many%common%study%habits%and%prac2ce%rou2nes%turn%outto%be...

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Many common study habits and prac2ce rou2nes turn out to be counterproduc2ve. Underlining and highligh2ng, rereading, cramming, repe22on etc. create the ILLUSION of mastery that quickly fades. More complex and durable learning comes from selftes2ng, introducing certain difficul2es in prac2ce, wai2ng to restudy new material when a liFle forgeGng has set in, and interleaving the prac2ce of one skill or topic with another. Memory plays a central role in our ability to learn – whether it’s complex cogni2ve tasks or knowledge. Cogni2ve psychology has given us insights in to how memory is encoded, consolidated and later retrieved – this gives us a beFer understanding of how we learn. “Memory is the mother of all wisdom” 1

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Many  common  study  habits  and  prac2ce  rou2nes  turn  out  to  be  counter-­‐produc2ve.  Underlining  and  highligh2ng,  re-­‐reading,  cramming,  repe22on  etc.  create  the  ILLUSION  of  mastery  that  quickly  fades.  More  complex  and  durable  learning  comes  from  self-­‐tes2ng,  introducing  certain  difficul2es  in  prac2ce,  wai2ng  to  re-­‐study  new  material  when  a  liFle  forgeGng  has  set  in,  and  interleaving  the  prac2ce  of  one  skill  or  topic  with  another.  Memory  plays  a  central  role  in  our  ability  to  learn  –  whether  it’s  complex  cogni2ve  tasks  or  knowledge.  Cogni2ve  psychology  has  given  us  insights  in  to  how  memory  is  encoded,  consolidated  and  later  retrieved  –  this  gives  us  a  beFer  understanding  of  how  we  learn.    “Memory  is  the  mother  of  all  wisdom”  

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A  lot  of  what  we  think  we  know  about  how  to  learn  is  wrong  –  it  is  based  on  intui2on  but  does  not  hold  up  to  empirical  research.    Most  of  what  we  do  gives  us  the  ILLUSION  of  learning  …  that  quickly  fades  from  memory.    

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EfforTul  learning  (as  occurs  in  spaced/interleaved  prac2ce  etc.  –  see  later)  requires  that  you  re-­‐load  or  reconstruct  components  of  the  skill  or  material  anew  from  long  term  memory  rather  than  mindlessly  repea2ng  them  from  short-­‐term  memory.  During  this  focussed,  efforTul  recall,  the  learning  is  consolidated.  Connec2ons  to  prior  knowledge  are  strengthened.      Examples  of  undesirable  difficul2es:  When  the  learner  has  no  background  knowledge  or  skills  to  have  any  retrieval  processes.  In  this  case,  engaging  in  the  learning  described  here  is  not  helpful.  Otherwise,  a  difficulty  that  learners  can  overcome  through  increased  effort  is  a  desirable  difficulty.  

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Our  brains  are  like  a  FOREST.  Your  memory  is  in  there  somewhere.  You’re  here  and  the  memory  is  over  there.  The  more  2mes  you  make  a  path  to  that  memory,  the  beFer  the  path  is,  so  next  2me  you  need  the  memory,  it’s  going  to  be  easier  to  find  it.  But  as  soon  as  you  get  your  notes  out,  you  have  short-­‐circuited  the  path.  You  are  not  exploring  for  the  path  any  more,  someone  has  told  you  the  way.  

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Set  aside  2me  every  week  throughout  the  course/revision  programme  to  quiz  yourself  on  material.  BOTH  the  current  week’s  work  and  previous  weeks.  Use  quizzes  to  iden2fy  areas  of  weak  mastery  and  focus  your  studying  to  make  them  strong.  THE  HARDER  IT  IS  FOR  YOU  TO  RECALL  NEW  LEARNING  FROM  MEMORY,  THE  GREATER  THE  BENEFIT  OF  DOING  SO.  Making  errors  will  not  set  you  back,  so  long  as  you  check  your  answers  and  correct  your  mistakes.    Your  intui2on  will  tell  you  to  focus  on  underlining  and  highligh2ng  text,  and  re-­‐reading  and  becoming  fluent  in  the  text  –  this  is  the  illusion  of  learning.  Ager  one  or  two  reviews  of  a  text,  self-­‐quizzing  is  far  more  potent  for  learning  than  addi2onal  re-­‐reading.  This  helps  you  focus  on  the  central  precepts,  and  provides  you  with  a  reliable  measure  of  what  you  have  learned  and  what  you  have  not  yet  mastered.  The  habit  of  regular  retrieval  prac2ce  throughout  the  dura2on  of  a  course  strengthens  your  learning  of  it  and  your  ability  to  connect  it  to  prior  knowledge.    Compared  to  re-­‐reading,  self-­‐quizzing  can  feel  awkward  and  not  as  produc2ve  –  but  every  2me  you  work  hard  to  recall  a  memory  you  actually  strengthen  it.  

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If  you  use  flashcards,  don’t  discard  the  cards  you  answer  correctly  a  few  2mes.  Intui2on  tells  us  to  dedicate  stretches  of  2me  to  single-­‐minded,  repe22ve  prac2ce  of  something  we  want  to  master  -­‐  “massed  prac2ce”.  We  believe  this  is  essen2al  to  build  mastery  of  a  skill  or  learning  new  knowledge.  We  see  our  performance  improving  as  we  prac2ce  something  over  and  over  again,  which  re-­‐inforces  the  illusion  of  learning.  But  this  comes  from  short  term  memory  and  quickly  fades.  Yes,  we  learn  through  repe22on  and  lots  of  prac2ce,  but  only  if  it  is  spaced.  Space  out  your  study  sessions  so  a  liFle  forgeGng  has  happened,  then  you  will  have  to  work  harder  to  reconstruct  what  you  have  already  studied.  You  are  re-­‐loading  it  from  long  term  memory.  This  effort  to  reconstruct  the  learning  makes  the  important  ideas  more  salient  and  memorable  and  connects  them  more  securely  to  other  knowledge  and  to  other  more  recent  learning.  It’s  a  powerful  learning  strategy.  Massed  prac2ce  feels  more  produc2ve  than  spaced  prac2ce;  spaced  prac2ce  feels  more  difficult  because  you  have  got  a  liFle  rusty,  and  you  feel  like  you  are  not  really  geGng  on  top  of  the  subject  –  whereas  the  opposite  is  happening:  as  you  reconstruct  learning  from  long-­‐term  memory,  as  awkward  as  it  feels,  you  are  strengthening  your  mastery  as  well  as  the  memory.  

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How  much  2me  should  you  leave  between  study  sessions?  Enough  so  that  prac2ce  does  not  become  a  mindless  repe22on.  Enough  2me  so  a  liFle  forgeGng  has  set  in.  A  liFle  forgeGng  leads  to  more  effort  in  prac2ce,  but  you  do  not  want  to  forget  everything  so  retrieval  becomes  essen2ally  re-­‐learning  material.  SLEEP  seems  to  play  a  large  role  memory  consolida2on,  so  prac2ce  with  at  least  a  day  between  sessions  is  good.    Flashcards  can  provide  an  example  of  spacing.  But  beware  the  familiarity  trap  –  the  feeling  you  know  something  and  no  longer  need  to  prac2ce  it.  

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Once  you  reach  the  point  where  you  understand  and  new  topic  but  only  basically,  scaFer  this  topic  throughout  your  reading/prac2ce/self-­‐quizzing  so  you  are  mixing  up  different  topics/prac2ce/skills.  Your  intui2on  tells  you  to  really  focus  on  mastering  one  thing  at  a  2me  before  moving  on.  But  mixing  problem  types/topics/prac2ce/skills  improves  you  ability  to  discriminate  between  problems,  paFern  recognise,  and  improves  success  in  later  tests  or  real  world  prac2ce  where  you  need  to  discern  the  kind  of  problem  you  are  trying  to  solve  in  order  to  apply  the  correct  solu2on.  Blocked  prac2ce  feels  beFer  –  like  you  are  mastering  something  before  you  move  on.  Whereas  interleaved  prac2ce  feels  disrup2ve  and  counterproduc2ve.  But  research  shows  this  is  an  illusion  –  remember,  effec2ve  learning  feels  more  difficult.  

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THINK  –  how  will  you  do  things  differently  now??  Case  study:  medical  student.  Student  A  was  really  in  to  reading,  but  that’s  all  he  knew  how  to  do  studying.  He  studied  studies  about  learning  and  changed  his  technique  –  with  drama2c  improvements  in  his  grades.    He  would  be  more  mindful  of  what  he  was  reading.  He  would  stop  and  ask,  ok  what  did  I  just  read,  what  is  this  about,  then  go  back  and  check  if  he  was  way  off  track  or  on  course.  This  process  did  not  come  naturally  at  first.  Stopping  in  this  way  felt  slow.  He  introduced  spaced  retrieval  prac2ce  in  to  his  study  techniques.  He  also  learned  to  priori2se  learning  what  was  important,  deciding  what  were  details  (not  key  concepts)  that  could  be  discarded.  He  slowed  down  the  speed  at  which  he  read  material  in  order  to  find  the  meaning,  using  elabora2on  to  beFer  understand  it  and  lodge  it  in  his  memory.  Remember,  elabora2on  is  the  process  of  finding  new  layers  of  meaning  in  material,  explaining  it  in  your  own  words,  turning  text  in  to  a  diagram  in  order  to  visualise  it,  explaining  it  to  someone  else/teaching  it,  using  an  analogy  or  a  metaphor  or  a  visual  image  etc.    Case  study:  psychology  major  Student  B  was  very  successful  and  he  shared  his  way  of  learning  with  fellow  students.    He  always  read  the  relevant  material  prior  to  a  lecture  An2cipated  test  Qs  and  their  answers  as  he  reads  Answers  rhetorical  Qs  in  his  head  during  lectures  to  test  his  reten2on  of  the  reading  Reviews  study  guides,  finds  terms  he  cannot  recall  or  does  not  know  and  relearns  those  terms  Copies  bolded  terms  and  their  defini2on  in  to  a  notebook,  making  sure  he  understands  them  Takes  the  prac2ce  tests  provided  on-­‐line  by  his  Professor  Re-­‐organises  the  course  info  in  to  a  study  guide  of  his  own  design  Writes  out  concepts  that  are  important,  posts  them  above  his  bed  and  tests  himself  on  them  from  2me  to  2me  Spaces  out  his  review  and  prac2ce  over  the  dura2on  of  the  course.  

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Within  reason!!  

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Ques2onnaire  from  Mind-­‐set  book  here.  

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A  KEY  ASPECT  OF  LEARNING  MEDICINE  (knowledge)  IS  THROUGH  CLINICAL  EXPERIENCE.  Books  +  clinical  experience  (not  one  or  the  other).  Also  important  for  exams!  *How  can  you  get  the  most  out  of  every  clinical  experience?  In  other  words,  how  can  you  gain  process  feedback?  (as  opposed  to  ‘outcome  feedback’).  

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There  ARE  cogni2ve  differences  in  how  people  learn.  But  the  tradi2onal  learning  styles  theory  that  some  people  are  at  a  disadvantage  when  teaching  is  not  in  their  style  is  NOT  supported  by  evidence.  There  are  a  few  other  more  interes2ng  differences  psychologists  have  observed:  Some  people  are  beFer  at  STRUCTURE  BUILDING  –  the  act,  when  they  encounter  new  material,  of  extrac2ng  salient  ideas  and  construc2ng  a  coherent  mental  framework  out  of  them  (mental  maps).  People  who  are  not  so  good  at  this  have  problems  seGng  aside  irrelevant  or  compe2ng  informa2on  and  as  a  result  tend  to  hang  on  to  too  many  concepts  to  be  condensed  in  to  a  workable  model  that  can  serve  as  a  founda2on  for  further  learning.  Another  difference  is  whether  you  are  a  RULE  LEARNER  or  an  EXAMPLE  LEARNER.  Rule  learners  extract  underlying  principles,  whereas  example  learners  memorise  the  examples  rather  than  the  underlying  principles.  Good  structure  builders  and  rule  learners  are  beFer  at  transferring  their  learning  to  unfamiliar  situa2ons.  

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Explain  to  students  how  learning  works:    Some  kinds  of  difficul2es  during  learning  help  to  make  the  learning  stronger  and  beFer  remembered.  When  learning  is  easy,  it  is  ogen  superficial  and  soon  forgoFen  Not  all  our  intellectual  abili2es  are  hard-­‐wired.  In  fact  when  learning  is  efforTul,  it  changes  the  brain,  making  new  connec2ons  and  increasing  intellectual  ability.  You  learn  beFer  when  you  wrestle  with  new  problems  before  being  shown  the  solu2on,  rather  than  the  other  way  around.  To  achieve  excellence  in  any  sphere,  you  must  STRIVE  to  surpass  your  current  level  of  ability  Striving,  by  its  very  nature,  ogen  results  in  setbacks,  and  setbacks  are  ogen  what  provide  the  essen2al  informa2on  needed  to  adjust  strategies  to  achieve  mastery    Teach  students  how  to  study:  Students  generally  are  not  taught  how  to  study,  and  if  they  are,  are  ogen  given  wrong  advice.  They  gravitate  to  ac2vi2es  that  are  far  from  op2mal,  like  re-­‐reading,  massed  prac2ce  and  cramming.  Students  will  benefit  from  teachers  who  help  them  understand  effec2ve  strategies  and  s2ck  with  them  long  enough  to  experience  their  benefits,  which  may  ini2ally  appear  doubTul.    Create  desirable  difficul2es  in  the  classroom:  When  prac2cal,  use  frequent  quizzing  to  help  students  consolidate  learning  and  interrupt  the  process  of  forgeGng.    Create  study  tools  that  incorporate  retrieval  prac2ce,  genera2on  and  elabora2on.  These  might  be  exercises  that  require  students  to  wrestle  with  a  new  problem  before  being  taught  the  solu2on,  prac2ce  tests  for  calibra2on,  wri2ng  exercises  that  require  students  to  reflect  on  past  lesson  material  and  relate  it  to  other  knowledge,  or  summary  statements  of  material  covered  in  a  course  or  lecture.  Quizzes  and  exercises  should  reach  back  to  concepts  and  learning  covered  in  earlier  sessions,  so  that  retrieval  prac2ce  con2nues  and  learning  is  cumula2ve,  helping  students  construct  more  complex  mental  models,  strengthen  conceptual  learning  and  develop  deeper  understanding  of  rela2onships  between  ideas/topics.    

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Please  read  these  two  books  to  understand  the  material  in  these  slides  in  more  detail.  The  info  in  these  slides  is  taken  from  the  first  one  “Make  it  S2ck:  the  science  of  successful  learning”.  This  describes  effec2ve  evidence-­‐based  teaching  and  learning  techniques  and  shows  that  intui2ve  methods  are  far  less  effec2ve.  Most  of  the  2me  we  use  techniques  that  are  not  very  effec2ve  but  give  us  the  illusion  of  learning  –  an  ALS  course  for  someone  who  does  not  run  a  crash  team  would  be  a  good  example  in  medicine.  The  second  book  “Bounce”  by  MaFhew  Syed  is  a  wonderful  layman’s  summary  of  the  academic  literature  on  exper2se  –  how  to  become  really  good  at  something.  This  is  par2cularly  relevant  to  learning  in  clinical  prac2ce  (work-­‐based  learning)  and  also  expands  on  the  idea  of  “mind-­‐set”  as  being  important  in  geGng  beFer.  

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