understand the principles of prac2ce it under...
TRANSCRIPT
Understandtheprinciplesofausculta2onandprac2ceitundersupervision.
Useastethoscope
GiveyourUCASformandmedicalschool
interviewsawinningedge
Workaspartofateamtodiscernnormalheartsounds
SWOT
Thisisthebell;itisnormallypressedlightlyagainstthepa2entandusedtopickuplowerfrequencysoundssuchasheartmurmursandbowelsounds. Thisisthediaphragm;
it’sthemostcommonlyusedpartofthestethoscope.ThediaphragmisgoodatpickinguphighfrequencysoundssuchasnormalbreathingsoundsandS1andS2heartsounds.
Youshouldholdthechestpiecebetweenthedistalpartofyourindexandmiddlefingers.Thisallowsagentletouchandpreventsrubbing,whichcausesaddi2onalnoise.
WhenthetwoventriclescontractbloodaJemptstoflowbackintotheatriums.ThiscausestheatrioventricularvalvestoslamshutwhichmakestheS1,or“lub”sound.
Astheventriclescontractthesemilunarvalvesopentoletbloodheadtoeitherthelungstobeoxygenatedortotherestofthebody.AstheventriclesrelaxbloodtriestoflowbackintothemcausingthesemilunarvalvestoslamshutwhichmakestheS2,or“dub”sound.
TheS3heartsound,alsoknownastheventriculargallop,iscausedwhentheleOventricleisoverlycompliant.Thisresultsinbloodoscilla2ngbetweenthewallsoftheventriclecausingthewallstoreverberateandproducetheextrasound.Thisisn’tconsideredabnormalinmanychildren,pregnantwomenandathletes.
TheS4heartsound,alsoknownasthepresystolicgallop,occursiftheleOventricleisnoncompliantwhentheleOatriumcontracts.ThiscausestensionintheleOventriclewhichproducestheS4sound.
Heartmurmursarewhentheflowofblooditselfthroughtheheartisaudible;thiscanbeharmless.Oneofthemostcommoncausesofabnormalheartmurmursisstenosis(thenarrowingofapassageway).
Aor2cstenosis
Mitralstenosis
Thisistheaor2clisteningpoint.HereitiseasytohearS2soundswithaswellasaor2cvalvemurmurssuchasthosecausedbyaor2cstenosis.
Thisisthepulmoniclisteningpoint.HereyoucanbesthearS1aswellasanyheartmurmurscausedbythepulmonaryvalve.
Thisisthetricuspidlisteningpoint.HereyoucanbesthearS1aswellasheartmurmurscausedbythetricuspidvalve.
Thisisthemitrallisteningpoint,whichmeansit’seasytohearS2soundsheretoo.Youcanalsoheartmurmursfromthemitralvalve,suchasthosecausedbymitralstenosisaswellasS3andS4soundswiththebell.
Themostcommonlyheardbreathingsoundsareknownasvesicularbreathsounds.Thesecanbeheardovermostofthelungssurfaces.
Bronchialbreathsoundsarealsoconsiderednormalbreathingsounds.Thesearehollow,tubularsoundsandcomefromthetrachea.
Cracklescanbeheardwhenthereisfluidinsmallairwaysinthelungs.Thesoundiscausedbythesmallairwaysandalveoli,thathavecollapsedduetotheliquid,“poppingopen”.
Wheezingcanbeheardwhenthereareobstruc2onswithintheairways.Thesmallerairwaysmeanairisforcedthroughthematgreaterspeeds,producingthewheezingsound.
Diagnosiscanbebrokendownintotwosteps:• Thefirststepisanyac2vi2esundergoneinordertofindoutwhat’swrong.Ausculta2onfitsintothisstep.• Thesecondstepisnamingthedisease.
Prognosisisthelikelyoutcomeofadiagnosis.It’spossiblefortwopa2entstohavethesamediagnosisbutdifferentprognosesduetofactorsunrelatedtothediagnosissuchasageandotherhealthfactors.Thereareessen2allythreedifferenttypesofprognosis:• Thecondi2oncanbecuredandthepa2entislikelytolivetherestoftheirlife
unaffected.• Thecondi2oncan’tbecured,howeveritismanageableandthepa2entis
likelytocon2nueliving.• Thecondi2onisterminal.
LungsoundsThelungsandairwaysrequiredifferentlisteningskillsfromthoseusedtodetectheartsounds.Thestethoscopemustbeplacedoverthechest,andthepersonbeingexaminedmustbreatheinandoutdeeplyandslowly.Usingthebell,thelistenershouldnotedifferentsoundsinvariousareasofthechest.Then,thediaphragmshouldbeusedinthesameway.Therewillbenowheezesorcracklesinnormallungsounds.Cracklesorwheezesareabnormallungsounds.Whenthelungrubsagainstthechestwall,itcreatesfricEonandarubbingsound.Whenthereisfluidinthelungs,cracklesareheard.Ahigh-pitchedwhistlingsoundcalledawheezeisoIenheardwhentheairwaysareconstricted.
DiagnosisandaeEologyWhenlisteningtotheheart,onemustlistentotheleIsideofthechest,wheretheheartislocated.Specifically,theheartliesbetweenthefourthandsixthribs,almostdirectlybelowthebreast.Thestethoscopemustbemovedaround.AhealthcareprovidershouldlistenfordifferentsoundscomingfromdifferentlocaEons.Thebell(onesideofthehead)oftheinstrumentisgenerallyusedforlisteningtolow-pitchedsounds.Thediaphragm(theothersideofthehead)oftheinstrumentisusedtolistentodifferentareasoftheheart.Thesoundsfromeachareawillbedifferent.“lub-dub"isthesoundproducedbythenormalheartasitbeats.EveryEmethissoundisdetected,itmeansthattheheartiscontracEngonce.Thenoisesarecreatedwhentheheartvalvesclicktoclose.Whenonehears"lub,"theatrioventricularvalvesareclosing.The"dub"soundisproducedbythepulmonicandaorEcvalves.Otherheartsounds,suchasaquiet"whoosh,"areproducedby"murmurs."ThesesoundsareproducedwhenthereareirregulariEesinthepathofbloodflowthroughtheheart.Thesoundsreflectturbulenceinnormalbloodflow.Ifavalveremainsclosedratherthanopeningcompletely,turbulenceiscreatedandamurmurisproduced.Murmursarenotuncommon;manypeoplehavethemandareunaffected.Theyarefrequentlytoofainttobeheardandremainundetected.
hTps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8E6SrRhBSs
Quali2esofSoundQuality:ThisdisEnguishestwosoundsofsimilarfrequencyandintensity,eg.lungfromheartsounds.Dura2on:ThelengthofEmeasoundlasts.Forexample,normalS1andS2soundstendtobeshort,whilemurmursarelong.ThehumanearcanonlydisEnguishsounds>0.02secondsapart.NormalS1andS2soundsMurmur
Quali2esofSoundFrequency:Thenumberofwavesgeneratedpersecond.Intensity:TheloudnessorsoInessofsound.Thisisdeterminedbytheamplitudeofthewave.