macadamia variety identifier - eresearch archiveera.daf.qld.gov.au/1964/14/mac-varieties.pdf · the...

1

MacadamiaVariety

Identifier

David BellLindsay BryenDaryl FirthKim Jones

Contributing authors

Noel Vock

Coordinating author

QAL9808

Eric GallagherIan McConachiePaul O’HareRuss Stephenson

Queensland Horticulture Institute Department of Primary Industries, Queenslandin conjunction with NSW Agriculture and Australian macadamia Society Ltd.

Macadamia information kitReprint – information current in 1998

REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ!For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au

This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 1998. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research:

•Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au•Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or

industry body to assist with identifying more current figures.•Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check

with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body.

•Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require.

•Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies.

•Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading.

Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers.

This publication was last revised in 1998. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland.

This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in macadamia production. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice.

While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication.

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© The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries 1999Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act,reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of theDepartment of Primary Industries.Enquiries should be addressed to:

Agrilink ManagerDepartment of Primary IndustriesMaroochy Horticultural Research StationPO Box 5269 SCMCNambour 4560 Q AustraliaPh: (07) 5444 9690 Fax: (07) 5444 9694 Int Code: + 61 7E-mail: [email protected]

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data:

Macadamia variety identifierISBN 0 7242 6797 21. Macadamia nut - Varieties - Queensland. 2. Macadamia nut - Queensland - Identification.I. Vock, N.T. (Noel Thomas), 1949 -. II. Bell, David, 1963 -. III. Queensland. Dept.Primary Industries. (Series: Agrilink: your growing guide to better farming).634.509943

Macadamia Variety IdentifierFrom the Agrilink SeriesFirst published 1998ISSN 1328-0457Agdex 246/33

Agrilink concept devised by Noel Vock and Brian CullAgrilink products are proudly produced by the Agrilink Project Team:

Information coordinators — Noel Vock, Jerry Lovatt, Irene KernotPublishing production — Loraine ChapmanEditor — Glenis AylingCustomer service — Lourelle Heintjes

DisclaimerThis information product is distributed by the Department of Primary Industries as an information source only.The information contained in the kit and other material incorporated by reference is provided solely on thebasis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment of the content and seek professionaladvice. Readers must note that the information contained in this book has been developed for growers inQueensland and New South Wales, Australia and the Department of Primary Industries gives no warrantythat the information is suitable for other areas.

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IntroductionA common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of thevarieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristicsthat may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management ofnutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all bedifferent for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing.

The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying thevarieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varietiesincluding all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia andHawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is:

• either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin;• in commercial use;• commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist.

Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin arenot included.

LayoutThe identifier consists of three sections:

• The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit.• A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves

are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time.• Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented

in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-handpage. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locatematching characteristics.

Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old

Note:Tree, leaf and nutillustrations are derivedfrom photos and havebeen selected as beingmost typical of thevariety. Note that therewill be some variationfrom these illustrations.

Leaf size isin scalethroughoutthe book.Upper leafsurface isshown in allcases.

Summaryof maincharacteristics

62

Notes

3













62

Notes

4

Meaning of terms usedPetiole – leaf stalkWillowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang downHilum – attachment of nut to huskMicropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters toinitiate germinationRaceme – flower stalkTurkey’s neck – distinct break between main body of tree and the topSticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally(as distinct from late fall green nuts)Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fallPrecocious – starts bearing at an early ageUndulating leaf margins – wavy leaf marginsBasal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shellLeaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node

Information on selecting varieties

Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard.Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the AgrilinkMacadamia Information Kit.

Precautions in using this guide• Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of

the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland andnorthern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from theseillustrations for other districts and under different management systems.

• Leaves used in the illustrations are mature leaves from the outside of the leafcanopy exposed to full sun.

• The guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years of age.• As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience.

AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, pagelayouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text.The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical DevelopmentCommittee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the production of this book.Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regionalvariety trials conducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture and the Australian Macadamia Society.Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher.

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Other characteristics

Own Venture

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, late flowering

Bunching habitsingles and doublestendency to sticktights

Kernellarge, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape

long relatively narrow, spiny leavesheavy flecking on shellslarge nutvery dense tree when maturelate nut drop with a tendency to sticktightslight green leaf colour

5

Contents

Main identification characteristicsTree shape ............................................................................................... 6Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8Leaf width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9Leaf spines; husk shape ......................................................................... 10Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11

Key to major varietiesbased on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12

Individual variety profilesA4 ......................................................................................................... 14A16 ....................................................................................................... 16A38 ....................................................................................................... 18A203 ..................................................................................................... 20A268 ..................................................................................................... 22H2 ......................................................................................................... 24NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26246 ........................................................................................................ 28333 ........................................................................................................ 30344 ........................................................................................................ 32508 ........................................................................................................ 34660 ........................................................................................................ 36741 ........................................................................................................ 38781 ........................................................................................................ 40783 ........................................................................................................ 42791 ........................................................................................................ 44800 ........................................................................................................ 46814 ........................................................................................................ 48816 ........................................................................................................ 50842 ........................................................................................................ 52849 ........................................................................................................ 54Daddow ................................................................................................. 56Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60

60

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Own Venture

• medium to large• moderately upright

long thin stalk

medium neck

large pointoffset tostalk

heavyflecking

small micropyle

slightly pointed tip

manyspines

small,regularundulatingmargin

medium tolong petiole

Length: long200 – 250 mm

Size:large

• open canopy when young;more dense with age

mediumwidth

dull lightgreen colour

dull, spotted

6

Tree shape

Spreading Upright

Round Upright with turkey’s neck

A4*A203A268246333*

508*783800849

A16*A38344791

814*816842Own Venture

A4*A16*H2NG8333*

660741814*

508*781DaddowOwn Choice

* Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management.

59


Own Choice

Key identifiers

Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)extended out of season flowering

Bunching habittending to single nutsprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination

Kernelfull, white

large, round, very dense treepale to medium green leaves with few spinesand slightly rolling, undulating marginvery extended flowering and nut droppatternprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germina-tionslightly oval, tan nuts with slight dent fromhilum to micropylelow dense tree skirt

7

Tree density & size

Dense Open

Small

A16H2246333344508660

781783800816849Own Choice

A4A38A203A268

NG8791814

dense when olderOpen when young;

741842

DaddowOwn Venture

Medium Large

A16NG8791814

A4A38A203A268Own Venture

660783842849

H2246333344508DaddowOwn Choice

741781800816

Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.

58

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Own Choice

• large, round

short, thickstalk

moderate neck

very largepoint offsetto stalkvery darkgreen

slightly oval,golden brownshell withmoderateflecking small to medium

micropyle

rounded tip

few spines

slightlyrollingundulatingmargin

mediumlengthpetiole

Length: short – medium140 – 160 mm

Size:large

slight dent fromhilum to micropyle

• very dense canopy

mediumwidth

8

Short <150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Long >200 mm

A16H2344508781Own Choice

A4A38A203246333DaddowOwn Venture

A268NG8814842849

Leaf length

660741783791800816

Note: Leaf length varies with environment and tree age.

57


Daddow

Key identifiers

Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)moderately intense, mid to late flowering

Bunching habitmany bunches with three to four nuts

Kernelround with moderate ridge

medium to large, upright to slightly spread-ing, very dense treewide, undulating, moderately spiny leaveswith some rolling and mottling on olderleavesvery prominent hilum and suture on nuts,which looked crackedshort racemes with moderately intense midto late floweringextended late nut dropmature leaves dull and dark green; youngleaves light green in colour

9

Leaf width; tip shape

Narrow <40 mm wide Wide >50 mm wide

A4A38A203NG8344508660741

A16A268H2246333781814842849Daddow

Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip

H2246508781

A16A203A268333

A4A38NG8741791

783816842849

DaddowOwn Choice

344660800814

Own Venture

Medium 40–50 mm

783791800816Own ChoiceOwn Venture

Note: Leaf width varies with environment and tree age.

56

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Daddow


medium stalk

very welldefined, raisedneck

small pointin line withstalk

teacoloured,round,heavilystriped very small micropyle

rounded tip

moderatespines,particularlyat base

undulatingmargin;somerolling at tip

medium lengthpetiole

Length: medium150 – 200 mm

Size:medium

• very dense

large hilum

dull, dark green; slightlyrough

old leaves dull and dark green;young leaves light greenprone to mottling in olderleaves

very distinct suture

wide

10

No spines One spine on tip Basal spines

H2 A38 344660741

Few spines Moderate spines

A16A203508781783Own Choice

NG8246333800DaddowOwn Venture

Leaf spines & husk shape

791814816

Point offset to stalk Point in line with stalk

A4A38A268H2NG8246Own ChoiceOwn Venture

A16A203344791Daddow

333508660741781

Many spines

842849

A4A268

783800814816842849

55


849

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium racemes (180 – 220 mm)light, late flowering over short period

Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, tending to smallbunches as tree gets older

Kerneldull, cream, similar to 246slightly flatgood percentage of whole kernels

medium to large, spreading treelong, wide, dark green leaves, wider at the tipwith many spines and very undulating mar-ginslight flowering over short periodround nut with flattened area at hilum andslight to moderate fleckinglate maturing nuts tend to pre-germinateveins raised on upper leaf surface

11

Distinctive shell features

Distinct suture line Adhering husk

A16A38344660741

H2791

Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes

A4A16

A4A16A203A268DaddowOwn ChoiceOwn Venture

Distinct groove Pointed hilum

781800Own Venture

A16Daddow

NG8246344660741783849

783791816Daddow

abortedembryo cavity(H2 only)

adheredhusk

814842

54

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

849

• medium to large• spreading

medium, thickstalk

slightly raisedneck

very smallpoint offsetto stalk

slight tomoderateflecking

medium micropyle

wide rounded tip

manyspines

very undulatingmargin withundulationswider near tip

medium petiole


Size:medium to large

• moderately dense todense canopy

round but flattenedat hilum

wideclub-shaped,taperingtowardsbaseveinsraisedon upperleafsurface

smooth

A38 page 18

H2 page 24783 page 42

791 page 44

816 page 50

A203 page 20

344 page 32 660 page 36

741 page 38

508 page 34

Own Choicepage 58

781 page 40

A16 page 16

12

Key to varieties based on leaf

Nospines

One spineon top

Basal only spines Few spinesMediumShort

WideNarrowMediumShort

Note: This is a simplified keyonly — refer to the individualvariety profiles for full deatilson each variety.

53


842

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense flowering over long period

Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, with small clustersnuts tend to be concentrated towards the centre ofthe tree

Kernelsmall to medium, round

medium to large, moderately upright treelong, very wide leaves with many spines andsmall regular undulations on the marginvery even, round, small, smooth nut in huskwith very small point offset to a very shortstalk and small neckintense, flowering over long periodlighter leaf colour than 849

A38 page 18


791 page 44

816 page 50

A203 page 20

344 page 32 660 page 36

741 page 38

508 page 34

Own Choicepage 58

781 page 40

A16 page 16

12


Nospines

One spineon top




53


842

Key identifiers





814 page 48800 page 46 246 page 28

Daddowpage 56

333 page 30

Own Venturepage 60

NG8 page 26

842 page 52

849 page 54

A4 page 14

A268page 22

13

spines, leaf size and leaf shape

Very spinyFew spines Many spines

NarrowMedium

WideNarrow WideLong Medium LongLong

52

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

842


very shortstalk

small neck


slghtly flat,oval, lightbrown shellwith slightflecking

small to mediummicropyle

rounded tip

manyspines


long petiole


Size:small


very even,round, smooth

very widebut moreuniformwidth whencomparedto 849

lighter leaf colour whencompared to 849

distinct groove

14

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

• medium, spreading torounded

• moderate to open canopy

moderately longstalk

moderate neck

long,moderatelylarge point,offset tostalk

oval, out of roundshape; thin, smooth,shiny golden brownshell with moderateflecking

smallmicropyle

long pointed tip

veryspiny

flattenedmargin

short to mediumlength petiole

A4

distinctive dent

shell slightlypointed at micropyle

• leaf whorls fairly evenlydivided between 3 and4 leaves per node

relativelynarrow

Size:large to very large


glossy

51


816

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)light, late flowering

Bunching habitmostly singles and doubles

Kernellarge, round with high kernel recoverygood percentage of whole kernels

medium to large, moderately upright treewith moderately dense canopypale lime green leaves with smooth margin oronly a few spines and long petiolelight, late flowering with early nut droplarge, lime green nut in husk, with raisedneck and thick stalkpale nut with prominent suture

15


Key identifiers

A4

Flowerslong racemes (250 – 300 mm)short, late, intense flowering; prone to secondflowering in summerprecocious

Bunching habitmainly singles

Kernellarge, white, full, flat

spreading tree with open canopyleaf whorls, some with three leaves; somewith four leavespale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointedleavesdistinctive dent near micropyle, with micro-pyle on slight pointlarge, even sized, thin shelled, slightly ovalgolden brown nutsmainly single nuts on long racemes

50

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

816


average length,thick stalk

large, raisedneck

mediumpoint offsetto stalk,slightly roughsurface; palelime green

round withlittleflecking


rounded tip

very fewspines

smooth,slightlyundulatingmargin

long petiole



• moderately dense canopy

distinct suture

mediumwidth andtaperingtowardsbase

lime greencolour

16

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

A16

• small• upright with willowing of branches• moderate to dense canopy

long, thin stalk

moderate neck

moderatepoint, in linewith stalk

raised hilum

oval, thin,mahogany shellwith moderateflecking

very smallmicropyle

slightly pointed tipwith spine

fewspines

shortpetiole

dent nearmicropyle

Size:variable from small to large

Length: short120 – 180 mm

wide

dull, distinctive mediumgreen colour

49


814

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, light, late flowering

Bunching habitmany small bunches

Kernelsmall, round

small, upright, open, precocious treelong, wide, dull mid-green leaves with unevenundulating marginsmall, round, even-sized nutsmany small bunches of nuts

15


Key identifiers

A4





50

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

816



large, raisedneck




rounded tip

very fewspines


long petiole




distinct suture


lime greencolour

16

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

A16


long, thin stalk

moderate neck


raised hilum


very smallmicropyle


fewspines

shortpetiole

dent nearmicropyle



wide


49


814

Key identifiers



Kernelsmall, round


17


Key identifiers

A16

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)condensed, late flowering

Bunching habittends to open bunching

Kernelfull, white

small, moderate to dense upright tree withwillowing of branchesdull green, short and wide leaves with fewspines and short petiolethin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dentnear a very small micropylevery late nut dropsmall percentage of 4 leaf whorlsprone to sticktights

48

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

814

• small, upright• open canopy

short, thickstalk

no neck


round withslightflecking

medium micropyle

slightly pointed tip,variable

fewspinesat stemend andtip

uneven,slightlyundulatingmargin,prone torollingdown-wards

mediumlength petiole

Length: long200 – >250 mm

Size:small

• precocious — starts bearingearly

medium hilum

transverse groove(not from micropyleto hilum)

wide

older leavestend to yellow

18

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

• medium• very open canopy

medium thickstalk

large neck

moderatepoint, offsetto stalk

round, lightbrown, glossyshell with slightflecking

very small micropyle

one spine on pointed apicaltip


slightlyundulatingmargin

A38

narrow

Size:uniform medium to large


• very upright with willowingof branches in later years

suture line

47


800

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)long flowering

Bunching habitsingles to triples

Kernelround, white

large, very spreading, dense tree; highly proneto wind damageregular undulating margin and many largespines on leavesleaves narrower and paler than 246slightly rough nut surface with moderatelylarge micropyleprone to twisted branchesround, white kernels

19


Key identifiers

A38

Flowersvery long racemes (more than 300 mm) with creamflowersshort, mid-season flowering

Bunching habittends to very long, large bunches towards the bottomcentre of the tree

Kernelslightly flattened, creamhigh percentage of whole kernels

very long racemesshortish narrow leaves with only one spineon apical tiptends to very long, large bunches towardsbottom centre of treevery upright tree with very open canopymedium to large, uniform, round nutstends to long willowy branches in later years

46

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

800

• large, very spreading• very dense canopy• wide lateral limb structure

when compared to 246

medium thickstalk

large neck

mediumpoint offsetto stalk

slightlyroughsurface medium micropyle


many largespines

regularundulatingmargin



Size:large

• prone to twisted branches(caused by copperdeficiency)

mediumwidth

paler than246

distinct groove(not suture)

20

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

A203

• medium• slightly upright with slight willowing of branches• moderate to open canopy

moderately long,thick stalk

large neck

large point,in line withstalk

slight dent nearmicropyle

glossy, slightlyrough surfacewith flecking

very smallmicropyle


longish,dull withfewspines

marginrolls downtoward tip

Tree

rough surface

long petiole


Length: medium – long150 – 230 mm

narrow

45


791

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)extended flowering throughout most of the year

Bunching habitloose bunches with many doubles and triples

Kernelflattish and oblongprominent ridge

small, upright, irregular, straggly treelongish, narrow leaves with pronounced tipand slightly undulating marginsslightly cupped leaves with short petioleextended flowering through most of the yearsmall point on husk in line with stalkround tan coloured nut, slightly flattenedat hilum with no fleckingleaves not evenly spaced on the whorl

21


Key identifiers

A203

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, short, mid-season flowering

Bunching habitold trees tending to singles with no large bunches

Kernelfull, white

slightly pointed, longish, narrow, dull,medium green leaves with few spines andlong petioleslight dent near very small micropylemedium to large, uneven sized nutintense, short late floweringrough surface on husk and nutslightly upright tree with slight willowingof branches

44

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

791

• small, upright• irregular shape; appears

straggly

long, thin stalk

high, smallneck

small point inline withstalk

round, tanshell withno flecking

small micropyle

pronounced tip

few spines


mediumsized petiole


• very precocious —starts bearing early

Size:medium

slightly flattenedat hilum with huskadhering

mediumwidth,slightlycupped

prominent suture

22

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

• medium to large• spreading habit• moderate to open canopy

thin, mediumlength stalk

very slightlyraised neck

small point,offset to stalk

even sizedpebbly to roughshell withmoderateflecking

very smallmicropyle

pointed tip

manyspines

undulationsin margintowards tip

shortpetiole

A268

wideandlong

Size:very large


43


783

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)extended flowering; more intense late in season

Bunching habitmany clusters

Kernelmediumhigh percentage of whole kernels

medium to large, moderately dense, spread-ing treerelatively narrow leaves with rounded tip,small undulations and a few spines at basesmall point to husk; thick stalk with raisedneckprominent ridge on husk at dehiscing pointmoderate flecking; some nuts are whitishdistinct suture line on nut

23


Key identifiers

A268

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, condensed mid-season flowering

Bunching habittendency to single nuts

Kernelfull, creamy white

long leaf with many spines and short petiolemedium to large spreading tree withmoderate to open canopyleaves much larger than A4small point on husk with thin stalkvery large, even sized nut with smallmicropyle and slightly rough surface

42

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

783

• medium to large,spreading

thick, mediumlength stalk

raised neckvery smallpoint offsetto stalk

round, evennut; moder-ately flecked,some whiteish

medium micropyle

rounded tip

few spinesmainly atbase


mediumpetiole


• moderately densecanopy

Size:medium

round, dull, darksurface

distinct suture line

prominent ridge at dehiscing point

mediumwidth

24

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

H2

• large, upright• dense canopy

short, thick stalk

no neckflattened, withvery small point,offset to stalk

large hilum withpiece of adheringhusk

distinct lobed shape

medium to largemicropyle

rounded tip

nospines

flat marginwith rolleddown tip

Tree

short,wide

slightly flat,abortedembryo mark(dimple)

short to mediumpetiole

Size:small

Length: short< 150 mm

short thickstalk

41


Key identifiers

Flowersshort – medium racemes (100 – 200 mm)light, late flowering

Bunching habitmainly singles, doubles, triples

Kernelmedium to large

very large, moderately upright tree; moder-ately dense canopyshort, wide, slightly undulating leaves withsome spines and some yellowing on summerflush (caused by heat intolerance)large kernel but low yield to canopy arealong, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nutslarge nuts, but can be variable

781

25


Key identifiers

H2

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm) with somebranching possiblelate, short flowering

Bunching habitprone to tight bunchesprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination

Kernelflat with moderate ridgemany whole kernels

small, slightly flattened nuts with distinctivelobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle andlarge hilum with piece of adhering huskshort, wide leaf with rounded end, no spines,flat margin with rolled down tipmedium to long racemes with some branchingshell with thick baseprone to sticktight nutslarge, dense, upright tree

40

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

781

• very large, moderately upright• moderately dense canopy


small neck


large,round,slightlyflecked

medium micropyle

rounded tip with nopoint

somelargespines

wide


variable sizepetiole

Length: short<150 mm

Size:large

round, smooth

flat at hilium


yellowing of summer flushunder heat stress

26

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

NG8

• very small, round• open canopy• moderately precocious — starts bearing early

short, thin stalk

short, thin stalkmedium tolargepoint,offset tostalk

bright brownshell withmoderateflecking

small micropyle

pointed tip

many spines(particularlynear base)

slightundulationson margin

shortpetiole

Tree

long,narrowleaf

dark green

raised atmicropyle end

very small neck



39


741

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)prone to light floweringlate, concentrated flowering

Bunching habitnumerous open bunches

Kernelfull, slightly dull, cream

distinctive spurred basal spines on leaves(more than 344 or 660)large, upright tree; moderate to open canopywith turkey’s neck, particularly when younglate, concentrated light floweringnumerous open buncheslarge point on husk, offset to stalk

Note: It is very difficult to distinguishbetween 660 and 741

27


Key identifiers

NG8

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, late flowering

Bunching habitsome open bunches, mainly singlesnuts hang down on long racemes

Kernelmedium to largevery few whole kernels — mostly halves

very small, open, round treevery dark green, long, narrow leavesnuts prominent; hang singly on long racemesbright brown nuts with moderate fleckingtend to dehusk on the groundprecocious — starts bearing early; high yieldper canopy areavery few whole kernels — mostly halvesdehusks on the ground

38

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

741

• large, upright• moderate to open canopy

medium to longthick stalk

moderate neck

largepoint,offset tostalk

round, smoothshell with slightflecking

small micropyle

pointed tip

distinctive,spurred,basalspines


long petiole

Size:medium


• turkey’s neck

relativelynarrow,particularlytowardsbase

prominent point when nuts still growing

28

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Husk

• large, spreading

short, thick stalk

large neck

small point,offset tostalk

slightlyflattened

slightly roughsurface withmoderateflecking

large micropyle

rounded tip

moderatespines

regular,veryundulatingmargin

medium to longpetiole

246

Size:large


wide


37


660

Key identifiers

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium to long racemes (150 – 200 mm)concentrated floweringvariable timing

Bunching habitvariable with no large bunches

Kernelsmall, full, with slight ridge

very dark green, narrow, slightly pointedleaves with spines mainly near the baselong petiolesmall nuts, variable in sizeupright tree with turkey’s neckvery early nut drop; tends to germinate inwet conditions


29


Flowersshort – medium racemes (less than 100 – 200 mm)extended, heavy floweringprecocious — starts bearing early

Bunching habitfew bunches of nutsmainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age

Kernelslightly flat with a prominent ridgetendency to basal discolouring

large tree with spreading growth habitregular, very even undulating margin ondark green wide leafshort racemes and extended floweringshort, thick stalkmedium to large nut with large micropyle

Key identifiers

246

36

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

660

• medium to large• upright

moderately long,wide stalk

moderate neck


pronouncedflecking

small micropyle


fewspines,mainlynearbase


long petiole

narrow

Size:small, variable


• moderate to dense canopy• turkey’s neck

30

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

333


• medium• round to spreading

very short, thickstalk

large neck

large point,offset tostalk

slightly flattenedwith thick shell

slightly roughsurface withminimalflecking

small tomediummicropyle

pointed tip

manyspines

largeundula-tions inmargin



mediumto long,verywideleaf

Size:medium

very tough husk

very dark green

35


Key identifiers

508

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)late, long flowering

Bunching habittending to singlescan have sticktight nuts

Kernelfull, white

very large, spreading treeshort leaves with rounded tip, few spines andmany small undulationssmall, round nutssmall point on husksusceptible to yellowing and leaf scald underheat stress

31


333

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)mid to late flowering of moderate intensity


Kernelslightly flat

medium to long, very wide, spiny,very darkgreen shiny leaves with undulating marginsround treetough, pale green huskvery short, thick stalksmall point on huskthick shell

34

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

508

• large, spreading• moderate to dense canopy

short, moderatelythick stalk

moderate neck

smallpoint,offset tostalk

round

small micropyle(can be open)

rounded tip

fewspines

many shortundulationson margin


Tree

short,narrow

Size:medium


glossy

32

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

344

• large, upright, conical• dense canopy

short, thick stalk

no neck

small point,in line withstalk

round, dullshell withmoderateflecking small

micropyle

pointed tip withspine




• moderately precocious

short,narrow



glossy, smooth

33


344

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium length racemes (150 – 200 mm)mid to late, light floweringprecocious — starts bearing early

Bunching habittends to tight bunches, particularly withlight flowering

Kernelflat, ridged, dull cream

large, upright, conical, dense treeshort, narrow, dark green leaves withfew spineslight floweringsmall point on husk in line with stalkno neck on husk, short thick stalkcompact and very dense tree when young

31


333

Key identifiers



Kernelslightly flat


34

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

508



moderate neck


round


rounded tip

fewspines



Tree

short,narrow

Size:medium


glossy

32

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

344


short, thick stalk

no neck



micropyle






short,narrow



glossy, smooth

33


344

Key identifiers





32

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

344


short, thick stalk

no neck



micropyle






short,narrow



glossy, smooth

33


344

Key identifiers





30

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

333


• medium• round to spreading

very short, thickstalk

large neck

large point,offset tostalk

slightly flattenedwith thick shell

slightly roughsurface withminimalflecking

small tomediummicropyle

pointed tip

manyspines

largeundula-tions inmargin



mediumto long,verywideleaf

Size:medium

very tough husk

very dark green

35


Key identifiers

508

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)late, long flowering

Bunching habittending to singlescan have sticktight nuts

Kernelfull, white

very large, spreading treeshort leaves with rounded tip, few spines andmany small undulationssmall, round nutssmall point on husksusceptible to yellowing and leaf scald underheat stress

31


333

Key identifiers



Kernelslightly flat


34

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

508



moderate neck


round


rounded tip

fewspines



Tree

short,narrow

Size:medium


glossy

28

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Husk

• large, spreading

short, thick stalk

large neck

small point,offset tostalk

slightlyflattened

slightly roughsurface withmoderateflecking

large micropyle

rounded tip

moderatespines

regular,veryundulatingmargin


246

Size:large


wide


37


660

Key identifiers

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium to long racemes (150 – 200 mm)concentrated floweringvariable timing

Bunching habitvariable with no large bunches

Kernelsmall, full, with slight ridge

very dark green, narrow, slightly pointedleaves with spines mainly near the baselong petiolesmall nuts, variable in sizeupright tree with turkey’s neckvery early nut drop; tends to germinate inwet conditions


29


Flowersshort – medium racemes (less than 100 – 200 mm)extended, heavy floweringprecocious — starts bearing early

Bunching habitfew bunches of nutsmainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age

Kernelslightly flat with a prominent ridgetendency to basal discolouring

large tree with spreading growth habitregular, very even undulating margin ondark green wide leafshort racemes and extended floweringshort, thick stalkmedium to large nut with large micropyle

Key identifiers

246

36

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

660

• medium to large• upright

moderately long,wide stalk

moderate neck


pronouncedflecking

small micropyle




long petiole

narrow

Size:small, variable


• moderate to dense canopy• turkey’s neck

26

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

NG8

• very small, round• open canopy• moderately precocious — starts bearing early

short, thin stalk

short, thin stalkmedium tolargepoint,offset tostalk

bright brownshell withmoderateflecking

small micropyle

pointed tip

many spines(particularlynear base)

slightundulationson margin

shortpetiole

Tree

long,narrowleaf

dark green

raised atmicropyle end

very small neck



39


741

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)prone to light floweringlate, concentrated flowering

Bunching habitnumerous open bunches

Kernelfull, slightly dull, cream

distinctive spurred basal spines on leaves(more than 344 or 660)large, upright tree; moderate to open canopywith turkey’s neck, particularly when younglate, concentrated light floweringnumerous open buncheslarge point on husk, offset to stalk


27


Key identifiers

NG8

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, late flowering

Bunching habitsome open bunches, mainly singlesnuts hang down on long racemes

Kernelmedium to largevery few whole kernels — mostly halves

very small, open, round treevery dark green, long, narrow leavesnuts prominent; hang singly on long racemesbright brown nuts with moderate fleckingtend to dehusk on the groundprecocious — starts bearing early; high yieldper canopy areavery few whole kernels — mostly halvesdehusks on the ground

38

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

741

• large, upright• moderate to open canopy

medium to longthick stalk

moderate neck

largepoint,offset tostalk

round, smoothshell with slightflecking

small micropyle

pointed tip

distinctive,spurred,basalspines


long petiole

Size:medium


• turkey’s neck

relativelynarrow,particularlytowardsbase

prominent point when nuts still growing

24

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

H2

• large, upright• dense canopy

short, thick stalk

no neckflattened, withvery small point,offset to stalk

large hilum withpiece of adheringhusk

distinct lobed shape

medium to largemicropyle

rounded tip

nospines

flat marginwith rolleddown tip

Tree

short,wide

slightly flat,abortedembryo mark(dimple)

short to mediumpetiole

Size:small

Length: short< 150 mm

short thickstalk

41


Key identifiers

Flowersshort – medium racemes (100 – 200 mm)light, late flowering

Bunching habitmainly singles, doubles, triples

Kernelmedium to large

very large, moderately upright tree; moder-ately dense canopyshort, wide, slightly undulating leaves withsome spines and some yellowing on summerflush (caused by heat intolerance)large kernel but low yield to canopy arealong, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nutslarge nuts, but can be variable

781

25


Key identifiers

H2

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm) with somebranching possiblelate, short flowering

Bunching habitprone to tight bunchesprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination

Kernelflat with moderate ridgemany whole kernels

small, slightly flattened nuts with distinctivelobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle andlarge hilum with piece of adhering huskshort, wide leaf with rounded end, no spines,flat margin with rolled down tipmedium to long racemes with some branchingshell with thick baseprone to sticktight nutslarge, dense, upright tree

40

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

781

• very large, moderately upright• moderately dense canopy


small neck


large,round,slightlyflecked

medium micropyle

rounded tip with nopoint

somelargespines

wide


variable sizepetiole


Size:large

round, smooth

flat at hilium


yellowing of summer flushunder heat stress

22

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

• medium to large• spreading habit• moderate to open canopy

thin, mediumlength stalk

very slightlyraised neck

small point,offset to stalk

even sizedpebbly to roughshell withmoderateflecking

very smallmicropyle

pointed tip

manyspines

undulationsin margintowards tip

shortpetiole

A268

wideandlong

Size:very large


43


783

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)extended flowering; more intense late in season

Bunching habitmany clusters

Kernelmediumhigh percentage of whole kernels

medium to large, moderately dense, spread-ing treerelatively narrow leaves with rounded tip,small undulations and a few spines at basesmall point to husk; thick stalk with raisedneckprominent ridge on husk at dehiscing pointmoderate flecking; some nuts are whitishdistinct suture line on nut

23


Key identifiers

A268

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, condensed mid-season flowering

Bunching habittendency to single nuts

Kernelfull, creamy white

long leaf with many spines and short petiolemedium to large spreading tree withmoderate to open canopyleaves much larger than A4small point on husk with thin stalkvery large, even sized nut with smallmicropyle and slightly rough surface

42

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

783

• medium to large,spreading


raised neckvery smallpoint offsetto stalk

round, evennut; moder-ately flecked,some whiteish

medium micropyle

rounded tip

few spinesmainly atbase


mediumpetiole


• moderately densecanopy

Size:medium

round, dull, darksurface

distinct suture line

prominent ridge at dehiscing point

mediumwidth

20

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

A203

• medium• slightly upright with slight willowing of branches• moderate to open canopy

moderately long,thick stalk

large neck

large point,in line withstalk

slight dent nearmicropyle

glossy, slightlyrough surfacewith flecking

very smallmicropyle


longish,dull withfewspines

marginrolls downtoward tip

Tree

rough surface

long petiole



narrow

45


791

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)extended flowering throughout most of the year

Bunching habitloose bunches with many doubles and triples

Kernelflattish and oblongprominent ridge

small, upright, irregular, straggly treelongish, narrow leaves with pronounced tipand slightly undulating marginsslightly cupped leaves with short petioleextended flowering through most of the yearsmall point on husk in line with stalkround tan coloured nut, slightly flattenedat hilum with no fleckingleaves not evenly spaced on the whorl

21


Key identifiers

A203

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, short, mid-season flowering

Bunching habitold trees tending to singles with no large bunches

Kernelfull, white

slightly pointed, longish, narrow, dull,medium green leaves with few spines andlong petioleslight dent near very small micropylemedium to large, uneven sized nutintense, short late floweringrough surface on husk and nutslightly upright tree with slight willowingof branches

44

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

791

• small, upright• irregular shape; appears

straggly

long, thin stalk

high, smallneck

small point inline withstalk

round, tanshell withno flecking

small micropyle

pronounced tip

few spines


mediumsized petiole


• very precocious —starts bearing early

Size:medium

slightly flattenedat hilum with huskadhering

mediumwidth,slightlycupped

prominent suture

18

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

• medium• very open canopy

medium thickstalk

large neck

moderatepoint, offsetto stalk

round, lightbrown, glossyshell with slightflecking

very small micropyle

one spine on pointed apicaltip



A38

narrow

Size:uniform medium to large


• very upright with willowingof branches in later years

suture line

47


800

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)long flowering

Bunching habitsingles to triples

Kernelround, white

large, very spreading, dense tree; highly proneto wind damageregular undulating margin and many largespines on leavesleaves narrower and paler than 246slightly rough nut surface with moderatelylarge micropyleprone to twisted branchesround, white kernels

19


Key identifiers

A38

Flowersvery long racemes (more than 300 mm) with creamflowersshort, mid-season flowering

Bunching habittends to very long, large bunches towards the bottomcentre of the tree

Kernelslightly flattened, creamhigh percentage of whole kernels

very long racemesshortish narrow leaves with only one spineon apical tiptends to very long, large bunches towardsbottom centre of treevery upright tree with very open canopymedium to large, uniform, round nutstends to long willowy branches in later years

46

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

800

• large, very spreading• very dense canopy• wide lateral limb structure

when compared to 246

medium thickstalk

large neck

mediumpoint offsetto stalk

slightlyroughsurface medium micropyle


many largespines

regularundulatingmargin



Size:large

• prone to twisted branches(caused by copperdeficiency)

mediumwidth

paler than246


17


Key identifiers

A16



Kernelfull, white


48

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

814


short, thickstalk

no neck



medium micropyle






Size:small


medium hilum


wide


16

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

A16


long, thin stalk

moderate neck


raised hilum


very smallmicropyle


fewspines

shortpetiole

dent nearmicropyle



wide


49


814

Key identifiers



Kernelsmall, round


17


Key identifiers

A16



Kernelfull, white


48

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

814


short, thickstalk

no neck



medium micropyle






Size:small


medium hilum


wide


14

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

• medium, spreading torounded

• moderate to open canopy

moderately longstalk

moderate neck

long,moderatelylarge point,offset tostalk

oval, out of roundshape; thin, smooth,shiny golden brownshell with moderateflecking

smallmicropyle

long pointed tip

veryspiny

flattenedmargin

short to mediumlength petiole

A4

distinctive dent

shell slightlypointed at micropyle

• leaf whorls fairly evenlydivided between 3 and4 leaves per node

relativelynarrow

Size:large to very large


glossy

51


816

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)light, late flowering

Bunching habitmostly singles and doubles

Kernellarge, round with high kernel recoverygood percentage of whole kernels

medium to large, moderately upright treewith moderately dense canopypale lime green leaves with smooth margin oronly a few spines and long petiolelight, late flowering with early nut droplarge, lime green nut in husk, with raisedneck and thick stalkpale nut with prominent suture

15


Key identifiers

A4





50

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

816



large, raisedneck




rounded tip

very fewspines


long petiole




distinct suture


lime greencolour

814 page 48800 page 46 246 page 28

Daddowpage 56

333 page 30

Own Venturepage 60

NG8 page 26

842 page 52

849 page 54

A4 page 14

A268page 22

13



NarrowMedium


52

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

842


very shortstalk

small neck




rounded tip

manyspines


long petiole


Size:small





distinct groove

A38 page 18


791 page 44

816 page 50

A203 page 20

344 page 32 660 page 36

741 page 38

508 page 34

Own Choicepage 58

781 page 40

A16 page 16

12


Nospines

One spineon top




53


842

Key identifiers





814 page 48800 page 46 246 page 28

Daddowpage 56

333 page 30

Own Venturepage 60

NG8 page 26

842 page 52

849 page 54

A4 page 14

A268page 22

13



NarrowMedium


52

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

842


very shortstalk

small neck




rounded tip

manyspines


long petiole


Size:small





distinct groove

10

No spines One spine on tip Basal spines

H2 A38 344660741

Few spines Moderate spines

A16A203508781783Own Choice

NG8246333800DaddowOwn Venture

Leaf spines & husk shape

791814816

Point offset to stalk Point in line with stalk

A4A38A268H2NG8246Own ChoiceOwn Venture

A16A203344791Daddow

333508660741781

Many spines

842849

A4A268

783800814816842849

55


849

Key identifiers

Flowersmedium racemes (180 – 220 mm)light, late flowering over short period

Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, tending to smallbunches as tree gets older

Kerneldull, cream, similar to 246slightly flatgood percentage of whole kernels

medium to large, spreading treelong, wide, dark green leaves, wider at the tipwith many spines and very undulating mar-ginslight flowering over short periodround nut with flattened area at hilum andslight to moderate fleckinglate maturing nuts tend to pre-germinateveins raised on upper leaf surface

11

Distinctive shell features

Distinct suture line Adhering husk

A16A38344660741

H2791

Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes

A4A16

A4A16A203A268DaddowOwn ChoiceOwn Venture

Distinct groove Pointed hilum

781800Own Venture

A16Daddow

NG8246344660741783849

783791816Daddow

abortedembryo cavity(H2 only)

adheredhusk

814842

54

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

849

• medium to large• spreading

medium, thickstalk

slightly raisedneck


slight tomoderateflecking

medium micropyle

wide rounded tip

manyspines

very undulatingmargin withundulationswider near tip

medium petiole



• moderately dense todense canopy

round but flattenedat hilum

wideclub-shaped,taperingtowardsbaseveinsraisedon upperleafsurface

smooth

9

Leaf width; tip shape

Narrow <40 mm wide Wide >50 mm wide

A4A38A203NG8344508660741

A16A268H2246333781814842849Daddow

Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip

H2246508781

A16A203A268333

A4A38NG8741791

783816842849

DaddowOwn Choice

344660800814

Own Venture

Medium 40–50 mm

783791800816Own ChoiceOwn Venture

Note: Leaf width varies with environment and tree age.

56

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Daddow


medium stalk

very welldefined, raisedneck

small pointin line withstalk

teacoloured,round,heavilystriped very small micropyle

rounded tip

moderatespines,particularlyat base

undulatingmargin;somerolling at tip

medium lengthpetiole


Size:medium

• very dense

large hilum

dull, dark green; slightlyrough

old leaves dull and dark green;young leaves light greenprone to mottling in olderleaves

very distinct suture

wide

8

Short <150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Long >200 mm

A16H2344508781Own Choice

A4A38A203246333DaddowOwn Venture

A268NG8814842849

Leaf length

660741783791800816

Note: Leaf length varies with environment and tree age.

57


Daddow

Key identifiers

Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)moderately intense, mid to late flowering

Bunching habitmany bunches with three to four nuts

Kernelround with moderate ridge

medium to large, upright to slightly spread-ing, very dense treewide, undulating, moderately spiny leaveswith some rolling and mottling on olderleavesvery prominent hilum and suture on nuts,which looked crackedshort racemes with moderately intense midto late floweringextended late nut dropmature leaves dull and dark green; youngleaves light green in colour

7

Tree density & size

Dense Open

Small

A16H2246333344508660

781783800816849Own Choice

A4A38A203A268

NG8791814

dense when olderOpen when young;

741842

DaddowOwn Venture

Medium Large

A16NG8791814

A4A38A203A268Own Venture

660783842849

H2246333344508DaddowOwn Choice

741781800816

Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.

58

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Own Choice

• large, round

short, thickstalk

moderate neck

very largepoint offsetto stalkvery darkgreen

slightly oval,golden brownshell withmoderateflecking small to medium

micropyle

rounded tip

few spines

slightlyrollingundulatingmargin

mediumlengthpetiole


Size:large

slight dent fromhilum to micropyle

• very dense canopy

mediumwidth

6

Tree shape

Spreading Upright

Round Upright with turkey’s neck

A4*A203A268246333*

508*783800849

A16*A38344791

814*816842Own Venture

A4*A16*H2NG8333*

660741814*

508*781DaddowOwn Choice

* Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management.

59


Own Choice

Key identifiers

Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)extended out of season flowering

Bunching habittending to single nutsprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination

Kernelfull, white

large, round, very dense treepale to medium green leaves with few spinesand slightly rolling, undulating marginvery extended flowering and nut droppatternprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germina-tionslightly oval, tan nuts with slight dent fromhilum to micropylelow dense tree skirt

5

Contents




60

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Own Venture


long thin stalk

medium neck


heavyflecking

small micropyle


manyspines




Size:large


mediumwidth


dull, spotted

5

Contents




60

Husk

Shell

Tree

Nut

Leaf

Own Venture


long thin stalk

medium neck


heavyflecking

small micropyle


manyspines




Size:large


mediumwidth


dull, spotted

4

Meaning of terms usedPetiole – leaf stalkWillowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang downHilum – attachment of nut to huskMicropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters toinitiate germinationRaceme – flower stalkTurkey’s neck – distinct break between main body of tree and the topSticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally(as distinct from late fall green nuts)Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fallPrecocious – starts bearing at an early ageUndulating leaf margins – wavy leaf marginsBasal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shellLeaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node

Information on selecting varieties

Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard.Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the AgrilinkMacadamia Information Kit.

Precautions in using this guide• Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of

the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland andnorthern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from theseillustrations for other districts and under different management systems.

• Leaves used in the illustrations are mature leaves from the outside of the leafcanopy exposed to full sun.

• The guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years of age.• As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience.

AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, pagelayouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text.The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical DevelopmentCommittee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the production of this book.Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regionalvariety trials conducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture and the Australian Macadamia Society.Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher.

61


Own Venture

Key identifiers

Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, late flowering

Bunching habitsingles and doublestendency to sticktights

Kernellarge, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape

long relatively narrow, spiny leavesheavy flecking on shellslarge nutvery dense tree when maturelate nut drop with a tendency to sticktightslight green leaf colour

3













62

Notes

macadamia variety identifier - eresearch archiveera.daf.qld.gov.au/1964/14/mac-varieties.pdf · the...

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