organic macromolecules. organic life molecules carbon based macromolecules - polymers found in all...
DESCRIPTION
Carbon is a versatile atom. It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight. Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds. Carbon can use its bonds to attach to other carbons Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletonsTRANSCRIPT
Organic Macromolecules
Organic Life Molecules
• Carbon based• Macromolecules - polymers• Found in all living things• Many different functions
• Carbon is a versatile atom.• It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight.• Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds. • Carbon can use its bonds to attach to other
carbons • Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
• The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which are organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
• Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines.• Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.• Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-
dimensional shape.• The shapes of organic molecules relate to their
functions.
Microbes within a typical cow produce over 200 pounds of
methane gas each year.
Polymerization• Connecting monomers to create polymers.
Biochemical ReactionsConnecting monomers (building molecules) by removing a water molecule.
Separating monomers (breaking molecules) by adding a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year.
Carbohydrates
• Monomer – saccharides• Functions – Fuel for living organisms, ID
markers for immune system• Types – simple & complex (1:2:1)
Proteins
• Monomer- amino acids (20)• Functions – catalyze reactions, building blocks of living organisms, fight diseases, provide structure &
transport• Types- enzymes, antibodies, pumps and
channels, tissues
• All proteins have 3 different structures that help determine what their function is:
-Primary, secondary & tertiary structures.-SOME proteins have quaternary structures
What Determines Protein Shape?• A protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding
environment.• Unfavorable temperature and pH changes can
cause denaturation of a protein, in which it unravels and loses its shape.
• High fevers (above 104º F) in humans can cause some proteins to denature.
• Misfolded proteins are associated with– Alzheimer’s disease– Mad cow disease– Parkinson’s disease
A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA.
Nucleic Acids
• Monomer – nucleotides• Functions – store & transmit genetic information. • Types – Ribonucleic Acid & Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
Nucleic Acids & Proteins
Nucleotides – DNA- Genes- Chromosomes
DNA-Genes-RNA-Protein
Lipids
Saturated fats Unsaturated Fats
Plant oils Omega-3 fats
• Components - Fatty Acids & glycerol• Functions - store energy, regulate hormonal
activities, biological membranes, cushioning, insulation
• Types – fats, oils, waxes and steroids– Saturated vs. unsaturated
Steroids• Steroids are very different from fats in structure and
function.• The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings.• Steroids vary in the functional groups attached to this
core set of rings. • Cholesterol is a key part of cell membranes • The “base steroid” from which other steroids like estrogen and testosterone.• Synthetic anabolic steroids resemble testosterone and
mimic some of its effects• Can cause serious physical and mental problems
Most of the world’s people cannot properly digest a glass of milk.
Fig. 3-27
DNA
Human cell(DNA in 46
Chromosomes)
Chromosome 2(one DNA molecule)
Section ofchromosome 2
Lactase gene
14,000 nucleotides
C at this site causeslactose intoleranceT at this site causeslactose tolerance
Fig. 3-UN01
Short polymer Monomer Hydrolysis
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
Fig. 3-19
Normal red blood cell
Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(a) Normal hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
SEM
SEM
Fig. 3-11b
(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”
Fig. 3-13
Cholesterol
Testosterone A type of estrogen