masonry of building

MATERIAL & COSTRUCTION-IIIMATERIAL & COSTRUCTION-IIIDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, BUITEMSDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, BUITEMS

Types Of MasonryTypes Of Masonry

PRESENTED BY YASIR HUSSAIN ARCHITECTURE 5Th Email id [email protected]

masonrymasonry

Masonry is generally a highly durable form Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry the durability of the over all masonry construction. construction.

Masonry units, such as Masonry units, such as brick, tile, stone, brick, tile, stone, glass brick or concrete block glass brick or concrete block generally generally conformconform[where?] to the requirements specified to the requirements specified in the 2003 in the 2003 International Building Code ((IBCIBC) Section 2103.) Section 2103.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Building_Code

Masonry HistoryMasonry History

Rich HistoryRich History–Through the mid-1800sThrough the mid-1800s

–Primary Building Materials Primary Building Materials

Late 1800sLate 1800s–New Products DevelopedNew Products Developed

–Ended Masonry’s DominanceEnded Masonry’s Dominance

Masonry HistoryMasonry History

20th Century Developments20th Century Developments– Steel Reinforced MasonrySteel Reinforced Masonry

– High Strength MortarsHigh Strength Mortars

– High Strength Masonry UnitsHigh Strength Masonry Units

– Variety of Sizes, Colors, Variety of Sizes, Colors,

Textures & CoatingsTextures & Coatings

Masonry - Primary Uses TodayMasonry - Primary Uses Today

Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) Foundation WallsFoundation Walls

Structural Support Walls (low rise)Structural Support Walls (low rise)

Backup Walls for Exterior FacingBackup Walls for Exterior Facing

Brick & StoneBrick & Stone

Facing Materials - VeneersFacing Materials - Veneers

Decorative WallsDecorative Walls

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Brick Masonry - UniquenessBrick Masonry - Uniqueness

• Fire ResistanceFire Resistance

• SizeSize

• DurabilityDurability

masonrymasonryMasonryMasonry is the building of structures from individual is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by units laid in and bound together by mortarmortar; the term ; the term masonrymasonry can also refer to the units themselves. The can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are common materials of masonry construction are Brick Brick Stone Stone MarbleMarbleGranite Granite LimestoneLimestoneCast StoneCast StoneConcrete BlockConcrete BlockGlass block Glass block Stucco, and Tile. Stucco, and Tile.

ApplicationsApplications Masonry is commonly used for the Masonry is commonly used for the walls of walls of

buildingsbuildings, , retaining walls retaining walls and and monumentsmonuments. . Brick and concrete block are the most common Brick and concrete block are the most common

types of masonry in use in industrialized nations types of masonry in use in industrialized nations and may be either weight-bearing or a and may be either weight-bearing or a veneerveneer..

Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in masonry cores, offer various possibilities in masonry construction. They generally provide great construction. They generally provide great compressive strength, and are best suited to compressive strength, and are best suited to structures with light transverse loading when the structures with light transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the cores with concrete or concrete with steel cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much greater tensile and lateral strength to structuresgreater tensile and lateral strength to structures

Solid Walls Solid Walls

Masonry units laid close together Masonry units laid close together with all joints filled solidly with with all joints filled solidly with mortar. Solid walls are structurally mortar. Solid walls are structurally bonded by metal ties, masonry bonded by metal ties, masonry headers or by joint reinforcement. headers or by joint reinforcement. Where solid masonry walls are used, Where solid masonry walls are used, insulation and mechanical equipment insulation and mechanical equipment are often installed within a furred are often installed within a furred space on the interior side of the wall. space on the interior side of the wall. Below grade, insulation is often Below grade, insulation is often placed on the exterior side of the placed on the exterior side of the wall.wall.

Veneered WallsVeneered Walls

Masonry is used as a facing material. Masonry is used as a facing material. In this case, the masonry does not In this case, the masonry does not act structurally. It serves to perform act structurally. It serves to perform as a weather barrier and as a finish as a weather barrier and as a finish material. Insulation and mechanical material. Insulation and mechanical equipment is normally located equipment is normally located between studs.between studs.

Reinforced Masonry Reinforced Masonry WallsWalls

Similar to a reinforced concrete wall, Similar to a reinforced concrete wall, a reinforced masonry wall a reinforced masonry wall incorporates steel to provide incorporates steel to provide resistance to tension, shear, and resistance to tension, shear, and compression forces. Reinforcing bars compression forces. Reinforcing bars are placed vertically in walls and tied are placed vertically in walls and tied to horizontal bars. Insulation and to horizontal bars. Insulation and mechanical equipment is placed mechanical equipment is placed similar to that in a solid wallsimilar to that in a solid wall

Cavity Walls Cavity Walls

A cavity wall is composed of two A cavity wall is composed of two wythes of either solid or hollow wythes of either solid or hollow masonry separated by a continuous masonry separated by a continuous air space, and bonded together with air space, and bonded together with metal ties or joint reinforcement. The metal ties or joint reinforcement. The cavity offers important advantages in cavity offers important advantages in areas of severe exposure: areas of severe exposure:

Cavity Walls Cavity Walls

The continuous air space provides The continuous air space provides insulation value and a place insulation value and a place

where additional insulation may be where additional insulation may be installed. installed.

The continuous air space acts as a The continuous air space acts as a barrier to moisture penetration. barrier to moisture penetration.

In cavity walls, insulation and In cavity walls, insulation and mechanical equipment are often mechanical equipment are often

installed within the cavity, or within a installed within the cavity, or within a furred space on the interior of the furred space on the interior of the wall.wall.

MORTARMORTARMortar is a pasty material formed by the addition of

water to a mixture composed of an aggregate (sand) and a binding material (cement or lime) which may be handled with a trowel. The mortar units the individual bricks together. Generally, following types of mortar are in use,

o Mud mortaro Cement mortaro Lime mortaro Cement lime mortar Mud mortar is used for the temporary construction.

Cement mortar is used for permanent structures. In order to select a suitable type of mortar for a given construction, we must know the type of desired finish, the magnitude and nature of super-imposed load, the effect of weathering agencies and the importance of structure.

Brick masonry is construction in which Brick masonry is construction in which uniform units (“bricks”), small enough uniform units (“bricks”), small enough to be placed with one hand, are laid in to be placed with one hand, are laid in courses with mortar joints to form courses with mortar joints to form walls. Bricks are kiln baked from walls. Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and shale mixtures. The various clay and shale mixtures. The chemical and physical characteristics chemical and physical characteristics of the ingredients vary considerably. of the ingredients vary considerably. These characteristics and the kiln These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and brick in a variety of colors and harnesses. harnesses.

BrickBrick MasonryMasonry

Brick house

Brick Positions:Brick Positions:

StretcherStretcher

HeaderHeader

SoldierSoldier

ShinerShiner

RowlockRowlock

SailorSailor

Course: Continuous layerCourse: Continuous layerWythe: Continuous vertical sectionWythe: Continuous vertical section

Basic Basic BrickworkTerminologyBrickworkTerminology

BedJoint

HeadJoint

Course - horizontal layer of brickCourse - horizontal layer of brick

Basic Brickwork Basic Brickwork TerminologyTerminology

Header - Bonds two wythes together Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

Rowlock - laid on face, end visible

Stretcher - long dimension horizontal & face parallel to the wall

Molding processMolding process ColorColor SizeSize GradeGrade TypeType

Considerations in Choosing Considerations in Choosing BrickBrick

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Brick BondsBrick Bonds

Structural BondsStructural Bonds Cavity (Veneer) WallsCavity (Veneer) Walls

– Running bondRunning bond– Stacked bondStacked bond

Brick JointsBrick Joints WEATHEREDWEATHERED

CONCAVE CONCAVE

VEEVEE

FLUSHFLUSH

RAKEDRAKED

STRIPPEDSTRIPPED

STRUCKSTRUCK

Wood Mold

Extruded – Wire Cut Extruded – Smooth

Extruded – Raked

Joint Color that “Blends” w/ Brick Color

Concave Joints

Flush Joints

Racked Joints

Layout & LeadsLayout & Leads LineLine

Stationary Scaffolding

Tooling Joints

Cleaning Masonry

Steel Lintel

Façade Brick Wall Façade Brick Wall

(Non Load Bearing Wall)(Non Load Bearing Wall)

Hollow Concrete Block Wall Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)(Non Load Bearing Wall)

BRICK’S BONDING BRICK’S BONDING

Stretcher BondStretcher Bond English BondEnglish Bond Flemish BondFlemish Bond Raking BondRaking Bond English Garden Wall BondEnglish Garden Wall Bond Common / American BondCommon / American Bond Flemish Garden Wall BondFlemish Garden Wall Bond Running BondRunning Bond Herringbone BondHerringbone Bond

Bonding in brickwork in an arrangement of Bonding in brickwork in an arrangement of bricks, usually overlapping between courses in bricks, usually overlapping between courses in order to distribute load and provide stability. order to distribute load and provide stability. Bonding can also be used for decorative Bonding can also be used for decorative purposes. In general brickwork should not be purposes. In general brickwork should not be less than quarter bonded.less than quarter bonded.

BondBond

Brick bond

HeaderHeader A brick which is laid in a A brick which is laid in a

way that only the short end way that only the short end is visible in the wall is visible in the wall

StretcherStretcher A brick which is laid A brick which is laid

in a way that allows in a way that allows only the longer side only the longer side of the brick to be of the brick to be exposed. exposed.

Stretcher BondStretcher Bond

Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of cutting required Originally used for single brick cutting required Originally used for single brick walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the obvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting obvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting was required.was required.

English BondEnglish Bond

Alternative courses of headers and Alternative courses of headers and stretchers; one header placed centrally stretchers; one header placed centrally above each stretcher. above each stretcher.

This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 brick thick(or thicker). brick thick(or thicker).

One of the strongest brickwork bond One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.patterns.

Flemish BondFlemish Bond Alternate bricks are placed as header and Alternate bricks are placed as header and

stretcher in every course. Each header is stretcher in every course. Each header is placed centrally between the stretcher placed centrally between the stretcher immediately above and bellow. This is not immediately above and bellow. This is not

as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick. as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick. Can be successfully applied in cavity wall.Can be successfully applied in cavity wall.

Raking BondRaking Bond Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be

effective within an exposed framed effective within an exposed framed construction, or contained within construction, or contained within restraining brick courses.restraining brick courses.

English Garden Wall BondEnglish Garden Wall Bond An alternative version of English bond with An alternative version of English bond with

header courses being inserted at every header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course. This is a fourth or sixth course. This is a correspondingly weaker bond. Suitable for correspondingly weaker bond. Suitable for free standing wall.free standing wall.

Common/ American BondCommon/ American Bond A brickwork pattern in which all rows are A brickwork pattern in which all rows are

stretchers, except an eighth row of headers stretchers, except an eighth row of headers

Flemish Garden Wall BondFlemish Garden Wall Bond In this variant of Flemish bond, one In this variant of Flemish bond, one

header is placed at every third stretcherheader is placed at every third stretcher

Running BondRunning Bond Consist of all stretchers no header Consist of all stretchers no header

used in this bond so metal ties are used in this bond so metal ties are used Cavity wall construction & used Cavity wall construction & veneered walls of brick.veneered walls of brick.

Herringbone BondHerringbone BondIt is a purely decorative bond. It is a purely decorative bond. It is used in floor and wall panels.It is used in floor and wall panels.

Header BondHeader Bond

A masonry bond consisting of header courses exclusively. Header bond was sometimes used to help make a building look bigger. Civic buildings and the odd town-house can be found in Header bond. It's also used where there is a lot of ornamental detail, presumably to avoid a lot of unsightly and costly cutting.

Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be effective within an exposed framed effective within an exposed framed construction, or contained within construction, or contained within restraining brick courses.restraining brick courses.

Racking BondRacking Bond

ID 218 Interior System, Materials and CodesID 218 Interior System, Materials and CodesBrick Masonry:Brick Masonry:

8.3 Masonry Dimensioning 1. The small retail building whose plan is drawn

below is to be built of modular bricks. Before construction can begin, you must work

out exact dimensions to guide masons. Count squares to determine each dimension

approximately, then fill in the exact dimensions of the brickwork, accurate to the nearest 1/8" or 1 mm, in such a way that only full bricks and half bricks need be used in the stretcher courses. Check your work by adding each chain of short dimensions and comparing the sum to the corresponding overall dimension.

Brick masonry dimensioning is illustrated in Figure 8.22 of the text, and further discussed on pages 65 – 66 of the Exercises workbook.


8.3 Masonry DimensioningBrick masonry dimensioning is illustrated in Figure 8.22 of the text, and further discussed on pages 65 – 66 of the Exercises workbook.


8.3 Masonry Dimensioning2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and

constructed of wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm) is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:


8.3 Masonry Dimensioning2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of wood

joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm) is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:

a. Modular bricka) For nominal 2 1/4” brick, 3 courses (3 bricks plus 3 mortar joints) = 8”, so the height of one course = 8” / 3 courses = 2.67”b) 9’ – 6” = 114”; 114” / 2.67” per course = 42.7 courses; say 43c) Height = 43 x 2.67” = 114.81” = 9’ – 6 3/4” 43 courses, 9’ – 6 3/4”

b. Engineer Standard bricka) 1 course is 2 3/4” brick + 3/8” mortar joint = 3 1/8”b) 114” / 3.125” per course = 36.5 courses; say 37c) Height = 37 x 3.125” = 115.625” = 9’ – 7 5/8”37 courses, 9’–7 5/8”


8.3 Masonry Dimensioning2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-

6" (2896 mm) is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:

c. Closure Standard bricka) 1 course = 3.625” + .375” = 4”b) 114” / 4” = 28.5”; say 29c) Height = 29 x 4” = 116” = 9’ – 8”d) Or, 28 courses: 116” – 4” = 112” = 9’ – 4”29 courses, 9’–8”, or 28 courses, 9’–4”

d. Roman bricka) 1 course = 1.625” + .375” = 2”b) 114” / 2” = 57 courses exactlyc) Height is exactly 114”57 courses, 9’–6”

e. Norman brickSee modular brick solution43 courses, 9’–6 3/4”


8.3 Masonry Dimensioning2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of wood joists. If a ceiling height of

approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm) is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:

f. King Size brick, 2 5/8” higha) 1 course = 2.625” + .375” = 3”b) 114” / 3” = 38 courses exactlyc) Height is exactly 114”38 courses, 9’–6”

g. 8” x 8” x 16” concrete blocka) Indicated block size is nominal: 1 course = 8”b) 114” / 8” = 14.25; say 14 coursesc) 14 x 8” = 112” = 9’ – 4”

h. Arizona adobe brick 4” x 12” x 8”, with 1/2” jointsa) Assume indicated brick size is actual, not

nominal:1 course = 4” + 1/2” = 4.5”b) 114” / 4.5” = 25.33, say 25c) 25 x 4.5” = 112.5” = 9’ – 4 1/2”25 courses, 9’–4 1/2”


8.4 Lintels and Arches 1. Draw in both elevation and section an

appropriate design to span each of these openings: See Figures 8.25 through 8.33 for examples of various techniques for spanning wall openings.

a. Doorway in a garden wall of Flemish Bond modular brickwork two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale, standing in the opening, before you start designing the opening. You may use special brick shapes if you wish.


8.4 Lintels and ArchesSee Figures 8.25 through 8.33 for examples of various techniques for spanning wall openings.

a. Doorway in a garden wall of Flemish Bond modular brickwork two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale, standing in the opening, before you start designing the opening. You may use special brick shapes if you wish.


8.4 Lintels and Arches 2. A window opening in a downtown apartment

building built of Closure Standard bricks is two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale in the window, and pay attention to how you detail the brickwork at the sill and jambs. Use any bond you wish, and special brick shapes as you see fit.


8.4 Lintels and Arches 2. A window opening in a downtown apartment building built of Closure Standard

bricks is two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale in the window, and pay attention to how you detail the brickwork at the sill and jambs. Use any bond you wish, and special brick shapes as you see fit

.

Defects in Brick MasonryDefects in Brick Masonry

1. Sulphate attack:1. Sulphate attack:This is a common defect, at locations This is a common defect, at locations

where the brick work is exposed. The where the brick work is exposed. The sulphate salts present in brick react with sulphate salts present in brick react with aluminum salts of cement. Due to the aluminum salts of cement. Due to the reaction, increase in the volume of mortar reaction, increase in the volume of mortar takes lace, which results in cracking, chipping takes lace, which results in cracking, chipping and spelling of bricks. This may also cause and spelling of bricks. This may also cause failure of brickwork.failure of brickwork.


2. Crystallization of salts from 2. Crystallization of salts from bricks:bricks:

If the bricks are manufactured from If the bricks are manufactured from earth containing excessive soluble salts. earth containing excessive soluble salts. These salts dissolved in water (due to rain or These salts dissolved in water (due to rain or due to the entry of moisture) and appear in due to the entry of moisture) and appear in the form of fine whitish crystals on the the form of fine whitish crystals on the exposed brick surface. This is also known as exposed brick surface. This is also known as efflorescence. The masonry surface will give efflorescence. The masonry surface will give an ugly appearance.an ugly appearance.


3. Corrosion of embedded 3. Corrosion of embedded fixtures: fixtures: Iron, steel fixtures (pipes, holdfasts etc.) and Iron, steel fixtures (pipes, holdfasts etc.) and reinforcement etc., embedded in brick masonry reinforcement etc., embedded in brick masonry gets corroded in presence of moisture. The gets corroded in presence of moisture. The corrosion results in increased volume, which corrosion results in increased volume, which caused cracks in brick masonry.caused cracks in brick masonry.

4. Dry shrinkage:4. Dry shrinkage:When moisture penetrates the brick work it When moisture penetrates the brick work it swells. On evaporation of moisture the brick swells. On evaporation of moisture the brick shrinks resulting in development of cracks in the shrinks resulting in development of cracks in the masonry joints frequent swelling and shrinkage masonry joints frequent swelling and shrinkage may cause failure of masonry.may cause failure of masonry.


5. Quality of brick:5. Quality of brick:Use of interior quality bricks will also caused Use of interior quality bricks will also caused expansion and cracking in brickwork.expansion and cracking in brickwork.

6. Weather/ Climate action:6. Weather/ Climate action:In snow bound areas if water is present in the In snow bound areas if water is present in the brickwork cause freezing of water. The brickwork cause freezing of water. The increase in volume may cause cracking in increase in volume may cause cracking in brickwork.brickwork.

Maintenance of Brick Maintenance of Brick MasonryMasonry

1. 1. Repainting Brickwork:Repainting Brickwork:The painted walls should be repainted The painted walls should be repainted

to prevent spelling of bricks.to prevent spelling of bricks.

2. Repointing old brickwork:2. Repointing old brickwork:Repointing is carried out to improve the Repointing is carried out to improve the

appearance of old brickwork and to make it appearance of old brickwork and to make it water tight.water tight.

3. Cleaning brickwork:3. Cleaning brickwork:Brick work can be cleaned with steam Brick work can be cleaned with steam

or steam and hot water jets. This type of or steam and hot water jets. This type of treatment is useful for fine textured and hard treatment is useful for fine textured and hard burnt bricks.burnt bricks.

Maintenance of Brick Maintenance of Brick MasonryMasonry

4. Removal of Efflorescence:4. Removal of Efflorescence:Efflorescence - soluble salts when dried get Efflorescence - soluble salts when dried get deposited on the surface of the bricks as a deposited on the surface of the bricks as a white layer.white layer.

Efflorescence can be removed by scrubbing Efflorescence can be removed by scrubbing the wall with water and a stiff brush. If this is the wall with water and a stiff brush. If this is not successful, a 10% solution of muriatic not successful, a 10% solution of muriatic acid may be used. After this treatment the acid may be used. After this treatment the walls rinsed with pure water immediately.walls rinsed with pure water immediately.

Hollow Concrete Hollow Concrete MasonryMasonry

Concrete Hollow Blocks is an excellent Concrete Hollow Blocks is an excellent replacement of clay bricks. The block replacement of clay bricks. The block masonry is load bearing and there are masonry is load bearing and there are several advantages of using blocks. The several advantages of using blocks. The blocks have been in existence all over the blocks have been in existence all over the world for more than 100 years. Concrete world for more than 100 years. Concrete hollow blocks have holes, which are hollow blocks have holes, which are horizontally aligned. This allows moisture to horizontally aligned. This allows moisture to seep through. Blocks are made of concrete, seep through. Blocks are made of concrete, which absorbs very little water. At the same which absorbs very little water. At the same time, they have vertically aligned holes, time, they have vertically aligned holes, which do not allow moisture to seep through.which do not allow moisture to seep through.

Hollow Concrete Hollow Concrete MasonryMasonry

Concrete blocks can be used like any other Concrete blocks can be used like any other masonry unit to build foundations, walls, masonry unit to build foundations, walls, arches and corbels, etc. A typical concrete arches and corbels, etc. A typical concrete block is equivalent to 4.5 bricks, thus block is equivalent to 4.5 bricks, thus construction is faster than with other construction is faster than with other masonry units. The mortar is also less which masonry units. The mortar is also less which results in cost saving. Concrete blocks have results in cost saving. Concrete blocks have been extensively used in combination with been extensively used in combination with conventional roofing systems like RCC, RBC, conventional roofing systems like RCC, RBC, GI sheets, ACC sheets etc. They are also GI sheets, ACC sheets etc. They are also compatible with other materials like fired compatible with other materials like fired bricks, dressed stone and compressed earth bricks, dressed stone and compressed earth blocks for composite wall construction.blocks for composite wall construction.

The advantages of using The advantages of using blocks are as follows:blocks are as follows:

Highly DurableHighly Durable

Low Maintenance, Color and brilliance of Low Maintenance, Color and brilliance of

masonry withstands outdoor elements.masonry withstands outdoor elements.

Load Bearing, strength can be specified as Load Bearing, strength can be specified as

per the requirement.per the requirement.

Fire ResistantFire Resistant

Provide thermal and sound insulationProvide thermal and sound insulation

EconomicalEconomical

The advantages of using The advantages of using blocks are as follows:blocks are as follows:

7. Environment Friendly, flash used as one of the 7. Environment Friendly, flash used as one of the

raw materials.raw materials.

8. Low insurance rates8. Low insurance rates

9. Popular for foundation walls.9. Popular for foundation walls.

10. Do not require formwork10. Do not require formwork

11. Blocks are fairly inexpensive11. Blocks are fairly inexpensive

12. Work can be stopped and started as needed12. Work can be stopped and started as needed

CAVITY WALLCAVITY WALL

““A wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins A wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a with a space / cavity between them” space / cavity between them”

““A type of building wall construction A type of building wall construction consisting of an outer wall fastened consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner to inner wall separated by an air space” wall separated by an air space”

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONTo prevent the penetration of rain to To prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wallthe internal surface of the wall

Cavity WallCavity Wall

Brick Wall CrackBrick Wall Crack

Brick Wall Failure At The Roof LevelBrick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

Cracked WallCracked Wall

Failure In Brick WallFailure In Brick Wall

masonry of building

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