mapping methods final - carex canada · mapping methods 2 1,3-butadiene concentrations of...
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MappingMethodsEnvironmentalexposures
MappingMethods 1
1,3-Butadiene.........................................................................................................................2
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin..................................................................................5
Acetaldehyde.........................................................................................................................6
Arsenic..................................................................................................................................10
Benzene................................................................................................................................14
Benzo[a]pyrene.....................................................................................................................18
Benzo[b]fluoranthene...........................................................................................................21
Benzo[k]fluoranthene...........................................................................................................25
Benz[a]anthracene................................................................................................................29
Cadmium...............................................................................................................................33
Chloroform............................................................................................................................37
Chromium(Hexavalent)........................................................................................................39
Chrysene...............................................................................................................................43
Dichloromethane..................................................................................................................47
DieselEngineExhaust............................................................................................................51
Ethylbenzene........................................................................................................................55
Formaldehyde.......................................................................................................................58
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene.........................................................................................................62
Lead......................................................................................................................................66
Nickel....................................................................................................................................70
OutdoorAirPollution............................................................................................................74
Tetrachloroethylene..............................................................................................................77
MappingMethods 2
1,3-ButadieneConcentrationsof1,3-butadieneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesof1,3-butadieneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
MappingMethods 3
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.HellenH,HakolaH,PirjolaL,LaurilaT,PystynenKH.(2006).Ambientairconcentrations,sourceprofiles,andsourceapportionmentof71differentC2−C10volatileorganiccompoundsinurbanandresidentialareasofFinland.EnvironSciTechnol40(1):103-108.2.ParraM,ElustondoD,BermejoR,SantamariaJ.(2009).Ambientairlevelsofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC)andnitrogendioxide(NO2)inamediumsizecityinnorthernSpain.SciTotalEnviron407(3):999-1009.
MappingMethods 4
3.ThorssonS,EliassonIÄ.(2006).PassiveandactivesamplingofbenzeneindifferenturbanenvironmentsinGothenburg,Sweden.Water,Air,&SoilPollution173(1):39-56.4.VardoulakisS,Gonzalez-FlescaN,FisherB.(2002).Assessmentoftraffic-relatedairpollutionintwostreetcanyonsinParis:Implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron36(6):1025-1039.5.BeckermanB,JerrettM,BrookJR,VermaDK,ArainMA,FinkelsteinMM.(2008).Correlationofnitrogendioxidewithothertrafficpollutantsnearamajorexpressway.AtmosEnviron42(2):275-290.6.VenkatramA,IsakovV,SeilaR,BaldaufR.(2009).ModelingtheimpactsoftrafficemissionsonairtoxicsconcentrationsinParis:implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron43(20):3191-3199.7.RoukosJ,RiffaultV,LocogeN,PlaisanceH.(2009).VOCinanurbanandindustrialharborontheFrenchNorthSeacoastduringtwocontrastedmeteorologicalsituations.EnvironmentalPollution157(11):3001-3009.8.WangP,ZhaoW.(2008).Assessmentofambientvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)nearmajorroadsinurbanNanjing,China.AtmosRes89(3):289-297.ApplyingDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 5
Limitations
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxinConcentrationsof2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin(TCDD)inoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitors.Noindustrialemittersfor2011wereidentified.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
OthersourcesofTCDDemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.DeterminingConcentrationsatResidentialLocationsNoindustriesreportingemissionsof2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin(TCDD)toairwereidentifiedintheNationalPollutantReleaseInventory(NPRI)for2011.
MappingMethods 6
ConcentrationsatresidentiallocationsareassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollution(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
Limitations
AcetaldehydeConcentrationsofacetaldehydeinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
MappingMethods 7
Othersourcesofacetaldehydeemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 8
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 9
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 10
Limitations
ArsenicConcentrationsofarsenicinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofarsenicemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 11
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 12
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 13
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))GradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticlesApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 14
Limitations
BenzeneConcentrationsofbenzeneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofbenzeneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 15
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 16
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.HellenH,HakolaH,PirjolaL,LaurilaT,PystynenKH.(2006).Ambientairconcentrations,sourceprofiles,andsourceapportionmentof71differentC2−C10volatileorganiccompoundsinurbanandresidentialareasofFinland.EnvironSciTechnol40(1):103-108.2.ParraM,ElustondoD,BermejoR,SantamariaJ.(2009).Ambientairlevelsofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC)andnitrogendioxide(NO2)inamediumsizecityinnorthernSpain.SciTotalEnviron407(3):999-1009.3.ThorssonS,EliassonIÄ.(2006).PassiveandactivesamplingofbenzeneindifferenturbanenvironmentsinGothenburg,Sweden.Water,Air,&SoilPollution173(1):39-56.4.VardoulakisS,Gonzalez-FlescaN,FisherB.(2002).Assessmentoftraffic-relatedairpollutionintwostreetcanyonsinParis:Implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron36(6):1025-1039.5.BeckermanB,JerrettM,BrookJR,VermaDK,ArainMA,FinkelsteinMM.(2008).Correlationofnitrogendioxidewithothertrafficpollutantsnearamajorexpressway.AtmosEnviron42(2):275-290.6.VenkatramA,IsakovV,SeilaR,BaldaufR.(2009).ModelingtheimpactsoftrafficemissionsonairtoxicsconcentrationsinParis:implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron43(20):3191-3199.7.RoukosJ,RiffaultV,LocogeN,PlaisanceH.(2009).VOCinanurbanandindustrialharborontheFrenchNorthSeacoastduringtwocontrastedmeteorologicalsituations.EnvironmentalPollution157(11):3001-3009.8.WangP,ZhaoW.(2008).Assessmentofambientvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)nearmajorroadsinurbanNanjing,China.AtmosRes89(3):289-297.
MappingMethods 17
ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
Limitations
MappingMethods 18
Benzo[a]pyreneConcentrationsofbenzo[a]pyreneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofbenzo[a]pyreneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
MappingMethods 19
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,RailsandLargeIndustries
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
MappingMethods 20
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).SourceapportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 21
Limitations
Benzo[b]fluorantheneConcentrationsofbenzo[b]fluorantheneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofbenzo[b]fluorantheneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 22
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,RailsandLargeIndustries
MappingMethods 23
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 24
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 25
Limitations
Benzo[k]fluorantheneConcentrationsofbenzo[k]fluorantheneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofbenzo[k]fluorantheneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 26
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,RailsandLargeIndustries
MappingMethods 27
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 28
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 29
Limitations
Benz[a]anthraceneConcentrationsofbenz[a]anthraceneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofbenz[a]anthraceneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 30
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,RailsandLargeIndustries
MappingMethods 31
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 32
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))GradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticlesApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 33
Limitations
CadmiumConcentrationsofcadmiuminoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofcadmiumemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 34
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 35
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 36
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles. ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 37
Limitations
ChloroformConcentrationsofchloroforminoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofchloroformemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
MappingMethods 38
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforIndustries
ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 39
Limitations
Chromium(Hexavalent)Concentrationsofhexavalentchromiuminoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofhexavalentchromiumemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
MappingMethods 40
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 41
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 42
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 43
Limitations
ChryseneConcentrationsofchryseneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofchryseneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 44
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,RailsandLargeIndustries
MappingMethods 45
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 46
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 47
Limitations
DichloromethaneConcentrationsofdichloromethaneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofdichloromethaneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
MappingMethods 48
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforIndustries
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:
MappingMethods 49
A)Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.B)Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)C)Developmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissions(2008)http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdfD)Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Rear-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.E)Weassume18percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredisofdieseloriginbasedon:KeillL,MaykutN.2003.FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.F)Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair(Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.AdditionalReferences:Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.BeckermanB,JerrettM,BrookJR,VermaDK,ArainMA,FinkelsteinMM.2008.Correlationofnitrogendioxidewithothertrafficpollutantsnearamajorexpressway.AtmosEnviron42(2):275-290.GilbertNL,GoldbergMS,BrookJR,JerrettM.2007.Theinfluenceofhighwaytrafficonambientnitrogendioxideconcentrationsbeyondtheimmediatevicinityofhighways.AtmosEnviron41(12):2670-2673.GilbertNL,WoodhouseS,StiebDM,BrookJR.2003.Ambientnitrogendioxideanddistancefromamajorhighway.SciTotalEnviron312(1-3):43-46.HellenH,HakolaH,PirjolaL,LaurilaT,PystynenKH.2006.Ambientairconcentrations,sourceprofiles,andsourceapportionmentof71differentC2−C10volatileorganiccompoundsinurbanandresidentialareasofFinland.EnvironSciTechnol40(1):103-108.HitchinsJ,MorawskaL,WolffR,GilbertD.2000.Concentrationsofsubmicrometreparticlesfromvehicleemissionsnearamajorroad.AtmosEnviron34(1):51-59.KarakitsiosSP,DelisVK,KassomenosPA,PilidisGA.2007.Contributiontoambientbenzeneconcentrationsinthevicinityofpetrolstations:Estimationoftheassociatedhealthrisk.AtmosEnviron41(9):1889-1902.ParraM,ElustondoD,BermejoR,SantamariaJ.2009.Ambientairlevelsofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC)andnitrogendioxide(NO2)inamediumsizecityinnorthernSpain.SciTotalEnviron407(3):999-1009.
MappingMethods 50
Roorda-KnapeMC,JanssenNAH,DeHartogJJ,VanVlietPHN,HarssemaH,BrunekreefB.1998.Airpollutionfromtrafficincitydistrictsnearmajormotorways.AtmosEnviron32(11):1921-1930.RoukosJ,RiffaultV,LocogeN,PlaisanceH.2009.VOCinanurbanandindustrialharborontheFrenchNorthSeacoastduringtwocontrastedmeteorologicalsituations.EnvironmentalPollution157(11):3001-3009.SmargiassiA,BaldwinM,PilgerC,DugandzicR,BrauerM.2005.Small-scalespatialvariabilityofparticleconcentrationsandtrafficlevelsinMontreal:Apilotstudy.SciTotalEnviron338(3):243-251.ThorssonS,EliassonIÄ.2006.PassiveandactivesamplingofbenzeneindifferenturbanenvironmentsinGothenburg,Sweden.Water,Air,&SoilPollution173(1):39-56.TiittaP,RaunemaaT,TissariJ,Yli-TuomiT,LeskinenA,KukkonenJetal.2002.MeasurementsandmodelingofPM2.5concentrationsnearamajorroadinKuopio,Finland.AtmosEnviron36(25):4057-4068.VardoulakisS,Gonzalez-FlescaN,FisherB.2002.Assessmentoftraffic-relatedairpollutionintwostreetcanyonsinParis:Implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron36(6):1025-1039.WangP,ZhaoW.2008.Assessmentofambientvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)nearmajorroadsinurbanNanjing,China.AtmosRes89(3):289-297.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 51
Limitations
DieselEngineExhaustFineparticulatesfromdieselexhaustarenotmeasureddirectlyinCanada.Concentrationsofdieselexhaustinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011byassumingthat12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsoriginatefromdieselexhaust.Estimatesofconcentrationsfromcars,trucks,andtrainsarealsoincluded.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofdieselexhaustemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 52
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoadsandRail
MappingMethods 53
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 54
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.)Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
Limitations
MappingMethods 55
EthylbenzeneConcentrationsofethylbenzeneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofethylbenzeneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
MappingMethods 56
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoads,Rails,LargeIndustriesandAirports
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.HellenH,HakolaH,PirjolaL,LaurilaT,PystynenKH.(2006).Ambientairconcentrations,sourceprofiles,andsourceapportionmentof71differentC2−C10volatileorganiccompoundsinurbanandresidentialareasofFinland.EnvironSciTechnol40(1):103-108.2.ParraM,ElustondoD,BermejoR,SantamariaJ.(2009).Ambientairlevelsofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC)andnitrogendioxide(NO2)inamediumsizecityinnorthernSpain.SciTotalEnviron407(3):999-1009.
MappingMethods 57
3.ThorssonS,EliassonIÄ.(2006).PassiveandactivesamplingofbenzeneindifferenturbanenvironmentsinGothenburg,Sweden.Water,Air,&SoilPollution173(1):39-56.4.VardoulakisS,Gonzalez-FlescaN,FisherB.(2002).Assessmentoftraffic-relatedairpollutionintwostreetcanyonsinParis:Implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron36(6):1025-1039.5.BeckermanB,JerrettM,BrookJR,VermaDK,ArainMA,FinkelsteinMM.(2008).Correlationofnitrogendioxidewithothertrafficpollutantsnearamajorexpressway.AtmosEnviron42(2):275-290.6.VenkatramA,IsakovV,SeilaR,BaldaufR.(2009).ModelingtheimpactsoftrafficemissionsonairtoxicsconcentrationsinParis:implicationsforexposurestudies.AtmosEnviron43(20):3191-3199.7.RoukosJ,RiffaultV,LocogeN,PlaisanceH.(2009).VOCinanurbanandindustrialharborontheFrenchNorthSeacoastduringtwocontrastedmeteorologicalsituations.EnvironmentalPollution157(11):3001-3009.8.WangP,ZhaoW.(2008).Assessmentofambientvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)nearmajorroadsinurbanNanjing,China.AtmosRes89(3):289-297.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 58
Limitations
FormaldehydeConcentrationsofformaldehydeinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofformaldehydeemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 59
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoadsandRail,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 60
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 61
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 62
Limitations
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyreneConcentrationsofindeno(1,2,3-cd)pyreneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofindeno(1,2,3-cd)pyreneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 63
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoadsandRailsandLargeIndustries
MappingMethods 64
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
MappingMethods 65
apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
MappingMethods 66
Limitations
LeadConcentrationsofleadinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofleademissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
MappingMethods 67
SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoadsandRail,LargeIndustriesandAirports
MappingMethods 68
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
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apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
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Limitations
NickelConcentrationsofnickelinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesofnickelemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
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SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoadsandRail,LargeIndustriesandAirports
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Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
References:1.Viskari,E.,Vartiainen,M.,Pasanen,P.(2000).SeasonalanddiurnalvariationinformaldehydeandacetaldehydeconcentrationsalongahighwayinEasternFinland.AtmosphericEnvironment;24(6):917-923.2.Whengradientswerenotavailableformajorroads,thegradientincreasewassetat70%oftheassociatedpollutantincreasedocumentedathighways.Thispercentagewasbasedontheratioofaveragetrafficvolumesformajorroadsandhighways.(Settonetal(2005).RoadClassificationSchemes–GoodIndicatorsofTrafficVolume?UVICSSLWorkingPaper05-014http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf)3.Hamid,R.(2008)DevelopmentofanexposuremodelfordiesellocomotiveemissionsneartheAlamedaCorridor.http://www.metrans.org/research/final/AR%2005-03%20Final.pdf.AccessedJuly282011.4.Karner,A.,Eisinger,D.S.,Niemeier,D.A.(2010).Near-RoadwayAirQuality:SynthesizingtheFindingsfromReal-WorldData.Environ.Sci.andTechnol.;44(14),5334-5344.5.Weassume12percentoftotalfineparticulatesmeasuredareofdieseloriginbasedon:(a)Brook,J.R.,Poirot,R.L.,Dann,T.F.etal.(2007).AssessingsourcesofPM2.5incitiesinfluencedbyregionaltransport.JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthPartA,70:3-4:191-199.(b)Keill,L.,Maykut,N.(2003).FinalReport:PugetSoundAirToxicsEvaluation.In:Seattle:PugetSoundCleanAirAgency.(c)Zheng,M.,Cass,G.R.,Schauer,J.J.etal.(2002).Source
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apportionmentoffineparticleairpollutantsinSoutheasternUnitedStatesusingsolvent-extractableorganiccompoundsastracers.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36(11):2361-2371.(d)Wu,C.F.,Wu,S.Y.,Wu,Y.H.etal.(2009).CancerriskassessmentofselectedhazardousairpollutantsinSeattle.EnvironmentInternational,35(3),516-522.6.Weassumepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsaremainlyboundtoultra-fineparticlesinoutdoorair,basedon:Migueletal(2004).SeasonalvariationoftheparticlesizedistributionofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandofmajoraerosolspeciesinClaremont,California.AtmosphereEnvironment38(20)pp3241-3251.))Gradientsarethereforebasedonthoseidentifiedforultrafineparticles. ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
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Limitations
OutdoorAirPollutionConcentrationsoffineparticulates(PM2.5)inoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
OthersourcesofPM2.5emissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.
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SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforRoadsandRail,LargeIndustriesandAirports
Summary of Gradients Identified for Roads and Rails
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References:1.SmargiassiA,BaldwinM,PilgerC,DugandzicR,BrauerM.2005.Small-scalespatialvariabilityofparticleconcentrationsandtrafficlevelsinMontreal:apilotstudy.SciTotalEnviron338(3):243-251.2.BeckermanB,JerrettM,BrookJR,VermaDK,ArainMA,FinkelsteinMM.(2008).Correlationofnitrogendioxidewithothertrafficpollutantsnearamajorexpressway.AtmosEnviron42(2):275-290.3.HitchinsJ,MorawskaL,WolffR,GilbertD.2000.Concentrationsofsubmicrometreparticlesfromvehicleemissionsnearamajorroad.AtmosEnviron34(1):51-59.4.Roorda-KnapeMC,JanssenNAH,DeHartogJJ,VanVlietPHN,HarssemaH,BrunekreefB.1998.Airpollutionfromtrafficincitydistrictsnearmajormotorways.AtmosEnviron32(11):1921-1930.5.TiittaP,RRaunemmaT,TissariJ,Yli-TuomiT,LeskinenA,KikkonenJ,etal.2002.MeasurementsandmodelingofPM2.5concentrationsnearamajorroadinKuopio,Finland.AtmosEnviron36(25):4057-4068.ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
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Limitations
TetrachloroethyleneConcentrationsoftetrachloroethyleneinoutdoorairwerepredictedforresidentiallocationsin2011usinglevelsmeasuredatNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsandestimatesofconcentrationsfromknownemitters.ResidentiallocationsarerepresentedbythegeographiccoordinatesforallstreetblocksinCanadain2011,asprovidedbyStatisticsCanada.
Othersourcesoftetrachloroethyleneemissionstooutdoorairmaybepresent,butarenotincludedduetoalackofsuitabledata.SettingtheBackgroundLevelThebackgroundconcentrationisassignedusingmeasuredlevelsfromNationalAirPollutionSurveillance(NAPS)monitorsusingthefollowingrules:
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IdentifyingDispersionGradientsforIndustries
ApplyingtheDispersionGradientstoResidentialLocations
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Limitations