l p c i W W TO

xptoc IJOU OTflV

KOLVWV[O

After

doing

the six months of

community

service

ordered by

the

court. / ve paid my debt to

society

26.123

owe (me) one =

have

to

return a

good deed or

favour: ~ o u XPWOTO<; x a p ~ I got you free tickets to

the show; now you

owe m

one

26 124 hold

(someone)

accountable=

consider (someone)

responsible: SewpW (K6notov)

uneUSuvo The

boss said

he is holding me accountable for the safety of the visitors.

26.125

pay

(someone)

back

(phr

v)

=

do

something

unpleasant

to someone

in revenge for what

they

did

to

you:

E:K6LKOUIJOL She paid him back for his rude

behaviour

by

ignoring him the next time they met.

26.126 (be) indebted

to (adj) = feel grateful to someone:

E:IIJOL ruyvWIJWV OE: Sue is indebted to

her

uncle for

his help in financing the purchase of her home.

26 127

take

into

account=

see 14.99

26.128 give

something

back (phr v) =repay a kindness:

avranoOiOw

He donated money to the school

as a

way

of

giving something back to the community

26 129 earn

(v)

=

deserve something because of your efforts:

K e p O L ~ w Kate earned the praise she

got

because her

work was excellent.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS

(page 21

0)

26.130 figure (n) = 1.

body

or shape: cp1youpa. o c i J ~ a

A

distant figure moved quickly across the street.

2. number

or amount :

L/JJlc.plo.

apt81-L6c;

The number

nine

is

written with the figure

9 . 3. person who is

important I J O p < p ~ The principal

is a

figure of authority

in every school.

26.131 bank

(n) =

1.

institution where people keep their

money: T p 6 n e ~ a I checked the balance of my account

at

the bank.

2

edge

of

a river:

o x s ~

We sat on the

river bank and watched the boats.

bank holiday= public holiday: e n i o ~ ~ ~ apyia

Monday

is

a

bank

holiday, so

we

are

going

to Paris for

a

long weekend.

26 132 charge (n) = 1. formal accusation of a crime:

KOTfJyopia Mrs Jenkins

is

facing a charge of assault

because she hit the postman.

2.

money

which

must be paid for a service:

xptwof ,

O L K O V O I - L l K ~

em[36puvof1

Ask

what charges are involved before

taking

a

loan.

n

charge of = responsible for: uneUSuvoc; yta

Mark

is in charge of our offices in the southern region.

26.133 credit= 1. (n) see 26.116 2. (v)

add money

to a bank

account: mon.i..Jvw (Aoyaptao116)

When you make

a

deposit, the money is

credited

to your account three

days later. 3. (n) see 24.40

interest free

credit=

see 26.24

6

26.134

branch

(n)

=see 10.3; 10.127

branch out (phr v) = see 4.148

26135

capital

(n) =

1.

see

26.36 2.

a city or place that

is

famous

for a certain activity:

Ktvrpo

1-llOC:

OpaoTJlpL6TJlTac;) Geneva is known as the banking

capital of the world.

capital punishment (n)

= punishment by dea1h:

a v a n K ~ nmvf]

Those against capital punishment

argue that

it

does not effectively

deter

serious crime.

26 136 commission

(n) =

1.

money

paid

to

a person

according

to

value

of

sales made: n p o 1 1 ~ 8 e L a David

works

on

commission so the more cars he sells, the

more money he makes.

2.

see

20.63 3.

a group of

people

officially asked

to

control

or

find out

about

something: E:mrponf] A special commission was

appointed to investigate the criminals of war.

Der:

commission (v)

26.137

brand

(n)

=a

product

or

group

of

products known

by name

and

made by

a particular

company: 1J6pKa

People who

buy

popular brands of clothing may find

themselves

paying more

for the name than for the

actual product.

brand new

(adj) new and unused: oAoKalvoupytoc;

She

got

a brand-new car for her birthday

brand

(someone)

(v)

= label

or

mark someone with

disapproval: O T L Y I - L O T L ~ w

He

was

branded

a

thief, even

though there was

no

substantial

proof

that he had

committed

the crime.

IN

OTHER WORDS

(page

211)

26 138

take

(my) time = not hurry: Kc lvw

K6n 1 LE: TO

nc'loo

IJOU Take your time with that project; you have six

weeks to do it.

26 139 take out a loan = borrow money, especially from a

bank:

nalpvw

06vc:to

We're taking out a loan for a

new

car

because

we don t

have enough money to

buy

what

we

want.

26 140

take account of= consider something when

you

are trying

to make

a decision:

Aa11f36vw

un6L/Jn

When

planning my annual budget,

I

have to take account of

medical expenses.

26 141 take

(something) lying down= accept something

without protesting

or defending

yourself: OtXOIJOL

(Kiln) a 6 1 a ~ a p T u p ~ m She refused to take the sexist

comments

of

her male colleagues lying down.

26.142 take (my) custom

elsewhere=

buy from another

business because

of dissatisfaction: L J w v l ~ w an6

aMou

(A6yw 6uoaptOK8lO<;)

After my butcher

cheated

me, I

decided to take

my

custom elsewhere.

26 143 make a fortune = become very rich: Kc lvw nE:ptouoia

Aristotle Onassis made a fortune in shipping and

became a multimillionaire.

26 144 make do = succeed in dealing with a situation by

using

what

is available:

apKOUIJOL oe Kc ln The stereo

broke, so they had to make

do

with their

old

one.

26 145

make

ends meet=

have

just enough money

to

buy

What you need: TO <ptpvw

[36i\TQ

(OLKOVOI-LLK6)

Times

are so tough that people need two salaries to make

ends meet.

26 146

make the most of= get

the

maximum

from:

a ~ L o n O L W oro tnaKpo

There's

only

one

day

/eft

of our

holiday

so

let's make the most of it



VOCABULARY PRACTICE cumulative review)

A.

Complete

the

sentences using

the

verbs on

the left. Make any

necessary

changes.

The mugger threatened

to

............................. Jason if he didn t hand over his wallet.

Having recently lost my job, I can ............................. with anyone who is out of work.

The passage that my teacher wants me

to

learn ............................. in the book.

budget

2

gratify

stab

3.

enrich

4.

The union leader ............................. with the management for better working conditions.

moralize

5. The architecture of the main hall ............................. early nineteenth century tastes.

The house had been so badly damaged in the earthquake that it had

to

............................. .

Unless

we

............................. carefully, we

won t

be able

to

pay the bills this month.

credit

6.

identify

mark

7.

exemplify

8.

She ............................. the sponge

to get

as much water as possible out of it.

demolish

9 The couple agreed that their life had been ............................. by the birth of their grandchild.

After the sale of her house, a large sum of money ............................. to her bank account.

William ............................. that his proposal had been

of

interest

to

the board

of

directors.

squeeze

10

negotiate

11.

12.

Stop

............................. I can decide for myself what's right and what's wrong.

B. Complete the expressions with the correct verb. Then

match

the expressions

to

their meanings.

take ® have read 1/ J

make get

e keep

~ k ~ 1

do

........................ 2. going

.............

3

my time

............. 4 ends meet

................

5

somebody's mind

a

have something difficult to

do

b hide information from somebody

c. try hard

to

prevent something happening

d start to speak in a public discussion

e

start

to work or

leave a place

........................

6

a stand

1 f

manage with whatever is available

7 the floor g. not do things quickly

8

somebody in the dark

h

just have enough money for what you need

........................

9

my

work cut

out for me

i

accept something without a fight

........................ 10. something lying

down

j. know what someone is thinking

C. Choose the correct answer.

1. Thanks

to

a government income grant, my grandmother was able

to

have a solar panel installed.

2 We

just don t have the

capital

takings

to

set up a business.

3

As head of the department, I am held accountable

applicable

for any mistakes that are made.

4 The government set up a commission commitment

to

investigate the problem of bullying in schools.

5

If you

don t

drink enough water, you are in danger

of

suffering from

insomnia dehydration.

6

The gallery was full of

priceless

invaluable works of art.

7

If you pass the

rote

mock exam, chances are you'll pass the real thing.

8

Having been betrayed by his friends, John became increasingly

bitter delighted.

9

The flooding has destroyed some crops

but

the extent status of the damage is not yet known.

1

0

Add some

pulses

spices to

the soup

to

give it a stronger flavour.

Replace the

underlined

words or

phrases with the

phrasal

verbs

below. Make any

necessary changes.

wear

out

r;,. r, round

off ® act

on brush

up

on

e

phase out

make off with s drop in o pay

back

o

crack up

e get

at

1

We

ended our day in London with a meal at a Chinese restaurant. ..................................

2

Paul should be home. Let's visit him on the way home from the supermarket. .......... ......... .......... .....

3

Please be more direct I just

don t

understand what it is you're trying

to

say. ...............................

4 They are going

to

gradually stop using the old machinery at the factory.

5

Shoplifters had stolen a number of DVDs from the shop.

6 You

must be exhausted after your twenty-mile hike. ................................

7

I regret not following your

advice-

next time I will. ..................................

8 John swore

to get

revenge for what I had done. ...............................

9

You'll never get a job in Germany if you don t improve your German. .......................

10

Jenny told a joke and the rest

of

the class laughed uncontrollably. .................................

65



A

alarmed

6.

73

a drop

in

the ocean 18.129

all go 20.138

a drop

o

22.124

all-inclusive 8.14

a grain of truth 22.135

alleged 4.122

a great good deal of 2.121

allergy 6.40

a piece of the pie 22.167

alleviate 6.34

a pinch

o

22.121

altitude 18.21

a raw deal 2.121

ambiguous 12.118

a speck o dust 22.136

ameliorate

24 68

a touch

o

22.129

amenities 8 5

A-levels 24.22

amphibian 10.13

abdomen 6.2

ample 22.134

abolish 10.49

an ounce o help 18.141

absorb 26.70

analytical 20.86

abstract 20.11

ancestor 6.95

abundant 22.125

anecdote 12.13

academic 24.6

animator 16 92

acceptance

4 69

annoyance

4 71

ccess

8 107

anticlimax 24.60

accessible 20.81

anticlockwise 24.58

account for) 6.62

antique 12.87

accountant 16.1 03

antisocial 24 44

achieve 6.98

apart 22.157

acquire 12.72; 26.62

appeal 4.119

acronym 12.12

appliance 16.3

across the board 8.101

applicable 20.87

act 4.140

apply 2.120

act on 4.140

apply myseiD 2.120

activist 16.91 apprehensive 6.94

actually 24.81

apprenticeship 2.14

acupuncture 6 29

approve 10.51

adapt 4.104

arch 20.2

adaptable 20.82

archaic 12.88

adaptation 4. 70

arid 18.16

adept 4.105

array oD 22.86

addicted 4.120

artefact 20.12

addiction 6.32

artery 6.3

addition 22.151

arthritis 6.46

dministr tion 2 32

artificial 16.36

admirable 20.83 aspect 2.64

adopt 4.103

assessment 22.92; 24.15

adorable 20.84

asset 2.44

advance 16.84

assignment 24.16

advocate 10.50

associate 6 60

affect

6.1 02

asthma 6.54

affectionate 2.61

astronomical 20.88; 26.27

affordable 20.85

at the forefront

o

4.68

agent 4.1

attendance 4. 72

ahead o schedule 8.108

attitude 6.117; 24.38

aid 24.67

audible 20.70

ailment 6.39

audition 4.40

ir

n

opinion 12 39

auditorium

4 2

austere 18.94



back down 12.44

back

out 1

D.131

backpacking 8. 1

backstage 4.3

bacteria 16.14

ban 1D.45; 1D.52

bank 26.131

bank

holiday 26.131

bankrupt 26.33

bar

1D.53

bargain hunting 26.16

bark

1D.2; 1

D

73

barrier 14.6D

base on 4.27

bear

a)

signature 2D.58

bear it)

in

mind 6.156

bear a grudge 2D.57

bear a resemblance (to) 2D.59

bearable 2D.89

bedsit 14.8

beef 22.7D

beneficial 2.7 4

benefit (from) 24.7D

beyond (someone s) comprehension 1

D.15D

biannual 24.56

bilingual 24.47

biography 12.67

biotechnology 16.33

bit by bit 16.122

bite 22.114

bits and pieces 8.56

bitter 22.72

bitterly 6.14D

blame (for) 6.55

blame on) 6.55

bleak 2D.123

bleat 1D.72

blind (someone) with science 24.97

blockbuster 4.25

blossom 1D.1 D

blurb 12.1

blurt out 4.94

board (of directors) 2.5; 8.1 D1

board 8.1D1

boarding school 24.123

boast 6.69

boil down to 12.41

boiler 16.23

bonus 26.113

book 12.113

boost 2.95

border 14.58

be)

bound for 8.1

D6

boundary 14.59

box office 4.4

branch 1D.3; 1D.127; 26.134

branchout4 148; 1D.127; 26.134

brand 26.137

brand loyalty 26.2D

brand-new 26.137

brand (someone) 26.137

break a journey 8.1 D5

break

down

12.49

~ - ~ '

break in 22.171

breeze 18.29

brick 14.96

bright 4.132; 2D.124

brilliant 4.13D

bring in 4.147

broadcaster 4.5

broaden 2.96; 12.56

brochure 8.13

bronze 14.98

brotherhood 14.43

browse 12.25

bruise 6.14

brush up on 2D.39

bud 1

D.4

budget 26.8

built-up 14.26

bulky 18.1D4

bullying 24.1

D5

burn out 1D.139

bush 1D.1

butt in

4.99

button 16.1

D7

buy off 26.48

by and large 8.58

by

hand 6.159

bypass 14.32

c

calcium 22.7

calf 1D.64

calorie 22.39

campaigner 16.93

campus 24.2

canvas 2D.16

capital 26.36; 26.135

capital punishment 26.135

capsize 1

D.

76

captivate 1D.78

67



capture 10.77; 20.27

carbohydrate 22.2

career ladder 2.13

cash flow 22.161

casserole 22.77

cast 4.6; 4.138

cast an) eye over 4.138

cast a shadow 20.129

cast doubt on 4.138

catch (someone s) attention 20 45

catch (someone s) eye 20.44

catch a glimpse 20.46

catch

in

the act (of) 4.140

categorise 26.73

cater for 8.1 09

cautious

18.1

05

cease 10.151

celebrity 4.7

cell 16.34

censorship 4.41

cereal 22.1

chair 2.54

characterise 4.116; 26.74

charge 26.132

chat-show host 4.55

chatter 4.101

check-in 8.34

cheerful 6.79

chequebook 26.5

chest 6.5

chew

22.20

chick 10.34; 10.65

chilly 18.106

chirp 10.68

cholesterol 22.44

choosy

18.1

07

chop 22.55

circular

20.1

03

circulate 2.46

circulation

6 44

citizenship 14.44

civilise 14.73

clamber 18.76

clamp down on) 24.138

clarify 26.75

clarity 4.74

clerical 2.29

cliff 18.3

clockwork 16.1 09

clone 16.41

closeness 22.93

closure 22.94

cloud 4.133

68

co-operative 2 79

co star 4.8

coastguard 18.42

coastline 18.41

coat 10.128

cold-blooded 10.18

collaboration 24.18

colleague 2.35

colloquial 12.125

column 20.7

come

across

4 47

come down on (someone) like a ton of bricks 18.136

come

in for criticism 12 35

come off 26.49

come

out 4 46

come to (my) attention 12.122

come to light 20.133

come

to terms with 24 82

come

up against a brick wall

14 85

come up with 4.146

come down 12.54

commentator 4 53

commercial 2 75

commercialise

26 76

commission 20.63; 26.136

commitment

22.95

common 16.85

common

sense

6 25

community centre

14 14

commuter belt 14.13

companionship 14 45

compatible 18.60

competitive 2.76

compile 16.75

complement 12.71

complementary therapy 6.53

complexity 4.75

compliment 12.69

comply 6.59

compound 16.27

comprehensible 20.90

comprehensive school 24 125

comprise 16 74

compromise 16 73

compulsory 24.1 09

computer-assisted learning

24 128

conceivable 20.91

conceive of) 6.1 00

concentration 6.51

concept 24.96

concern 10.153

concisely 12.27

concrete 14 95



condemn 10.54

crayon 20.17

be) conducive to 24.69

creature 10.37

conduct 6.104

credibility 4.76

conductor 4.56

credit 24.40; 26.116; 26.133

cone 20.120

credits 4.125

confide

in)

6.58

crew 4.10

confidential

2.

77

critic 4.26; 4.59

congestion 14.27

croak 10.69

onnoisseur

22 79

crockery 22.25

conscience 6.116

crop 22.52

conscious 6.115

cross 6.74

consent 10.55; 12.86

cross

my)

mind 6.156

conservative 22. 150

crust 22.38

conserve 1

0.

79

cub 10.66

consistency 22.28

cube 20.122

consonant 12.14

culinary 22.8

constructive 2 78

cultivate 10.116

consult 6.19

curator 16.95

consume 22.22

cure 6.36

consumer 16.94

currency 26.39

contagious 6.22

current 18.89

contain 26.65

current account 26.3

contaminate 22.51

urri ulum 24 7

contemporary 12.89; 20.72

curse 24.65

contemptuous 20.7 4

curved 20.112

content 12.84; 18.61

cutlery 22.27

contestant 4.54

CV 2.43

context 12.85

cyberspace 16.31

continent 18.13 cylinder 20.119

contract 2.12; 2.97

D

conventional medicine 6 52

conversion

18.1

00

dairy 22.15

convert 14.23

dam 18.9

convey 12.126

damp 18.83

cook 22.143

dash 18.74

cooker 22.145

dawdle 18.75

cookery 22.144

dawn 4.135

cope (with) 2.56

dawn on 4.135

correspondence 12 2

dazzle 4.131

corridor 14.7 deaden 12.59

corridors of power 14.84

deal

2.121

costly 18.108

deal with 2.121

costume drama 4 9

debit 26.114

cough up 22.158

debt 26.115

count towards 24.135

debut 4.42

counterproductive 24.51

decent 18.97

countless 22.132

dedication 4.77

cover up 20.38

deduction

26.1

09

crack a joke 12.37

deep-rooted 10.124

crack up 4.150

deeply 6.144

crackdown 12.51

defective 16.39

cram (for) 24.106

deficient 18.64

cramped 14.17

degree 24.20; 24.84

crave 22.17

dehydration 6.28

9



dejected 6.85

delay 8.9

delegate 2.20

delighted 6.88

deluge 18.121

demand 2.49

demolish 14.18

demonstrate 20.77

departure lounge 8.11

dependent 16.1 05

depressed 6.87

derive 6.66

descendant 6.96; 18.95

descent 18.96

despondent 6.93

destination 8.20

detached house 14.11

deteriorate 2 98

detract from 24.71

device 16.32

devote 6.71

devotion 4. 78

devour 22.67

diagonal 20.110

dig 10.117

dig around 10.117

digest 22.56

digestible 20.92

dim 4.128

diminish

2 99

director 4.11; 4.57

disc jockey DJ) 4.58

disciplined 24.100

disclose 12.38

discount 26.1 08

discourage 6 68

discover 16 79

disgraceful 10.147

disloyal 6.130

disobedient 6.134

disorder 6.4 7

displeased 6.81

disrepair 14.29

dissertation 12.23

dissimilar 6.138; 22.156

distance learning 24.126

distract 6.67

distraction 4 79

district 14.57

diversify 4.152; 26.77

diversion 18.98

docile 10.85

documentary 4.12

domain 2.62

7

dome 20.1

domestic 10.87

dominate 12.40

double-glazing 14.9

doubtful 10.99

dough 22.33

down-and-outs 2.111

down the drain 22.165

download 16.17

downpour 12.53

downright 4.112; 6.143

downsize 2.100

dozens of 22.119

draft 2.51

drag on 24.133

drain 22.29

dramatisation 4 80

dramatise 26.78

dramatist 16.96

draught 18.90

draw a comparison 20 50

draw a conclusion 12.130; 20.51

draw attention

to

20.52

draw up 20.34

dr wb ck 24.62

drift 8.88; 18.38

drip 22.138

drive at 8.99

drizzle 18.27

drop 22.137

drop in 22.170

drop out of) 10.134; 24.131

drought 18.26

dry up 18.128; 22.182

dull 4.134

dumb down 24.134

dune 18.4

dutiful 10.1 00

duty

2.31

duty-free shop 8.10

dwelling 14.12

E

eagerness 22.96

earn 26.129

earthenware 14.97

ease

up 20.37

easel 20.24

eat into 22.166

eat up 22.115

eat my) words 22.115

eating disorder 22.13

economic 26.11 0

economical 20.93; 26.111



r

conomise 26.79

effect 6.1

01

effective 2.60

efficiency 2.33

elaborate 6.56

elementary school 24.27

eligible 22.152

embark on 8.112

emigration 10.84

emission 16.28

emotional 2.80

enact 12.55

enclose 12.57

encode 12.58

encounter 1

0.41

endorse 10.56

enforce 12.61

engrossed 4.118; 18.63

enhance 24.72

enlarge 2.1 01

enrich 12.62

ensure 12.63

entrance exam 24.120

entrust 12.65

environmentalist 16.97

envisage 16.71

equalise 26.80

equator 18.12

erase 20.21

erosion 18.15

eruption 18.14

escort 8.26

estate agent

14.1

0

estuary

18.1

ethics 16.44

evaluate 24.21

eventful

10.1

01

evolution 10.91; 16.82

exception to the rule 24.37

excessive

2 81

executive 2.19

exemplify 26.81

exorbitant 26.28

exotic 8.86

expand

2.1

02

expedition 8.22

expenditure 26.35

expenses 26.7

expertise

2. 73

explicit 12.76

explore 16.81

exposure 22.97

extend

2.1

03

extensive 2.82

extent 10.46

exterior 14.28

extermination 10.93

extinct ion 1 0.92

extracurricular

24 50

extraterrestrial 24.61

extravagant 26.119

fabric 20.4

facilitate 24.113

faculty 24.1

faint 4.129

fall through 2.110

falsify 26.82

fantastic 6.111

far and wide

8.51

far flung 8.33

fasten 12.60

fattening 22.40

feasible 2.132

feast 22.9

feather 10.32

featherless 10.115

feature 4.115

fed up22 112

feed 22.112

feedback 2.130

feel10 feet tall18 139

fees 24.116; 26.6

fence 14.1

fend for 1 0.35

fertile 10.118

fibre 22.3

field 2.63; 10.125

figure 26.130

figure out 16.58

filter out 16.53

finance 26.112

finances 26.15

financial 2.83

find out 12.127

firm 2.41

flair 20.29

flash 4.127

flat 14.86

flat on my) back 14.86

flat out 14.86

flawed 10.141

flexibility 6.50

7



flexible 20.94

flock 8.45

flood 18.122

flood

in

22.172

flood the market 18.122

floor 14.87

flourish 10.119

flow 18.91

fluid 16.13

fly high 2.108

foal 10.67

focus 4.117

focus camera 20 49

focus attention 20.48

focus my) energy 20.47

fog 18.31

follow

a)

conversation 8.96

follow (someone s) train o thought 8.97

follow the herd 8.46

follow up 20.33

food chain 22.45

food poisoning 22.41

foodie 22.78

footnote 12.28

for good 4.65

for nothing 2.125

forem n

2 4

forthcoming 4.43

fracture 6.15

freelance

2.1

0

freshman

24.31

frost 18.32

fruitful 10.102

frying pan 22.24

fully 6.142

fundamentally 10.140

funds 26.37

fur 10.24

furious 6.75

furry 20.117

further 2.38

G

gale 18.33

gale-force wind 18.33

gaze 16.63

GCSE

24.23

gear 16.111

gene

16.40

generally 14.75

generate 4.153

generator 16.24

generosity

4.81

genetically engineer 16.38

72

genetically modified 22.46

genuine 10.89

get at 8.100

get come to grips with 24.92

get down

to

business 2.127

get going 20.141

get greedy 22.163

get into 4.141

get into gear 16.111

get my) foot in the door 14.82

get my) point across 12.128

get the picture 20.134

getaway 8.35

gifted 24.1 07

gigantic 22.11

give out 16.54

give (someone)

an

inch and (he ll) take a yard 18.137

give something back 26.128

be) given credit 24.40

glad 6.80

glance 16.67

gland 10.30

glimpse 16.61

globalise 26.83

gloomy 18.1 09; 20.125

glorious 18.110

go back 4.48

go cheap 20.137

go down as 4.51

go into 4.49

go off 22.178

go off track 8.92

go on 4.52

go

on and on 20.136

go on to 4.50

go round in circles 8.87

go the extra mile 18.135

go under

2.1

07; 22.162

go with 20.140

goes to show 20.144

be)

going strong 20.143

goods 26.42

gourmet 22.76

GP 6.20

grade 24.85

gradually 16.121

graduation 24.28

grant 26.11

grape 22.58

grasp 24.95

grate 22.54

gratify 26.84

grease 22.34



grounds 18.80

guesthouse 8.4

H

habitat 10.20

hack 16.29

hail

18.82

hail

from 18.82

hammer 16.106

hammer home 16.1 06

hand-me-down 12.52

handful 22.98

handle 2.55; 24.91

hang up 20.31

hard up

26.31

hardware 16.1

harmonious 18.111

harsh 18.92

hatch 10.17

have my) work cut out for (me) 2.129

have a (reasonable) command of a language 12.120

have a few pints 18.138

have a go 20.139

have a word with 12.115

have an adverse effect 24.73

hazardous 18.112

heat 22.111

heatstroke 18.47

heatwave 18.48

hedge 14.2

helping 22.62

hemisphere 18.11

herb 22.81

herd 8.46

hibernate 10.21

a)

hidden agenda 12.105

high school 24.32

high-flying 2.109

higher education 24.36

highlight 4.36; 4.1 09

highly 6.145

hint 12.132

hitchhiking 8.2

hold (someone) accountable 26.124

hold back 12.133

hold out 10.137

horde 8.48

horizontal 20.113

horrify 26.85

hospitable 8.6

house 26.63

houseful 22.99

household 14.63

housekeeping 14.64

housewarming 14.65

housing estate 14.15

howl10 74

human resources 2 39

humanise 26.86

humid 18.84

hurricane 18.22

hygiene 6.26

hype up 4.143

hyperactive 24.42

hypermarket 24.57

hypersensitive 24.59

hypothetical 20.95

hysterical 20.96

icon 20.14

ideally 24.80

identify 26.87

identify with

6.61

its and buts 8.55; 24.66

ignorance 4.82

illicit 12.77

illustration 20.13

imaginary 6.11 0

imaginative 6.112

imitation 4.83

immature 6.131

immense 22.127

immigration 10.82

immoral 6.132

immortal 6.133

immunity 16.46

impact 10.43

impair 24.7 4

implementation 14.33

implicit 12.75

imply 12.116

impose 10.44

impoverished 26.32

imprecise 6.135

be) in

(one s) good books 12.113

in

a quandary 22.90

in

a sense 6.157

in

captivity 10.47

in

charge of 26.132

in

comp rison

with 4 64

in

conjunction with 4.62

73



in

droves 8.49

in

earnest 6.161

in many respects

4 61

in no time 4 66

in

pursuit 10.39

in

search of 2.123

in season

22 87

in

shape 20.135

in

terms of 24.82

in

the footsteps of 8.11 0

in

the mood (for) 22.84

in

the nick

of

time 16.123

in the vicinity

8 113

in the wild 10.48

in

tune with 14.1 00

in

vain 6.162

inaccurate

6 119

inadequate 6.120

incensed 6.83; 10.148

incentive 14.36

incentive scheme

26 17

inclusive 2.84

income 26 9

inconsistent

6 121

inconsolable 6.86

incubate 10.33

be) indebted

to

26.126

indecisive 6.122

indicate 20.76

indigenous 10 25

indigestion 6.42

indulge in) 22.91

ineffective 6.123

inevitability 14.107

infallible 6.125

infect 6.103

infectious 18.113

infer 12.117

inflation rate 26.21

inflexible 6.127

influential 2.85

infrastructure 14 31

ingest 22.68

ingredient 22.30

inhabit 14.67

inherit 14.68

inhibit 14.66

inject 16.90

innovative 2.86; 12.90

innumerable 22.122

inquire 12.73

inscription 12 82

insecure 6.136

insensitive 6.137

7

insert 16.89

insight 24.93

insistence

4 84

insomnia 6 38

inspiration 4.85; 20.19

install 16.16; 16.88

instalments 26.25

instructive

2 87

insufficient 6.139

intake 6.27

intensify 26.88

intensively 24.78

intentional 2 88

inter-school 24.45

interest 26.1

interest-free credit 26.24; 26.133

interierence 4 86

interior design 14.16

internalise 26.89

intuition 6 118

invaluable 26.1 07

invariably 16.118

invent 16.80

inventive 2 89

invertebrate 1 0.15

investment 22.100

involve 10.97

involvement 22.101

irrigation 18.24

irritated 6.89

isolated 8.19; 18.62

issue 12.114

it pains (me) 6.154

it s a foregone conclusion 14 104

it s conceivable 14.105

itinerary 8.31

jagged 20.111

jargon 12.15

jaw 6.9

joint 6.33

jot own 12.46

junior 24.24

junk mail 26.18

juvenile 12.91

K

keep (someone)

in

the dark 4.136

kettle 16.8

key 14.88

Key Stage 24.33

keyboard 16.9

kick

in

the teeth 6.153

kick out 24.137



kidney 6.6

kindergarten 24.25

kingdom 14.46

kitten 10.59

L

laboratory 16.5

lactose intolerance 22.16

lamb 10.62

land 8.103

land a jo 8.103

landlord 14.37

landmark 18.55

landscape 20.22

landslide 18.54

late in life 6.155

lawn 14.3

lay 10.23

lay

down 12.45

lay off 2.7; 26.45

lay the table 10.23

laze around 4.145

lead 14.93

leak 22.140

learning disability 24.13

leave 2.65; 8.102

leave no stone unturned 10.126

leave off 26.60

leave to chance 8 1 02

lecture 24.8

leftovers 20.80

legal 24.129

legend 12.3

legible 22.153

lenient 24.99

lens 20.5

let someone) know 12.129

let-up 8.37

letdown 8.40

life 6.155

ligament 6 1

light up 20.131

likelihood 20.68

likeness 20.67; 22.102

likewise 20.66

limelight 4 111

line of work) 2.57

linguistics 12.4

liquid 16.12

liquidate assets 22.160

literacy 24 11

literal12.78

literary 12.80

literate 12.79

literature 22.103

liver 6.8

loads of 22.123

loan 26.12

localise 26.90

lodge 8.30

long-term 2.17

look on the bright side 20.124

lose half a stone 18.140

lowly 2.118

lucrative 26.117

lung 6.7

luxurious 18.114

lyrics 12.5

M

machinery 16.4

mail order 26.22

mainland 18.25

majority 22.128

make a breakthrough 16.47

make a fortune 26.143

make a go o f 20.142

make a stand against 10.154

make cutbacks 2.6

make do 26.144

make ends meet 26.145

make light of 20.133

make myself) understood 12.131

make off 26.44

make off with 26.58

make out 16.62

make redundant 2.2

make sense 6.157

make the grade 24.85

make the most of 26.146

make up 22.180

make up for 22.179

makeover 10.143

malfunction 4 151

mammal10.12

managerial 2.37

manhood 14.47

manual12.6

manufacturing 2.8

manuscript 12.30

marble 14.94

march 18.73

mark 24.83

marked 24.83

martyrdom 14.48

mash up 22.21

masterpiece 4.30; 20.28

7



maternity leave 2.42

mature 12.92

maturity 4.87

meagre 22.131

medication 6.24

meditation 6.49

memorise 26.91

merchandise 26.41

merciless 10.103

merely 24.77

mess around 24.139

metabolism 22.4

meteoric rise 2 112

mew 10.70

microscope 16.19

microwave oven 16 7

middle or junior high school 24.29

migraine 6 45

migration 10.83

mild 18.30

mind 6.156

mind reader 12.112

mineral 22 6

minority 22.116

minuscule 22.130

minute 22.133

miracle cure 6 150

miserable 6.90

mission 20.65

mix-up 8.39; 20.36

mock exam) 24.121

modem 16.10

modify 16.35

module 24.1 0

monitor 16.113

monotonous 24 48

moo 10.71

moralise 26.92

mortgage 14.19

motif 24.103

motionless 10.1 04

motivation 24.101

motive

24.1 02

motor 16.22

mount

a) campaign 20.42

mount a) photograph 20.41

mount

an)

exhibition 20.43

mouth-watering 22.10

move

in

n unexpected direction

8 90

movie buff 4.14

multicoloured

8.

71

multicultural 8. 72

multilingual 8. 74

7

multimillionaire 8 70

multiplex

4.31

multipurpose 8. 79

multiracial 24.49

multistorey 8. 76

mumble 4.95

mural20 8

mystify 26.93

N

nag 4.93

narrow down

12 50

natural 10.90

neglect 14.41

negotiate 2.48

neigh 10.75

nest 10.22

neutralise 26.94

nibble 22.66

non fiction

12.7

none of

my)

business 2.126

not have the faintest idea 4.129

not mind 6.156

do) not stand a chance 14.111

notice 16.66

notify 6.65; 12.123

novel 12.93

novice 12.94

now and again 8 59

numeracy

24 12

numerous 18.115

nursery school 24.34

nurture 1

0.26

nutritious 22.42

0

object 6.1 06

objectivity 4.88

oblige 24.110

observe 1 0.80; 16.65

obsessed 18.59

obsolete 12.95

obtain 26.71

occupant 14.42

occupation

2 58

off the beaten track 8.18

offence 4.89

official 2.90

offspring 10.36

omission 20 64

on a large r) scale 4.63

on a regular basis 16.116

on

hand 6.164

on impulse 6.165



purpose 6.163

on the grounds that 18.80

on the lookout 18.1 02

on

the market 14.20

on the part of 4.67

be) on the right wrong track 8.93

on the threshold of 14.78

one-way system 14.34

open my) eyes 24.88

opening 14.79

opportunity knocks 14.81

opt for) 6.64

optional 24.14

oral 24.122

ordinary 16.87

organic 22.47

originality 4.90

ornament 20.9

out and about 8.53

out

of

the question 14.108

out of work 2.124

out-of-date 12.97

outdoor 14.61

outlet 26.26

outline 12.26

outlive 8.67

outlook 2.68; 18.101

outmoded 12.96

outnumber 8. 78

outright 4.114

outset 8.36

outskirts 14.56

outsmart

8.81

outspoken 12.121

outstay 8.80

outvote 8.68

outward 14.62

outweigh 8.69

oval20.106

over

the hill 12.98

overactive 8.62

overboard 18.86

overbooked 8. 77

overcast 18.28; 18.87

overcharge 8.82

t overcook

8

75

overdraft 26.10

overeat 8.63

overestimate 8.61

overjoyed 6. 76

n v ~ r < : : > : : I C : : 18 88

oversee 16.68

oversimplify 8.73

oversleep 8.60

overtime 2.23

overview 18.1 03

owe me) one 26.123

p

PA 2.22

pack 8.47

pack it

in

22.175

package 8.15

pain

relief 6.31

paint a picture 20.134

palette 20.25

paperback 12.8

paperwork 2.21

pastry 22.35

patch 18.36

patent 16.30

pay a compliment 12.36

pay my)

debt

to society 26.122

pay someone) b ck 26.125

pay off 26.52

peach 22.61

peak 18.5

peel 22.31

peer 16.70; 24.19

pelvis 6.10

people skills 2.34

perceive 6.99

perfectly 6.146

perilous 18.116

perk 2.26

permanent

2.11

permissible 20.97

permission 2 67

permit 2.66; 1 0.57

personalise 26.95

perspective 2.70

petrified 6.77

phase out 16.56

physical 1 0.88

pick up 2.116; 20.35; 24.132

picture 20.134

picturesque 20.23

pile-up

8.41

pinch 22.36

pioneer 8.32

pitiful 10.1 05

plain 18.81

plant 10.129

play down 12.43

play up 4.142

77



playwright 4.60

plod

18 71

plot 4.34

plum 22.60

pluses and minuses

24 64

poacher 10.96

poetry 12.16

pointless 10.106

polish off 22.11

popularise 14.74; 26.96

pork 22.59

portion 22.63

portrait

20.15

pose a problem 20.54

pose a question 20.55

pose for a p oto 20.53

post 2.16; 12.24

postgraduate 24.4

posture 6.48

pottery 20.3

pouch 10.27

poultry 22.43

pour 22.142

pour out 22.181

predator 10.31; 10.94

predecessor

6 97

prefer 14.70

preferable 14.69

preferential 2.91; 14.71

prehistoric 24.55

premiere 4.44

pr mis s 14 30

preschool 24.41

prescription 6.23; 12.81

presenter

4 15

preservative 22.149

preserve 1

0 81

pretence 4 91

prevailing 6.43

prey 10.95

priceless 10 1 07; 26.105

primary 24.5

primary school 24.5

primitive 12.99

prior to 8.111

priority 2.72

privileged 24 1 08

procedure 16.42

processed 22.48

prodigy 24.117

producer 4.16

professional 2.92

progress 16.83

8

promote 2.30

promptly

12.124

proofread 12.29

property 14.39

pros and cons 8.54; 24.63

prospect 2.69

prospects 2.18

prosperous 18.117; 26.30

protest 10.58

provisional 16.119

psych out 1 0.133

publicise 26.97

pulses 22.80

puppy 10.60

put a stop to 10.156

put in 2.27

put (my) finger on 24.87

put off 26.59

put on 4.149

pyramid 20.121

quench (my) thirst 22.106

quotation 12.17

R

radiant 20.126

radiator 14.6

radical10.142

rainbow 18.44

raindrop 18.46

rainfall 18.43

rainforest 18.45

raise awareness

16 48

raise expectations 16 49

raise

money 16 50

ratings 4.124

ray 20.127

ray of hope 20.127

reach a compromise

16 52

reach the

top

2.113

read between the lines 12.111

read into 12.106

read (someone) like a book 12.104

read (someone s) mind 20.56

readership 14.49

reasonable 20.98; 26.29

rebellious 18.118

recall

6 1

08

receive 26 66

recruit 2.53

rectangular

20 1

04

redeem 26.14

refresher course 24 119



reiterate 12.119

relentless 10.108

remainder 20.78

remedy 6.37

remind 6.1 07

reminisce 4.96

remote 8.23

renewable 20.99

renovate 14.38

renowned 4.123

repay 26.121

represent 20.75

reptile

10.11

require 12.7 4

resemble 10.28

reservoir 18.1 0

residential

2.93; 24.118

resign 2.122

resign myselry to 2.122

resistible

20.1

00

resort 8.16

resources 26.38

respectable 20.101

respond

6.

70

restless 10.1 09

restore 14.40; 20.61

restore confidence in) 20.62

restore order 20.60

resume 12.68

retail therapy 26.19

retain 6.109; 26.64

return

a)

compliment 12.33

review 4 45

revolve 10.98

rewind 4.107

rib 6.11

ridge 18.7

rip off 26.57

rise to a challenge 2.36

rising star 2.119

rising tide 18.131

root 10.120

rosy 20.128

rote learning 24.127

rough 8.85; 20.116

round 20.108

round and round 8.50

round off 26.55

rub salt in the wound 6.148

rucksack 8.3

ruin 24.75

ruins 20.79

rule out 12.107

rumour

12.18

run 2.52

run a mile 18.132

run down 12.48

run like clockwork 16.109

run

out 10.136

run through 4.144

rural 14.24

safe and sound 8.57

sainthood 14.50

salary 2.25

saucepan 22.26

s vings account 26 2

savoury 22.73

say something)

in

a roundabout way

8.91

scaly 10.19

scar 6.152

scar someone) for life 6.152

scare 22.49

scared 6.78

scenery 8.25

sceptical 6.113

scholarship 14.51

scramble 18.77

screen 16.114

screenplay 4.39

screenwriter 4 17

screw 16.108

script 4.35

sculpture 20.6

seasoning 22.82

sector 2.9

secure 26.69

see someone something)

in

a new light 20.133

see something) through rose-coloured glasses 20.132

seed 10.5

seize 26.67

seizure 22.104

select 2.47

self-catering 8.17

sell off 26.47

semicircle 24.46

semiconscious 24 54

send off 26.54

senior 24.30

sense 6.157

sense of direction 6.157

sequel 4.29

sequence 4.33

serving 22.64

set 2.45; 4.18; 4.139

set foot

in

8.104

set

in my)

ways 4.139

79



set off 26.53

set up 2.50

settle 18.35

shade 20.26

shadow 20.129

shadow hanging over

me)

20.129

shameless 10.11 0

shape 20.135

shapeless 10.111

share 26.40

shed 14.5

shed light

on

4.137

shell10.16

shore 18.2

shortly 16.117

show paintings 20.40

shower with 18.125

shrink 2.104

shuffle 18.72

shutter 14.4

side by side 22.89

sieve 22.23

significance 2 71

simmer 22.32

simplicity 4.92

simplify 26.98

simulate 24.115

single out 1 0.135; 16.59

single-sex school 24.124

sink

in

22.173

sisterhood 14.52

situations vacant

2 3

sketch 20.20

skull 6.12

slang 12.19

sleet 18.34

slice 22.57

a)

slice of the market 22.164

sling 6.16

slogan 12.20

slope 18.18

slum 14.21

small print 12.9

smooth 20.115

snap at

4.100

snapshot

20.1

0

snowdrift 18.56

be) snowed under 18.130

snow11ake

18.57

so-called 4.121

soaking 18.85

socialise 14 72

soil 18.23

8

solid16.11

sophomore 24.35

sort out 16.60

sour 22.74

sow 10.121

spanner 16.110

specialise 6.57; 26.99

specialist 16.98

species 1 0.14

specify 26.1 00

spectacle 10.149

spell it) out 12.108

sphere 20.118

spice 22.83

spill 22.65; 22.141

spine 6.13

spiral 20.109

splash 22.11 0; 22.139

splash out 26.120

spoil 24.76

be)

spoilt for choice 22.88

spokesperson 16.1 04

sponge off 22.159

sponsorship 14.53

spotlight 4.110

spread 22.146

sprinkle 22.148

square 20.1

07

square meal 22.12

squeeze 22.147

stab 6.151

stab someone)

in

the back 6.151

stabilise 26.101

staff 2.40

stage 4.19

stagger 18.78

stalk 10.6

stamp out 10.130

stand own 12.47

stand

in

22.174

stand out a mile 18.133

staple 22.69

stardom 14.54

stare 16.69

start from scratch 10.155

starve 22.14

state of affairs 10.145

state-of-the-art 4.38; 12.100

status 2.133

stay afloat 22.169

steel 14.91

steer a) conversation 8.95

stem 10.122



up a conversation 12.32

18.79

woman 4.21

k:f :rintinn

12.10; 12.83

standard 24.43

22.18; 24.39

4.126; 24.53

imAthinn lying down 26.141

take a dive 2.115

take a large bite out of 22.168

take a look at 24.94

take a sudden unexpected turn 8.89

take account of 26.140

take into account 14.99; 26.127

take issue with 12.114

take off 2.117; 26.51

take on 2.15

take out 16.57

take out a loan 26.139

take precautions 16.51

take shape 20.135

take the floor 14.87

takings 26.34

tale 4.28

tame 10.86

tamper 16.43

tangible 20.71

tear down 12.42

tear off 26.56

technician 16.99

temporary 20.73

tendency 16.120

terminal 8.8

terms 24.82

terrain 8.27

terribly 6.140

terrified 6.84

tertiary 24.26

test tube 16.20

thaw 18.37

the ends

o

the earth

8.21

the key

to

14.80

the odds are 14.1 06

the time of (my) life 6.155

there and back 8.52

there is a distinct possibility 14.1 02

there is little prospect of

14.1

03

there s a slim chance 14.110

thoughtful 6.114

threshold 14.78

thrilled 6.91

thriller 4.22

thrive 10.42

throw a spanner

in

the works 16.11 0

thunderclap 18.50

thundercloud 18.49

tie in with 22.176

tighten 12.64

tighten the screws 16.108

timber 14.90

timely 18.119

8



tin

14.89

tiptoe 18.66

to go 20.145

tons of 22.120

tools

of

the trade 16.112

torrent 18.123

a)

torrent

of

18.123

totally 14.77

touch up 20.30

touchdown 8.38

trace 22.126

trade

in

22.177

trail 8.28

trailer 4.23

transfer 8.7; 16.77

transform 16.78

translator 16.100

transparent 24.89

transplant 16.76

travel agency 8.12

treat 6.35

trekking 8.24

trendy

18.120

triangular

20.1

05

trickle 18.124

truancy 24.1 04

trudge 18.67

trunk 10.7

try out 16.55

tuition 24.112

tutorial 24.17; 24.111

twig 10.8

twinkle 20.130

twinkle

in

(someone s) eye 20.130

typical 16.86

typify

26.1

04

u

be)

under

an)

illusion 6.160

be) under no) illusion 24.90

under canvas 8.29

underage 6.158

underdressed 8.66

undergraduate 24.3

underline 12.11 0

underrate 8. 65

understaffed 8.83

undervalue 8.64

unearth 10.123

unfaithful 6.124

unfamiliar 6.126

unintentional 6.128

unjustifiable 10.144

unjustified 6.129

82

unlike 22.155

unlock 14.83

unspoilt 8.84

unwind

4.1

08

up for sale 14.25

up-and-coming 2.114

up-to-date

12.1 01

upgrade 16.18

upright 4.113

upset 6.82

urban 14.22

utmost 10.152

utterly 6.147; 10.146

v

vaccination 6 21

vaccine 16.37

vacuum cleaner 16 6

valley 18.8

vast22 118

vegetarian

16.1 01

v in 6 4

vending machine 26.23

venomous 10.38

venue 4.24

verse 12.21

vertical 20.114

veteran

12.1 02

view 16.72

villain 4.37

vintage 12.103

virtual reality 16.26

virtually 24.79

virus 16.15

visible 20.69;

20.1

02

vitamin 22.5

vocalist

16.1

02

vocation 2.59; 24.98

voice 12.31

volcano 18.20

voluntary work 2.131

voucher 26.13

vowel12 22

w

wade 18.70

wade through 18.126

waffle 4.98

wander 18.65

wander off the

topic

8.94

washout 8.43

watch

my)

weight 22.50; 22.109

watercolour 18.53; 20.18

waterfall 18.51



~ l e r n e s s

18.19

windscreen

18.40

wipe

the floor with 14.87

withdrawal 26.4

withhold 12.34

within

reach

o

14.101

witness 16.64

wonder where

a)

conversation is going leading 8.98

wood 14.92

word 12.115

work off 26.50

work out 10.138

workload 2.24

workshop 24.9

worthless 1 0.113; 26.1 06

wouldn t bet on 14.109

wound 6.148

wound (someone s) pride 6.148

wrestle with 24.86

write off 26.61

written all over

my)

face 12.109

y

yearn 6.63

youthful 10.114

mastermind companion

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