fun with macromolecules. organic compounds – carbon containing compounds produced by living...
TRANSCRIPT
MOLECULES OF LIFE
Fun with Macromolecules
BIOCHEMISTRY TERMS
Organic Compounds – Carbon containing compounds produced by living organisms.
Macromolecule – when smaller molecules join together to form a larger more complex molecule.
IMPORTANT MACROMOLECULES
There are four types of macromolecules that make up all living organisms:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
FOUND IN ALL!
Carbohydrates
1) CARBOHYDRATES Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CHO Arrangement:
ratio of one carbon, two hydrogen, and one oxygen.
Form a RING or chains of RINGS Subunits: Monosaccharides Function:
Quick energy…their bonds store a lot of energy!
Structural support (plants)
I) SIMPLE
Simple = Monosaccharides (C6H12O6) Glucose from plants Fructose from fruits Galactose from milk
Glucose Fructose
Monomer-simplest unit
II) COMPLEXComplex = Disaccharides (C12H24O12) -- two
Sucrose = glucose & fructose (table sugar)
Lactose = glucose & galactose
Sucrose Lactose
Polymer-larger units made of monomers
III) VERY COMPLEXVery Complex=Polysaccharides(CxHyOx) --
many Starch - food storage, plants Cellulose – plant support Glycogen – energy storage, animals
Cellulose
Polymer-larger units made of monomers
2) LIPIDS
Elements carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
atoms
CHOArranged in CHAINS
Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids (and sometimes phosphate)
Function: Better for storing energy-more bonds than
carbohydrates.
LIPID TYPES Fats = energy storage Steroids = hormones & cholesterol Waxes = protective coatings (ear wax
and cuticle of plant leaves) Phospholipids = cell membrane
3) PROTEINSElements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
CHON Arrangement: multiple folds Subunits: aminoacids
Functions: Structural proteins-
Fibrous proteins…building blocks of cells
Globular proteins-Enzymes – aids chemical reactionsMessenger and transport proteins
(cell membrane)
There are 20 different types of amino acids and they can form new proteins based upon their order and the number of them present in a protein chain.
Generalized Amino Acid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
4) NUCLEIC ACIDSDNA AND RNA
Elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and phosphorus.
CHONP Subunits: nucleotides Function:
Control genetic or heredity information
I) TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS There are two types of nucleic acids:
a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) directs all cell activities and codes for genes
b) RNA (ribonucleic acid) directs protein creation and transfers
information
HOW THEY ARE MADE: Monomers form polymers using a
process known as dehydration synthesis (removes a water molecule).
Polymers are broken down using a process known as hydrolysis (“breaks” or lyses a water molecule and “adds” it).
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
ANY QUESTIONS?