lse students' union reform consultations report 2009

8/2/2019 LSE Students' Union Reform Consultations Report 2009

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Okgpmgps

F' Fgpxk`}opfkg1 Pjm u}xuksm kc pjmsm okgs}ipbpfkgs''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?

f' ^jk bxm k}x lmlhmxs; ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 0

ff' ^jk pkkd ubxp;''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =

fff' Dmv cfg`fgns cxkl pjm xmukxp ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3

FF' _mopfkg Kgm1 R}bgpfpbpfm cfg`fgns cxkl .nxk}u. bg` .spxmmp. okgs}ipbpfkgs~fpj I_M sp}`mgps'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >

f' R}mspfkg 21 .^jbp) fc bgv) fgkimlmgp jbm vk} kx `k vk} jbm ~fpj pjm

_p}`mgps ]gfkg;'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >

ff' _}llbxv kc cfg`fgns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >

fff' Nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' :

f' _pxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 6

' R}mspfkg 81 jbp.s pjm u}xuksm kc pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg; '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 25

f' _}llbxv kc cfg`fgns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 25

ff' Nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 22

fff' _pxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28fz' R}mspfkg ?1 (^jbp sjk}i` pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg `k Lkxm kc;(''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28

z' _}llbxv kc cfg`fgns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28

zf' Nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20

zff' _pxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2=

zfff' R}mspfkg 01 (^jbp sjk}i` pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg `k Imss kc;''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 23

zf' _}llbxv kc cfg`fgns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 23

z' Nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 23

zf' _pxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2>

zff' R}mspfkg =1 (^jbp sjk}i` pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg oblubfng kg; '''''''''''''''''''''''' 2>

zfff' _}llbxv kc cfg`fgns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2>zfz' Nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2:

zz' _pxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 26

FFF' _mopfkg P~k1 R}bifpbpfm cfg`fgns cxkl nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkgs ~fpj fgpmxgbi

bg` mzpmxgbi spbdmjki`mxs '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 85

f' _}llbxv kc cfg`fgns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 85

ff' Bxmbs pjbp ~k}i` hmgmcfp cxkl xmckxl) mgbhifgn bii I_M sp}`mgps pk boomss pjm

]gfkg'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 82

FS' Buumg`fz '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 83

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Fgpxk`}opfkg1 Pjm u}xuksm kc pjmsm

okgs}ipbpfkgs

^m) ifdm lbgv kpjmx _p}`mgps. ]gfkgs bxm xmfm~fgn k}x spx}op}xms bg` pjmfx mccmopfmgmss fg

`mifmxfgn ~jbp sp}`mgps ~bgp' Bs ubxp kc pjfs xmfm~ bg` xmckxl) ~m okgpfg}m` pjm okgs}ipbpfkg

hmn}g fg uxmfk}s vmbxs pk `fsokmx ~jbp k}x lmlhmxs gmm` bg` jk~ ~m obg ojbgnm pk `mifmx

pjfs'

Pjm xmomgp okgs}ipbpfkgs bflm` pk okgs}ip I_M sp}`mgps cbom pk cbom *sklm `fccfo}ip pk xmboj

nxk}us ~mxm nfmg pjm b``m` kupfkg kc okluimpfgn bg kgifgm okgs}ipbpfkg) Iffgn bp Jklm bg`

Uj@ sp}`mgps& h}p pk bisk fgoi}`m kpjmx flukxpbgp spbdmjki`mxs'

Pjm lmpjk` }sm` pk okgs}ip ~bs b smxfms kc nmgmxfo r}mspfkgs ~fpj sklm pbxnmpm` r}mspfkgs ckx

sumofcfo spbdmjki`mx nxk}us' Cxkl pjfs b lfz kc r}bifpbpfm bg` r}bgpfpbpfm cfg`fgns ok}i` hm

ck}g`'

Iflfpbpfkgs kc pjm @bpb

Fp fs flukxpbgp pk hmbx fg lfg` pjbp pjm cfg`fgns kc pjfs xmukxp sjk}i` hm xmb` ~fpj pjm ckiik~fgn

iflfpbpfkgs1

2' Pjm sbluims ~mxm bii smic smimopfgn *~fpjfg pjm nxk}us&' Pjfs ok}i` lmbg pjbp pjm `bpb fs

iflfpm` hv pjm cbop pjbp umkuim ~jk kupm` pk hm ubxp kc pjm okgs}ipbpfkg sjbxm ojbxbopmxfspfos)

mzumxfmgoms) kx fgpmgpfkgs' Pjmxm ~mxm p~k okgpxkis kg pjfs4 b& pjbp ~m ojksm sumofcfo nxk}us

f`mgpfcfm` bs }g`mx,xmuxmsmgpm`) bg` h& pjbp ~m fgomgpffsm` bppmg`bgom kc sklm okgs}ipbpfkgs'

8' Pjmxm ~mxm sklm kgifgm okgs}ipbpfkgs) x}ggfgn bikgnsf`m pjm cbom pk cbom okgs}ipbpfkgs'

Jbfgn `fccmxmgp lmpjk`s kc okiimopfgn pjm `bpb ok}i` jbm jb` b slbii bccmop kg pjm `bpb fpsmic)

jk~mmx ikkdfgn bp pjm cmm`hbod bgv `fccmxmgom `kms gkp buumbx pk hm gkpbhim'

?' ^m bsdm` pjm lbfg cfm r}mspfkgs fg p~k `fccmxmgp ckxlbps ~jfoj ~mxm cbom pk cbom nxk}u

okgs}ipbpfkgs bg` spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkgs' Bnbfg) jbfgn `fccmxmgp lmpjk`s kc okiimopfgn `bpb ok}i`

jbm jb` bg bccmop kg pjm `bpb fpsmic) jk~mmx ikkdfgn bp pjm cmm`hbod bgv `fccmxmgom `kms gkp

buumbx pk hm gkpbhim'

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4/26

^jk bxm k}x lmlhmxs;

B xmlbxdbhim cbop bhk}p pjm I_M fs b mxv jfnj uxkukxpfkg kc ukspnxb`}bpm sp}`mgps

=='6-'*Pjm ]D bmxbnm fs 82-&

Bgkpjmx spxfdfgn cbop bhk}p pjm I_M fs pjm mzomupfkgbiiv jfnj g}lhmx kc kmxsmbs sp}`mgps

3>':- fg 855:+56 *Pjm gbpfkgbi bmxbnm ckx pjfs vmbx ~bs 2=-&

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Fg ubxpfo}ibx) pjm g}lhmx kc Fgpmxgbpfkgbi Ukspnxb`}bpm _p}`mgps bp pjm I_M fs }gfr}miv jfnj fg

xmibpfkg pk Jklm Ukspnxb`}bpm _p}`mgps'

^jk pkkd ubxp;

063 umkuim mgnbnm` ~fpj pjmsm okgs}ipbpfkgs'

223 sp}`mgps cxkl sumofcfo nxk}us pkkd ubxp fg 6 cbom,pk,cbom *ui}s 8 kgifgm& fg,`mupj

okgs}ipbpfkgs *kg bmxbnm ibspfgn 0=lfgs&' Pjmsm nxk}us fgoi}`m` Pjm Bpjimpfos ]gfkg

*B]&) Ojfgmsm _p}`mgps) @fsbhim` _p}`mgps) Kumg ]NL _p}`mgps *sp}`mgps ~jkbppmg`m` b ]NL&) Kumg pk Bii I_M _p}`mgps) Jbiis Xmus) Iffgn bp Jklm _p}`mgps) Uj@

_p}`mgps bg` _kofmpfms'

???! sp}`mgps cxkl pjm ~f`mx sp}`mgp hk`v pkkd ubxp fg okgs}ipbpfkgs kg Jk}njpkg

_pxmmp kmx = `bvs' *!pjfs cfn}xm fs hbsm` kg pjm bgs~mxs nfmg hv sp}`mgps kmx b = `bv

umxfk`) uimbsm gkpm pjbp sklm sp}`mgps lbv jbm pbdmg ubxp lkxm pjbg kgom&'

0> kpjmx _p}`mgps. ]gfkg spbdmjki`mxs pkkd ubxp fg 0 cbom,pk,cbom fg,`mupj

okgs}ipbpfkgs *kg bmxbnm ibspfgn 0=lfgs&' Pjmsm nxk}us fgoi}`m` Ckxlmx I_M

_bhhbpfobi Kccfomxs bg` Bi}lgf) Gbpfkgbi ]gfkg kc _p}`mgps *G]_& _pbcc bg` Kccfomxs)Kpjmx Ikg`kg _bhhbpfobi Kccfomxs) I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc bg` ]gfmxsfpv _pbcc'

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Dmv cfg`fgns cxkl pjm xmukxp

_p}`mgps *_mopfkg Kgm&

I_M sp}`mgps hmifmm pjm u}xuksm kc pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg sjk}i` hm .Oblubfngs)

Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg. bg` .Okll}gfpv. *fgoi}`fgn bopffpfms&'

_p}`mgps ~bgp pjmfx ]gfkg pk `k lkxm fg pmxls kc .Oblubfngs.) .Okll}gfobpfkg. bg`.@fmxsm Mmgps.'

2- kc sp}`mgps fgpmxfm~m` fg b spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg sbf` pjmfx fgkimlmgp ~fpj pjm ]gfkg

~bs pjxk}nj b oblubfng'

_p}`mgps ~bgp pjmfx ]gfkg pk `k imss fg pmxls kc .Nikhbi Ukifpfos. *m'n' fss}ms pjbp `k gkp

bccmop sp}`mgps bs sp}`mgps bp I_M&'

_p}`mgps bp I_M ~bgp .ikobi. *gkp nikhbi& oblubfngs kg .R}bifpv kc Pmbojfgn.) .Xmsk}xom.

fss}ms bg` .P}fpfkg Cmms.'

_kofmpfms bg` xmuxmsmgpbpfkg uibv b dmv xkim fg jk~ sp}`mgps bxm o}xxmgpiv fgkim` ~fpjI_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg'

P~k kc pjm ibxnmsp sp}`mgp nxk}us .Bpjimpfos ]gfkg. bg` ._kofmpfms. cmmi pjbp pjm o}xxmgp

xmuxmsmgpbpfkgbi spx}op}xms `k gkp lmmp pjmfx lmlhmxs gmm`s' Pjbp pjmfx kfom fs gkp

jmbx` bp pjm jfnjmsp immis kc sp}`mgp xmuxmsmgpbpfkg *Pjm Mzmo}pfm&'

_mmxbi Nxk}us *_mopfkg P~k&

_mmxbi nxk}us okgs}ipm` pjfgd pjbp pjm ]gfkgs o}xxmgp spx}op}xms bxm gkp mgbhifgn pjm

~f`mx sp}`mgp hk`v pk mgnbnm pjxk}nj xmuxmsmgpbpfkg' Mf`mgom s}nnmsps pjbp ibxnm

nxk}us kc sp}`mgps cmmi uk~mximss'

_mmxbi nxk}us ~bgp ojbgnms pk hm lb`m pk pjm ]NL pjbp ~fii fgkim bii sp}`mgps bp

I_M pk boomss pjm ]NL'

Pjm B]) _kofmpfms) Kumg ]NL) G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhs nxk}us bii pjk}njp pjm f`mb kc b

sbhhbpfobi xkim pjbp xmuxmsmgps .Bopffpfms bg` kx+_kofmpfms. ~bs b nkk` f`mb'

_klm Nxk}us *_mopfkg P~k&

Kumg ]NL sp}`mgps bg` Mz _bhhs # Bi}lgf nxk}us sumofcfobiiv sukdm kc pjm gmm` pk

`mcfgm sbhhbpfobi xkims' Hv .soxbuufgn. sklm kc pjm o}xxmgp kgms bg` lbdfgn kgms ~jfoj

bxm lkxm xmimbgp pk pk`bv.s _p}`mgps. ]gfkg bg` sp}`mgps bp I_M'

G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhs nxk}u sbf` pjbp b (Px}spmm Hkbx` l}sp jbm xmr}fsfpm sdfiis ,

~jmpjmx kx gkp pjmxm bxm bii sp}`mgp kx mzpmxgbi px}spmms('

P~k sp}`mgp nxk}us *@fsbhim` # Iffgn bp Jklm& lb`m b ukfgp kc sbvfgn jk~ pjmv

buuxmofbpm` pjbp pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg ~bs okgs}ipfgn sp}`mgps cbom pk cbom' Pjfs

jfnjifnjps pjm flukxpbgom kc jk~ *gkp a}sp ~jbp& pjm ]gfkg okll}gfobpms'

Pjm xmibpfkgsjfu hmp~mmg pjm Lm`fb Nxk}u bg` pjm Mzmo}pfm ~bs xbfsm` hv pjxmm

nxk}us okgs}ipm`' Pjm (bgflksfpv( hmp~mmg pjm Hmbmx bg` pjm _bhhbpfobis+Mzmo}pfm

jbs b ukpmgpfbiiv `blbnfgn mccmop kg gkp a}sp jk~ pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg okll}gfobpms h}pbisk kg jk~ fp c}gopfkgs bs bg kxnbgfsbpfkg'

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_mopfkg Kgm1 R}bgpfpbpfm cfg`fgns cxkl

.nxk}u. bg` .spxmmp. okgs}ipbpfkgs ~fpj I_M

sp}`mgps

Pjfs smopfkg bsds cfm r}mspfkgs pk sp}`mgps pk `mpmxlfgm r}bgpfpbpfm `bpb kg jk~ sp}`mgps bxm

mzumxfmgofgn bg` umxomffgn pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg' Fp bisk bfls pk cfg` k}p ~jbp sp}`mgps ~bgp

cxkl pjmfx mzumxfmgom bs sp}`mgps bp I_M'

@mcfgfpfkgs kc pjm okgs}ipbpfkgs

.Nxk}u. okgs}ipbpfkgs ~mxm ~fpj 6 sumofcfo nxk}us kc sp}`mgps bp I_M *B]) Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`)

Jbiis Xmus) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) Uj@) _kofmpfms&'

._pxmmp. okgs}ipbpfkgs ~mxm ~fpj xbg`kl I_M sp}`mgps kg Jk}njpkg _pxmmp'

R}mspfkg 21 .^jbp) fc bgv) fgkimlmgp jbmvk} kx `k vk} jbm ~fpj pjm _p}`mgps

]gfkg;

Pk cfg` k}p jk~ sp}`mgps bxm o}xxmgpiv fgkim` fg pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg pjmfx bgs~mxs ~mxm

`ff`m` fgpk 28 bxmbs4 Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg) _kofmpfms) ]NL) Okllmxofbi _mxfoms) Lm`fb Nxk}u)

Mimopfkgs) _ukxps) _mxfoms) Oblubfngs) Mmgps) _p}`mgp _pbcc) Okll}gfobpfkg'

_}llbxv kc cfg`fgns

_kofmpfms bg` Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg

Cxkl hkpj okgs}ipbpfkgs fp fs cbfx pk sbv pjbp .skofmpfms. uibv b dmv xkim fg jk~ sp}`mgps bxm

fgkim` ~fpj I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg' .Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg. fs mr}biiv bs flukxpbgp fg pmxls kc jk~

sp}`mgps bxm fgkim` ~fpj pjm ]gfkg' Bii gfgm nxk}us f`mgpfcfm` fp bs bg bxmb kc fgkimlmgp bg`

~jmg vk} pbdm fgpk book}gp pjm p~k bxmbs f`mgpfcfm` cxkl pjm spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg .]NL. bg`

.@mlkoxbov Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg. vk} ok}i` sbv pjbp oklhfgm` pjmv ~k}i` cfn}xm bs pjm smokg`

jfnjmsp bxmb'

^fpj xmnbx`s pk pjm spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg fp fs flukxpbgp pk }g`mxspbg` ~jv .Ox}sj. ~bs pjm smokg`

jfnjmsp bxmb kc fgkimlmgp f`mgpfcfm` hv sp}`mgps' Pjm cbop pjbp pjm spxmmp spbii ~bs fg oiksm

uxkzflfpv pk pjm hbx *~jmxm Ox}sj fs jmi`& bg` pjbp smmxbi sp}`mgp spbcc *m'n' hbx spbcc& pkkd ubxp

fg pjm pjfs okgs}ipbpfkg kgm ok}i` bxn}m pjbp pjmfx bgs~mxs ~mxm k}p kc ikvbipv pk Ox}sj"

Pjmxmckxm ~mbdmgfgn fp.s flukxpbgom bs bg bxmb kc flukxpbgom ckx pjm ~f`mx sp}`mgp hk`v) bs

vk} ~fii smm ibpmx kg fg pjm xmukxp pjbp sp}`mgps bxm bsdfgn ckx b ~f`mx `fmxsfpv kc mmgps'

Umxjbus pjm lksp sfngfcfobgp ubxp kc pjm cfg`fgns cxkl bsdfgn sp}`mgps pjfs r}mspfkg fs pjm ibod kc

sp}`mgps bgs~mxfgn pjbp pjmv bxm fgkim` fg pjmfx ]gfkg pjxk}nj oblubfngs' A}sp 2- kc

sp}`mgps cxkl pjm spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg nbm oblubfngs bs bg bgs~mx bg` kgiv 8 kc pjm gkgm

nxk}us sbf` pjmv ~mxm fgkim` pjxk}nj oblubfngs'

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8/26

Nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns

Jfnj Fgkimlmgp Bxmbs Bxmbs kc pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg ~fpj lksp fgkimlmgp cxkl pjm okgs}ipm` sp}`mgp nxk}us

Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg4 Bii 6 nxk}us bgs~mxm` pjbp pjmv ~mxm fgkim` fg b ckxl kc sp}`mgp

xmuxmsmgpbpfkg' Mzbluims kc pjfs bxm4 Imb`mxs kc _kofmpfms) bs b Nkmxgkx) O#_*okllfppmm #

_pmmxfgn&) Ckxlmx _bhhbpfobi Kccfomx) Jbiis Xmu'

_kofmpfms4 : kc pjm 6 nxk}us *B]) Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Jbiis Xmus) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg ]NL)UJ@) _kofmpfms& bgs~mxm` pjmv ~mxm lmlhmxs kc skofmpfms kx jb` pbdmg ubxp fg skofmpv xmibpm`

mmgps'

]NL*]gfkg Nmgmxbi Lmmpfgn&4 > kc pjm 6 nxk}us *B]) @fsbhim`) Jbiis Xmus) Kumg) Kumg

]NL) UJ@) _kofmpfms& sbf` pjmv jb` hmmg pk b ]NL'

Lm`f}l Fgkimlmgp Bxmbs

Okllmxofbi _mxfoms , = kc 6 nxk}us *B]) Ojfgmsm) Kumg) UJ@) _kofmpfms& sbf` pjm lksp

uku}ibx smxfoms ~mxm pjm hbxs *m'n' ? P}gs&) _jku # Okuv _jku *gk~ _] Uxfgp _jku&'

Lm`fb Nxk}u4 = Nxk}us *B]) Ojfgmsm) Kumg ]NL) UJ@) _kofmpfms& sbf` pjmv ~mxm fgkim`

~fpj pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg pjxk}nj sp}`mgp lm`fb bs mfpjmx lmlhmxs bg`+kx okgs}lmxs kc pjfgns

ifdm Pjm Hmbmx kx U}ism Xb`fk'

Mimopfkgs4 0 nxk}us *Ojfgmsm) Jbiis Xmus) Kumg) _kofmpfms& nbm pjfs bgs~mx'

_ukxps4 0 nxk}us *B]) Kumg) UJ@) _kofmpfms& nbm pjfs bgs~mx'

Ik~ Fgkimlmgp Bxmbs

_mxfoms *B`fom&4 ? kc pjm nxk}us bgs~mxm` b`fom *BOO&'

Oblubfngs4 8 nxk}us *Ojfgmsm) Kumg&

Mmgps4 8 Nxk}us *Ojfgmsm) Kumg&

_p}`mgp _pbcc4 8 Nxk}us *B]) @fsbhim`&

Okll}gfobpfkg , 2 Nxk}u *Kumg&

Pjm nxbuj sjk~s pjbp pjm Kumg *pjmsm bxm xbg`kl I_M sp}`mgps& nxk}u fs mgnbnfgn fg pjm

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9/26

lksp bxmbs kc pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg' Ckiik~m` oiksmiv hv _kofmpfms) B]) Ojfgmsm bg` UJ@

sp}`mgp nxk}us'

Pjm nxk}us mgnbnfgn ~fpj pjm imbsp blk}gp kc _p}`mgps. ]gfkg bxmbs bxm Iffgn bp Jklm)

ckiik~m` hv @fsbhim`) Jbiis Xmus bg` Kumg ]NL *pjmsm bxm sp}`mgps ~jk bppmg`m` b ]NL&

Umxomupfkgs kc Fgkimlmgp bg` Okgpxbsps ~fpj Cbom pk Cbom bg` Kgifgm Okgs}ipbpfkgs

Fp fs flukxpbgp pk gkpm pjbp pjm UJ@ okgs}ipbpfkg ~bs fg p~k ubxps) b cbom pk cbom bg` bg kgifgmokgs}ipbpfkg' Fg pjm cbom pk cbom okgs}ipbpfkg sp}`mgps sbf` pjfs bhk}p pjmfx fgkimlmgp1 (T~m

jbm\ Qmxk Tfgkimlmgp ~fpj pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg\' Pjm `mubxplmgp T_kofkiknv\ jbs gmmx

lmgpfkgm` fp pk }s kx nfmg }s bgv fgckxlbpfkg bhk}p fp'(

Pjm kgifgm okgs}ipbpfkg sjk~m` pjbp UJ@ sp}`mgps ~mxm fgkim`'

Pjm Iffgn bp Jklm sp}`mgps ~jk bisk jb` 8 pvums kc okgs}ipbpfkg jb` pjm kuuksfpm mccmop' Pjm

cbom pk cbom okgs}ipbpfkg sjk~m` pjmv ~mxm fgkim` h}p pjm kgifgm mxsfkg sjk~m` pjmv ~mxm

gkp fgkim`'

_pxmmp okgs}ipbpfkg cfg`fgns

8=- sbf` pjmv ~mxm fgkim` fg b skofmpv20- sbf` pjmv jb` nkgm pk Ox}sj

2?- jb` hmmg pk b ]NL

28- sbf` pjmv ~mxm sp}`mgp spbcc

25- ~mxm mfpjmx b xmuxmsmgpbpfm kc sp}`mgps kx jb` hmmg `mlkoxbpfobiiv fgkim`

3- bgs~mxm` pjmv jb` gmmx hmmg fgkim`

2- kc sp}`mgps sbf` pjmv ~mxm fgkim` pjxk}nj b oblubfng

6


10/26

R}mspfkg 81 ^jbp.s pjm u}xuksm kc pjm

_p}`mgps. ]gfkg;

Pjm sp}`mgp nxk}us bsdm` pjfs r}mspfkg nbm bgs~mxs pjbp ~mxm obpmnkxfsm` fgpk pjm smmg

ckiik~fgn bxmbs4 Oblubfngs bg` Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg)Okll}gfpv bg` Mmgps) Bopffpfms) _kofmpfms

bg` _ukxps) B`fom bg` ^micbxm) Okllmxofbi _mxfoms) Okll}gfobpfkg) Xmsk}xoms bg` _ubom

_}llbxv kc cfg`fgns

I_M sp}`mgps hmifmm pjm ]gfkgs u}xuksm sjk}i` hm Oblubfngs) Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg bg`

Okll}gfpv *fgoi}`fgn bopffpfms&'

_p}`mgps cxkl bii gfgm nxk}us bg` pjm spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkgs bii bnxmm pjbp pjm u}xuksm kc pjm

_p}`mgps. ]gfkg fs .Oblubfngs) Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg. bg` .Okll}gfpv. *fgoi}`fgn bopffpfms&'

Fp fs flukxpbgp pk sbv pjbp .B`fom bg` ^micbxm *_p}`mgp _}uukxp&. ~bs bisk bg flukxpbgp bxmbf`mgpfcfm` pjxk}nj hkpj okgs}ipbpfkgs) bipjk}nj gkp bs ~f`miv cmip bs pjm bxmbs lmgpfkgm` bhkm'

Pjm bxmbs imbsp f`mgpfcfm` bs hmfgn pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkgs u}xuksm bxm flukxpbgp pk xmokngfsm

pkk' Ojfgmsm sp}`mgps pjk}njp pjbp .Xmsk}xoms bg` _ubom. ~mxm pjm ]gfkgs u}xuksm' Pjfs lbv

hm b o}ip}xbi umxomupfkg) h}p fp lbv bisk hm pjbp pjm sp}`mgps ~jk lb`m }u pjm nxk}u ~mxm

jmbfiv fgkim` fg skofmpfms bg` cmip pjbp pjmv sjk}i` hm uxkf`m` ~fpj lkxm subom hv pjm

kxnbgfsbpfkg pjbp s}uukxps pjmfx bopffpfms'

.Okllmxofbi _mxfoms. bg` .Okll}gfobpfkg. lbv jbm hmmg imbsp f`mgpfcfm` bs pjmv lbv hm pjm

uxk`}op kc s}oomss fg pjm pku pjxmm bxmbs' Fc pjm kxnbgfsbpfkg fs s}oomssc}i fg pjksm pjmg fp ~fii hm

okll}gfobpfgn bg` uxkf`fgn smxfoms ckx fps okll}gfpv'

25


11/26


Bxmbs kc u}xuksm f`mgpfcfm` hv lksp nxk}us

Oblubfngs bg` Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg1 Bii 6 nxk}us bnxmm pjbp pjfs ~bs fp.s u}xuksm'(Xmuxmsmgp sp}`mgps. fgpmxmsps pk~bx`s pjm sojkki'''mgbhifgn uxknxmssfm ckxls kc (ukifpfos( pk

mlmxnm) pxvfgn k}p gm~ ckxls kc oblubfngfgn(, UJ@

Okll}gfpv bg` Mmgps1 Bii 6 nxk}us pjk}njp pjfs ~bs bisk fp.s u}xuksm'

(Oxmbpm sp}`mgp okll}gfpv sufxfp bg` oxmbpm b }gfpm` }gfkg) kgm okll}gfpv( , Kumg ]NL

Bopffpfms) _kofmpfms bg` _ukxps1 : kc 6 nxk}us *B]) Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Jbiis Xmus) Kumg)

Kumg ]NL) UJ@) _kofmpfms& pjk}njp pjfs ~bs bisk fp.s u}xuksm'

B`fom bg` ^micbxm1 3 kc 6 nxk}us *Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) UJ@)

_kofmpfms& pjk}njp pjfs ~bs bisk fp.s u}xuksm'

Bxmbs kc u}xuksm f`mgpfcfm` hv imbsp blk}gp kc nxk}us

Okllmxofbi _mxfoms1 0 nxk}us *Ojfgmsm) Jbiis Xmus) Kumg) UJ@& pjk}njp pjfs ~bs fp.s

u}xuksm'

Okll}gfobpfkg1 8 nxk}us *@fsbhim`) _kofmpfms& pjk}njp pjfs ~bs fp.s u}xuksm'

Xmsk}xoms bg` _ubom1 2 nxk}u *Ojfgmsm& pjk}njp pjfs ~bs fp.s u}xuksm'

22


12/26


:5- sbf` fp.s u}xuksm ~bs Oblubfngs # Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg

8:- pjk}njp Okll}gfpv *fgoi}`fgn mmgps) mgpmxpbfglmgp) fgpmnxbpfkg) skofmpfms&

25- pjk}njp pk _}uukxp _p}`mgps ~bs fp.s u}xuksm

Ckx xmuxmsmgpbpfkg kgm sp}`mgp sbf`4 (Pk lbdm pjm sp}`mgp kfom lkxm flukxpbgp(

R}mspfkg ?1 (^jbp sjk}i` pjm _p}`mgps.

]gfkg `k Lkxm kc;(

Pjm sp}`mgp nxk}us bsdm` pjfs r}mspfkg nbm bgs~mxs pjbp ~mxm obpmnkxfsm` fgpk pjm ckiik~fgn

gfgm bxmbs4 Okll}gfobpfkg) Mmgps *@fmxsfpv&) _kofmpfms # _ukxps) ]NL) Oblubfngs # Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg)

Mzpmxgbi Ubxpgmxsjfus) Okll}gfpv # Fgpmnxbpfkg) Mgnbnmlmgp) @mmiku _dfiis

_}llbxv kc cfg`fgns

Lkxm oblubfngs bg` lkxm `fmxsm mmgps

Okgpxbspfgn Xms}ips , Oblubfngs bg` Okll}gfobpfkg

Kg cfxsp nibgom pjm cfg`fgns cxkl pjfs r}mspfkg buumbx okgpxbspfgn) jk~mmx ~jmg kgm ikkds

oiksmx vk} obg bppmlup pk bgs~mx ~jv'

Pjm cfg`fgns cxkl pjm pbxnmpm` nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkgs sjk~ pjbp pjmsm nxk}us kmx~jmilfgniv~bgp lkxm cxkl pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg fg .okll}gfobpfkg.' Pjfs obg hm fgpmxuxmpm` bs ~bgpfgn pk

hm fgckxlm` hv bg kxnbgfsbpfkg pjbp pjmv bs nxk}us cmmi jbs bi}m ckx pjml *m'n' oblubfngs&)

~jmpjmx jmbfiv fgkim` *skofmpfms& kx lbxnfgbiiv sk *UJ@&'

28


13/26


14/26


Lksp nxk}us ~bgp lkxm'''

Okll}gfobpfkg1 *: nxk}us , B]) Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) UJ@)

_kofmpfms&

(]u`bpms kg Oblubfngs , bhfifpv pk sfng }u pk sumofcfo oblubfngs( , B]

(_] Xmus + _pbcc sjk}i` oklm pk sko lmmpfgns # sbv ~jbp pjm _] `kms( , _kofmpfms

(Kgm sp}`mgp sbf` pjbp bii pjmv sb~ cxkl pjm _] ~bs oklls cxkl pjm Hmbmx) pjmv `f`g.p dgk~

~jbp pjm _] `kms'( , B]

(Pjm _] gmm`s pk okll}gfobpm pjm k}poklms bg` xms}ips kc fps oblubfngs hmppmx'( , UJ@

(Pxv jbfgn b spbii kg Jk}njpkg _pxmmp kgom b ~mmd ~fpj _bhhs bg` Jmiu`msd( , Kumg

Mmgps *@fmxsfpv&1 *= nxk}us , Ojfgmsm) Jbiis Xmus) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) UJ@&

(Hfnnmx Ojfgb mmd mmgps( , Ojfgmsm

(Fgkim ki`mx sp}`mgps" Pjmxm ~bs bg fgckxlbi lmmpfgn bp pjm Nmkxnm ckx ki`mx sp}`mgps *kmx

8=& bg` pjbp ~bs xmbiiv nkk`"( , Iffgn bp Jklm

('''ubxpfms ckx ukspnxb` bg` Uj@ sp}`mgps'( , UJ@(@fccmxmgp bg` Hmppmx _kofbi mmgps , ckx b ~f`mx+ `fccmxmgp oxk~`''' LKXM `fmxsm gfnjps k}p()

('''sp}`mgps kpm ckx Ox}sj pjmlms( , Kumg

_kofmpfms # _ukxps1 *= nxk}us , Ojfgmsm) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) UJ@) _kofmpfms&

(Hmppmx }gfkg s}uukxp ckx mmgps( , Ojfgmsm

(Kumg }u pjm Hmbmx pk lkxm skofmpv b`mxps , Ok}i` hm lkxm skofmpv fgu}p fgpk pjm ubumx fg

nmgmxbi( , _kofmpfms

(Hmppmx ifgds hmp~mmg skofmpfms *_]& # I_M) ckx mmgps) h}sfgmss f`mbs'( , Kumg ]NL

(ckxnfgn spxkgnmx ifgds hmp~mmg pjml Tskofmpfms\( , Kumg

]NL1 *= nxk}us , Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) UJ@&

(B`mxpfsm ~jbps jbuumgfgn bp ]NL) lbdm fp oimbx"( , Kumg ]NL

(Mgok}xbnm mimopm` umkuim cxkl skofmpfms bg` oi}hs pk nk pk ]NLs lkxm kcpmg( , @fsbhim`

20


15/26

(Ckxlbi fg`}opfkg pk pjm ]NL( , Ojfgmsm

Imbsp nxk}us ~bgp lkxm'''

Oblubfngs # Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg1 *? nxk}us , Jbiis Xmus) UJ@) _kofmpfms&

(Pjm _] sjk}i` `k lkxm kc ~kxdfgn pk fluxkm pjm okg`fpfkgs kc bii I_M sp}`mgps bg` spku

u}xs}fgn umppv ukifpfobi uxkamops'( , UJ@

Mzpmxgbi Ubxpgmxsjfus1 *? nxk}us , Ojfgmsm) Kumg) UJ@&(Xmbojfgn k}p pk kpjmx }gfmxsfpfms( , Ojfgmsm

(Okiimopfm hbxnbfgfgn ckx pxbgsukxp `fsok}gps) mpo'( , UJ@

(Mspbhifsj b ok}gsmiifgn gmp~kxd(, Kumg

Okll}gfpv # Fgpmnxbpfkg1 *8 nxk}us , Ojfgmsm) Kumg&

(Uxklkpm c}xpjmx fgpmnxbpfkg kg oblu}s( , Ojfgmsm

(T~jv gkp jbm\ Gm~ _bhhbpfobi Xkims , Ts}oj bs b\ Okll}gfpv _bhh Xkim( , Kumg

Mgnbnmlmgp1 *8 nxk}us , Kumg) _kofmpfms&

(lkxm mgnbnmlmgp ~fpj gkg,ukifpfobi sp}`mgps bg` pjm ~f`mx sp}`mgp hk`v( , Kumg

@mmiku _dfiis1 *8 nxk}us , Jbiis Xmus) Kumg ]NL&

(_}uukxp obxmmx blhfpfkgs kc sp}`mgps(, Kumg ]NL


82- ~bgp lkxm fg pmxls kc mmgps' _}oj bs lkxm pjmlm` `bv bg` gfnjp mmgps bg` mmgps

~jfoj xmcimop pjm `fmxsfpv kc sp}`mgps bp I_M

2?- ~bgp lkxm fg pmxls kc Oblubfngs' Kg fss}ms ifdm ojmbumx jbiis) P}fpfkg Cmms bg`

Xmsk}xoms ckx sp}`mgps bp I_M'

25- ~bgp pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg lbdm ifcm ojmbumx ckx pjml bp I_M *ckk`) mmgps) `xfgd mpo&25- ~bgp lkxm s}uukxp ckx skofmpfms' Lbfgiv cfgbgofbi s}uukxp'

:- ~bgp lkxm okll}gfobpfkg cxkl pjm _]

2=


16/26

Cxkl pjm 255 sp}`mgps ~jk bgs~mxm` pjfs r}mspfkg 68- ~bgp lkxm cxkl pjmfx _p}`mgps. ]gfkg

R}mspfkg 01 (^jbp sjk}i` pjm _p}`mgps.

]gfkg `k Imss kc;


sfz lbfg bxmbs4 Nikhbi Fss}ms) H}xmb}oxbov) Pxb`fpfkgbi Mmgps) Mzoi}sffpv) Lm`fb Nxk}u) Fg,

Cfnjpfgn'

_}llbxv kc cfg`fgns

Imss nikhbi ukifpfos

Hkpj pjm nxk}u bg` spxmmp okgs}ipbpfkgs oblm k}p ~fpj pjm pku bgs~mx hmfgn .imss nikhbi *kx

ukifpfos& fss}ms.' _p}`mgps jbm mzuxmssm` pjmfx cx}spxbpfkg bp hmfgn bhim pk boomss pjm ]gfkgs`mlkoxbpfo spx}op}xms' Cxkl pjmfx mzumxfmgom pjmv smml pk jbm jb` kuukxp}gfpfms pk `k pjfs)

h}p ~jmg pjmv jbm pjmv jbm hmmg cbom` ~fpj jfnjiv ukifpfofsm` nikhbi fss}ms pjbp pjmv jbm

spx}nnim` pk xmibpm pk kx mgnbnm ~fpj' Pjfs jbs p}xgm` kcc sp}`mgps cxkl pjfgns ifdm pjm ]NL kx

nmppfgn fgkim` fg oblubfngs'

Cxkl ~jbp sp}`mgps bxm sbvfgn imss pk fp ~k}i` smml pjbp pjmv ~bgp lkxm boomssfhim ~bvs kc

mgnbnfgn ~fpj pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg ~jfoj xmcimop pjm `fmxsfpv kc sp}`mgps bp I_M' _pxbfnjpckx~bx`

~bvs kc boomssfgn pjm `mlkoxbov kc gkp a}sp pjm ]NL h}p pjm ~f`mx _p}`mgps. ]gfkg bg` ~bvs

kc mgnbnfgn ~fpj pjm okll}gfpv bp I_M' Hv ok}gpmxfgn mzoi}sffpv) pxb`fpfkgbi mmgps bg`

h}xmb}oxbov fg pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg fp ~fii biik~ lkxm sp}`mgps pjm ojbgom pk boomss pjmfx ]gfkg'


Lksp nxk}us ~bgp imss'''

Nikhbi Fss}ms *Ukifpfos&1 *3 cxkl 6 nxk}us , B]) Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) UJ@&

23


17/26

(imss kc b nikhbi cko}s *]NL& , lkxm sp}`mgp fss}ms uimbsm( ,B]

(Imss pflm bp ]NL ckx gkg,xmimbgp fss}ms'( , Kumg ]NL

(Gkg sp}`mgp fss}ms , imss nikhbi fss}ms *m'n' Fsxbmi Ubimspfgm&( , Kumg

(Imss ukifpfos kg pjm sp}cc pjm _] obggkp fgci}mgom( , @fsbhim`

H}xmb}oxbov1 *? cxkl 6 nxk}us , Kumg) Kumg ]NL) _kofmpfms&

(H}xmb}oxbov bp ]NL , Lbdm fp lkxm boomssfhim pk lkxm sp}`mgps( , Kumg

(_ik~ xmflh}xsmlmgps *hm imss xmspxfopfm&( , _kofmpfms

Pxb`fpfkgbi Mmgps1 *? cxkl 6 nxk}us , Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) UJ@&

(@xfgd xmibpm` B] mmgps , @fsbsskofbpm pjm B] bg` @xfgdfgn( , Kumg

(Cm~mx biokjki `xfgd xmibpm` mmgps *m'n' OX]_J&( , Iffgn bp Jklm

Imbsp blk}gp kc nxk}us ~bgp imss'''

Mzoi}sffpv1 *8 cxkl 6 nxk}us , B]) Kumg&

(Mzoi}sffpv fg pjm B]( , Kumg

Lm`fb Nxk}u1 *8 cxkl 6 nxk}us , Ojfgmsm) Kumg&(Hmbmx , fps ~bspmc}i , cbx pkk l}oj uxfgpm`( , Kumg

Fg,Cfnjpfgn1 *8 cxkl 6 nxk}us , Kumg) Kumg ]NL&

(Imss fg,cfnjpfgn fg pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg( , Kumg


Kc pjm 6 sp}`mgps ~jk sbf` pjmv ~bgpm` pjmfx sp}`mgps. }gfkg pk `k imss kc sklmpjfgn4

? sbf` pjmv ~bgpm` imss .ukifpfos. bg`8 sbf` spku subllfgn }s

R}mspfkg =1 (^jbp sjk}i` pjm _p}`mgps.

]gfkg oblubfng kg;


pmg bxmbs4 Pmbojfgn R}bifpv) Xmsk}xoms) P}fpfkg Cmms) Oksp kc Iffgn) Ikobi *GKP Nikhbi&)Xmsfps) _ubom) Mgfxkglmgp) Jmbipj) Ifhmxbpfkg

_}llbxv kc cfg`fgns

Ikobi fss}ms kg pmbojfgn) xmsk}xoms bg` cmms'

Hkpj okgs}ipbpfkgs sjk~ pjbp sp}`mgps bp I_M ~k}i` bi}m oblubfngs kg .R}bifpv kc Pmbojfgn.

*kx .Bob`mlfo Fss}ms.& ckiik~m` hv oblubfngs kg .Xmsk}xom. fss}ms bp I_M bg` .P}fpfkg Cmms.'

Fp.s flukxpbgp pk pk gkpm pjbp b pjfx` kc pjm nxk}us okgs}ipm` sumofcfobiiv spbpm` pjmv ~k}i` ifdm

lkxm .ikobi. oblubfngs bs kuuksm` pk nikhbi fss}ms) pjm ibppmx jbm pmg`mgov pk `klfgbpm]NLs fg pjm lkxm xmomgp ubsp'

2>


18/26


Lksp nxk}us ~bgp oblubfngs kg1Pmbojfgn R}bifpv*3 nxk}us , B]) Ojfgmsm) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) UJ@) _kofmpfms&

(Smppfgn Pmbojmxs *r}bifpv& , ukkx mgnifsj , hmppmx pxbfgfgn , fgoxmbsm kccfom jk}xs( , _kofmpfms

Xmsk}xoms *= nxk}us , B]) Ojfgmsm) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) _kofmpfms&

(Oklu}pmxs , lkxm boomss bg` lkxm lbojfgms( , Kumg

P}fpfkg Cmms *0 nxk}us , Jbiis Xmus) Kumg) Kumg ]NL) _kofmpfms&

(ik~mx cmms gmm`m`) msumofbiiv ukspnxb`}bpms bg` fgpmxgbpfkgbi sp}`mgps( , Kumg

Oksp kc Iffgn*? nxk}us , Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) Kumg ]NL&

(Ojmbumx sp}`mgp pxbmi( # (C}xpjmx _p}`v @fsok}gps , hfnnmx `fsok}gps) fgomgpfms pk spbv bp

I_M( , Iffgn bp Jklm

Ikobi *GKP Nikhbi& *? nxk}us , @fsbhim`) Iffgn bp Jklm) _kofmpfms&

(Lbgv ukspnxb`s hmifmm pjm sp}`mgp }gfkg oblubfngs kg fss}ms TFsxbmi,Ubimspfgm\ pjbp bxm

lkxm xmimbgp+fgpmxmspfgn pk pjm }g`mxnxb`}bpm `mlknxbujfo( , UJ@

(Cko}s kg sp}`mgps bs sp}`mgps bp I_M , imss kc nikhbi sp}cc *~jmxm _] obggkp lbdm b

`fccmxmgom&( , _kofmpfms

(Xmbi ~kxi` fss}ms pjbp bccmop sp}`mgps jmxm(,@fsbhim`

Xmsfps *? nxk}us , B]) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg&

_ubom *? nxk}us , Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg) UJ@&(L}ipf,u}xuksm _ukxps Jbii( , B]

(fgckxlbi mbsv suboms) fgckxlbi skofbi suboms) jbm b okccmm bg` xmb`+ sp}`v( , Kumg

2:


19/26

Imbsp blk}gp kc pjm nxk}us ~bgp oblubfngs1

Mgfxkglmgp*8 nxk}us , Jbiis Xmus) Kumg&

Jmbipj *8 nxk}us , Jbiis Xmus) Kumg ]NL&

Ifhmxbpfkg *8 nxk}us , @fsbhim`) Kumg&

(Oblubfng pk jmiu pjksm pjbp bxm `fsb`bgpbnm` f'm' ifhmxbpfkg( , @fsbhim`


?8- kc sp}`mgps ~bgpm` oblubfngs kg bob`mlfo fss}ms *s}oj bs R}bifpv kc Pmbojfgn) Okgpbop

Pflm) Xm,sfps&

80- ~bgpm` oblubfngs kg xmsk}xoms) ~bgpfgn pjfgns ifdm4 Bg fluxkm` Ifhxbxv) Lkxm

Oklu}pmxs # fluxkm` FP) # lkxm okllkg subom&

8?- kc sp}`mgps ~bgp xm`}om` kx gk p}fpfkg cmms' Hkpj Fgpmxgbpfkgbi cmms bg` Jklm cmms ~mxm

smmg bs pkk jfnj

22- kc sp}`mgps ~bgpm` oblubfngs kg xm`}ofgn pjm oksp kc sp}`mgp iffgn4 Ojmbumx Uxfgpfgn)

Ckk` # Cfgbgofbi _}uukxp ~mxm pjm lbfg fss}ms'22- kc sp}`mgps ~bgpm` sumofcfo pjfgns fg pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg ojbgnm` ~fpj oblubfngs kg

pjfgns ifdm4 B lkxm xmuxmsmgpbpfm sp}`mgp lm`fb bg` s}uukxp ckx skofmpfms'

26


20/26

_mopfkg P~k1 R}bifpbpfm cfg`fgns cxkl

nxk}u okgs}ipbpfkgs ~fpj fgpmxgbi bg`

mzpmxgbi spbdmjki`mxs

_mopfkg Kgm sjk~m` jk~ sp}`mgps ~bgp b ]gfkg ~jfoj cko}sms kg .Oblubfngs)

Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg bg` Okll}gfpv. bg` pjbp pjmv ~bgp mbsv ~bvs fg ~jfoj bii sp}`mgps bp I_M

obg mgnbnm ~fpj pjmsm bxmbs'

Fp bisk sjk~m` pjbp p~k kc pjm ibxnmsp nxk}us bopfmiv mgnbnm` ~fpj pjm ]gfkg `k gkp cmmi

xmuxmsmgpm` hv pjm ]gfkg) _kofmpfms bg` pjm Bpjimpfos ]gfkg'

Pjfs smopfkg okgomgpxbpms kg pjm bgs~mxs pk sumofcfo r}mspfkgs xmibpfm pk pjm nxk}us ~jk pkkd

ubxp fg nxk}u cbom pk cbom okgs}ipbpfkgs' Fp nbpjmxs r}bifpbpfm `bpb fgpk bxmbs ~jfoj pjm nxk}us

jbm jfnjifnjpm` bs flukxpbgp' Bs ~mii bs sp}`mgp nxk}us ~m fgoi}`m` sklm xmimbgp mzpmxgbi

nxk}us pk nbpjmx hxkb` xbgnfgn fm~s bg` kufgfkgs kg I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg'

@mcfgfpfkg kc spbdmjki`mx nxk}us4

.Fgpmxgbi.1B]) Ojfgmsm) @fsbhim`) Iffgn bp Jklm) Kumg ]NL) UJ@) _kofmpfms

.Mzpmxgbi. *pk I_M sp}`mgps&1 G]_ # Kpjmx Ikg`kg _bhhbpfobi Kccfomxs) I_M _mgfkx _pbcc

Lmlhmxs) Ckxlmx I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg Kccfomxs # I_M Bi}lgf) _p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc

_}llbxv kc cfg`fgns

_pxmgnpjs kc pjm ]gfkg_mmxbi nxk}us okgs}ipm` sukdm bhk}p pjm uksfpfm bsumops kc I_M _p}`mgps.

]gfkg bg` fp.s flukxpbgp pk xmokngfsm pjmsm' Jmxm bxm pjm lbfg bxmbs pjbp nxk}us

sukdm bhk}p4

_kofmpfms) B]) Xmuxmsmgpbpfkg bg` ]NLJbiis Xmus sbf` pjbp hmfgn b xmuxmsmgpbpfm ~bs (uksfpfm() kgm sbf` (Fp.s mgbhim` lm pk lbdm b

`fccmxmgom('

Iffgn bp Jklm sp}`mgps sukdm bhk}p pjm uksfpfm bsumops kc pjm B]) kgm sbf` (X}nhv jbs hmmguksfpfm) skofbiiv sumbdfgn' Gmnbpfm bob`mlfobiiv"('

I_M _mgfkx _pbcc pjfgd pjbp pjmxm fs (sklm bi}m ckx lkgmv fg bxmbs( s}oj bs (skofmpfms *sjk}i`

lbdm lkxm kc pjfs bxmb&() (B]( bg` (xmuxmsmgpbpfkg(' H}p r}mspfkgm` ~jmpjmx pjfgns ifdm

(smxfoms + bopffpfms( b``m` bi}m'

Bg fgpmxgbpfkgbi sp}`mgp cxkl kgm kc pjm Kumg nxk}us sukdm bhk}p jk~ skofmpfms ~mxm b

uksfpfm bsumop kc pjm ]gfkg' Cxkl hmfgn fgkim` fg skofmpfms jk~ pjmv jbm lb`m (ikps kc

cxfmg`s(' Iffgn bp Jklm sp}`mgps sbf` (Hmfgn ubxp kc pjml fs mxv uksfpfm , s}hamop fs

fgpmxmspfgn) lmmp gm~ umkuim) skofbifsm) sp}`mgp `fsok}gps('

G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhs , pjk}njp pjbp pjm ]NL ~bs kgm kc pjm ]gfkgs spxmgnpjs h}p ok}i` hm

fluxkm` *_mm ]NL smopfkg hmik~&'

85


21/26

Nmgmxbi hbxxfmxs pk sp}`mgp fgkimlmgp fg pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkgB cm~ ukfgps pk okgsf`mx pjbp ~mxm xbfsm` pjxk}nj pjm okgs}ipbpfkgs hv sp}`mgps4

(Bob`mlfo , pflm uxmss}xms( bg` (Gkp hmfgn kg Oblu}s( ~mxm hbxxfmxs pjbp Iffgn bp Jklm

sp}`mgps mzumxfmgom`' B UJ@ sp}`mgp sbf` (F bsskofbpm pjm _] ~fpj pjm (vk}gnmx smp(' Bg`

bgkpjmx sbf` (F bl }gs}xm ~jbp pjm xkim kc pjm _p}`mgp ]gfkg fs ~fpj xmnbx` pk bssfspfgn

xmsmbxoj sp}`mgps ~fpj c}g`fgn kuukxp}gfpfms('

Bxmbs pjbp ~k}i` hmgmcfp cxkl xmckxl) mgbhifgn bii I_M

sp}`mgps pk boomss pjm ]gfkg

@msufpm pjm spxmgnpjs lmgpfkgm` fg bxmbs ifdm xmuxmsmgpbpfkg pjmxm fs mf`mgom pjbp ibxnm nxk}us

kc sp}`mgps cmmi uk~mximss pk mgnbnm pjm ]gfkg fg pjfs ~bv' Pjfs xmukxp jbs sjk~g jk~ I_M

sp}`mgps ~bgp b ]gfkg pjbp cko}sms kg xmuxmsmgpbpfkg) oblubfngs bg` okll}gfpv'

Pjm ckiik~fgn smopfkg sjk~s jk~ smmxbi nxk}us cmmi bhk}p pjm o}xxmgp spx}op}xms jfnjifnjpfgn b

gmm` ckx hmppmx xmuxmsmgpbpfkg pjbp lmmps o}xxmgp gmm`s' Fp gkp kgiv nfms spxkgn oxfpfofsls h}p

bisk nfms f`mbs ckx xmckxlfgn spx}op}xms pk mgbhim bii I_M sp}`mgps pk mgnbnm ~fpj pjm ]gfkg'

_px}op}xms(Uj@ sp}`mgps cmmi pjmv jbm gk uk~mx' Uj@ sp}`mgps bxm suifp kcc cxkl pjmfx okiimbn}ms fg kpjmx

`mubxplmgps'( (Fg lv ckxlmx }gfmxsfpv) Uj`,mxs jb` pjmfx k~g ((}gfkg(( pk obup}xm uxmofsmiv

pjmsm sumofcfo sfp}bpfkgs bg` uxkf`m ukifpfobi xmuxmsmgpbpfkg bg` s}uukxp *ckx fgspbgom) ~jmg

]gf hk`fms ckxmsb~ sp}`mgp xmuxmsmgpbpfms) pjmxm ~k}i` fg b``fpfkg hm bg mr}bi g}lhmx kc Uj@

xmuxmsmgpbpfms' Pjfs mluk~mxm` gkp a}sp pjm Uj@,mxs) h}p bisk nbm fgoxmbsm` ~mfnjp pk gkg,

cbo}ipv uksfpfkgs fg pjksm hk`fms&' _klmpjfgn ifdm pjbp ~k}i` hm l}oj buuxmofbpm`"(, UJ@

sp}`mgps nxk}u'

Pjm G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhs nxk}u mzuxmssm` pjm gmm` ckx b (lkxm ibvmxm` spx}op}xm) ~fpj

xmukxpfgn }u bg` `k~g , bssmlhifms) `mhbpm bg` bopfkg bp `fccmxmgp bg` buuxkuxfbpm immis('

Pjmv bisk pjk}njp pjbp I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg (gmm`Ts\ ok}xsm+uxknxbllm xmus Tpk hm\ bp pjm

jmbxp kc pjm spx}op}xm(' (Fgpmxgbpfkgbi sp}`mgps , ubv ikb`s) gmm` xmuxmsmgpbpfkg bg` bxm ifdmiv pk

hm bgnxv) ikkdfgn ckx bg _] pk xmuxmsmgp pjml( bg` ( J}nm g}lhmxs kc sp}`mgps fg jbiis('

Fg xmibpfkg pk pjm o}xxmgp ckxls kc xmuxmsmgpbpfkg pjm Kumg ]NL sp}`mgps nxk}u sbf` pjfs4

(xm`}om uk~mx + `mofsfkg lbdfgn bhfifpv kc pjm mzmo}pfm hv fgpxk`}ofgn b hbibgom kc uk~mx ,

ukifpfobi imb`mxs *sbhhs&) A}`fofbi *sox}pfgv&) B`lfg kmxsfnjp *gk kmxibu hmp~mmg nxk}us&'

Pjmv bisk jb` pjfs f`mb (T~jv gkp\ jbm lkxm okllfppmms bg` ojbfxs bs kuuksm` pk sfgnimxmuxmsmgpbpfms; *m'n' fgspmb` kc b ~klbg.s kccfomx vk} jbm b ~klbgs nxk}u+ okllfppmm bg`

ojbfx&''' Jbm nxk}us Tbs bg bipmxgbpfm pk b ubxp,pflm mzmo}pfm\ *~fpj imb`mxs # nxk}us+

okllfppmms&) lkxm boomssfhim pk ubxp,pflm fgkimlmgp bg` cxmm pk akfg'

(Ok}xsm Xmu sp}cc"""" Pjmxm bxm GK svspmls bg` pjbp sjk}i` ojbgnm''' ( (Ckxom pjm ~jkim kc pjm

sojkkis okllfppmms pk cko}s kg bg` `mbi ~fpj sp}`mgp fss}ms' ]sfgn ]gfmxsfpv okllfppmms pk

oxmbpm ojbgnm mmg pjm kgms pjbp smml ukfgpimss m'n' Jmbipj bg` _bcmpv , Mz _bhhs # Bi}lgf

Pjm o}xxmgp spx}op}xms bxm b `mlkoxbpfo lmxxv nk xk}g`) ob}njp fg b fofk}s ~mmdiv ovoim ~jmxm

~m jbm ifppim kuukxp}gfpv pk pjfgd hmvkg` pjm gmzp ]NL) kx jk~ ~m obg bop}biiv nmp lkxm

sp}`mgps fgkim` fg bop}biiv `mifmxfgn k}x khamopfms bs bg kxnbgfsbpfkg' Pjm u}xuksm kc k}x

spx}op}xms sjk}i` hm pk mgok}xbnm ubxpfofubpfkg cxkl pjm mgpfxm lmlhmxsjfu) uxkf`fgn

kuukxp}gfpfms ckx `fccmxmgp pvums kc sp}`mgps ~fpj okluimpmiv `fccmxmgp fgpmxmsps pk sjbum k}x

82


22/26

oblubfngs) bopffpfms bg` fxmopfkg' , _p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc

Xmuxmsmgpbpfm xkims_p}`mgps bp pjm Kumg ]NL nxk}u pjk}njp fp ~bs flukxpbgp ikkd bp (`mcfgfgn sbhhbpfobi xkims ,

lbdfgn pjml xmimbgp pk Tpjm\ sp}`mgp hk`v(' Pjmv bisk sbf` pk (soxbu pxmbs}xmx bg`

okll}gfobpfkgs sbhhbpfobis , _bhhs bxm pkk c}gopfkgbi'

Pjm Mz _bhhs # Bi}lgf nxk}u bnxmm` pjbp fp ~k}i` hm kc hmgmcfp pk (soxbu pjm Oklls _bhh

uksfpfkg ukfgpimss' Fp ~bs b lfspbdm('

Bgkpjmx xkim pjmv pjk}njp ok}i` hm xmckxlm` ~bs .M`}obpfkg # ^micbxm Kccfomx.' Ckx pjfs pjmv

sbf` fps xf`fo}ik}s pjbp pjm p~k lbfg pjfgns pjm ]gfkg fs s}uuksm` pk `k bxm oxbllm` fgpk kgm

_bhh xkim") (~m obgp `k lkxm kc pjfs }gpfi vk} suifp TM`}obpfkg bg` ^micbxm\('

P~k nxk}us xmlfg`m` }s pjbp Ukspnxb`}bpms lbdm }u b ibxnm blk}gp kc sp}`mgps bp I_M bg`

pjbp pjmv sjk}i` hm mgnbnfgn ~fpj pjm ]gfkg' Pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc nxk}u sbf` pjm ]gfkg

sjk}i` (pbdm fgpk okgsf`mxbpfkg pjm fgpmxmsps kc pjm UN *Ukspnxb`}bpm& uku}ibpfkg *~jfoj fs

hmifmm` pk hm pjm hfnnmsp nxk}u& fg `msfngfgn bopffpfms+mmgps' ^jfim pjm Mz _bhhs # Bi}lgf

nxk}u ~mgp c}xpjmx hv sbvfgn pjbp pjmxm sjk}i` hm (8 UN kccfomxs bp imbsp""""""""""""""" Th}p sbf`\

Gk pk b UN sbhh'(

Bopffpfms+_ukxps bg` _kofmpfms , _bhhbpfobi KccfomxPjm r}mspfkg kc jbfgn b sbhhbpfobi xkim pk xmuxmsmgp pjm fgpmxmsps kc p~k kc pjm ibxnmsp nxk}us

fgkim` fg pjm ]gfkg ~bs u}p pk pjksm nxk}us' Pjm B] bg` _kofmpfms nxk}us pjk}njp pjbp f`mb

kc jbfgn bg .Bopffpfms+_ukxps bg` _kofmpfms. sbhhbpfobi kccfomx ~bs b uksfpfm kgm' Pjm B] sbf`

pjbp (fp ~k}i` lmbg s}uukxp ckx pjm B] kmx pjm ikgn pmxl( bg` _kofmpfms sbf` (Tfp ~k}i`\ nfm b

kfom pk skofmpfms('

Pjmxm ~bs s}uukxp ckx pjfs f`mb cxkl kpjmx nxk}us pkk4 pjm Kumg ]NL sp}`mgps nxk}u pjk}njp fp

hmsp pk .soxbu. sklm kc pjm lkxm o}xxmgp .c}gopfkgbi. sbhhbpfobi xkims bg` (fgpxk`}om bOblubfngs _bhh) Tbg`+kx\ bg Bopffpfms _bhh(

G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhs bnxmm` pjbp (_bhh xkims sjk}i` xmcimop pjm bopffpv kc sp}`mgps fg

skofmpfms+sukxps(

Okgsf`mxfgn pjbp pjm _ojkki jbs s}oj b jfnj immi kc Fgpmxgbpfkgbi sp}`mgps fp fs flukxpbgp pk

okgsf`mx jk~ pjmv bxm mgnbnfgn ~fpj pjm ]gfkg o}xxmgpiv bg` jk~ ~m lfnjp mgok}xbnm ~f`mx

mgnbnmlmgp) sumofcfobiiv fg pjm bxmb kc xmuxmsmgpbpfkg'

Ojfgmsm sp}`mgps) ~jmg bsdm` jk~ pjmv cmip bhk}p ubxpfofubpfgn fg mimopfkgs) ]NL) oblubfngs

bg` bopffpfms bgs~mxm` ( Tfp\ `mumg`s kg obg`f`bpms( bg` (~k}i` okgsf`mx sukxps Tbopffpfms\('Ikkdfgn bp Ojfgmsm sp}`mgps mzumxfmgom bp kpjmx ]D }gfmxsfpfms pbdm ckx mzbluim .Pjm ^bx~fod

_p}`mgps ]gfkg xmukxp Fgpmxgbpfkgbifsfgn pjm _p}`mgp Mzumxfmgom *855:&.) fg fp b Ojfgmsm sp}`mgp

*Sfom Uxmsf`mgp kc pjm Ojfgmsm _kofmpv& sbvs (TOjfgmsm sp}`mgps\ hxfgn b `k}x fm~ kc sp}`mgp

ukifpfos' Pjmvm nxk~g }u ~fpjk}p b `mlkoxbpfo mgfxkglmgp) sk pjmv bxm ubssfm fg pjm ukifpfobi

smgsm' Pjmv bxm s}xuxfsm` hv mimopfkgs

bg` Tpjm\ pmii }s ~jbp vk} pjfgd lmgpbifpv' Pjmv smm pjfs bg` pjfgd) ^mii) F jbm gkpjfgn pk

sbv' Pjmv `kgp }g`mxspbg` fp) pjmvm gmmx hmmg mgok}xbnm` pk ojbgnm pjfgns) bg` pjmv `kgp

hxfgn b lkpfbpfkg pk jbm bg flubop'(

Pjfs xmukxp sjk~s pjbp Ojfgmsm sp}`mgps bs b nxk}u bxm fgkim` pjxk}nj bopffpfms lkxm sk

pjbg kpjmx bxmbs) sk fp lbv fluxkm pjmfx mzumxfmgom bg` fgoxmbsm pjmfx fgkimlmgp fg pjm

_p}`mgps. ]gfkg hv fgpxk`}ofgn b jfnj immi xmuxmsmgpbpfm pjbp sumbds kg hmjbic kc sp}`mgps

fgkim` fg bopffpfms'

88


23/26

Bopffpfms+_ukxps bg` _kofmpfms , Pjm Bpjimpfos ]gfkg *B]&_kofmpfms jfnjifnjpm` sklm bxmbs kc hmsp uxbopfom pjbp pjm B] ok}i` b`kup' Pjmsm ~mxm (Akfgp

_kofmpv Gfnjp K}ps() (_flfibx spx}op}xms pk pjm B]; , nxk}ufgns m'n' Bxps) O}ip}xbi() (

Ojbxfpv( bg` (Fgckxlbi okgpbop ~fpj mzmo}pfm okllfppmm kc skofmpfms $ _]('

_klm ojbgnms pjbp pjm B] ~k}i` ifdm cxkl xmckxl ~mxm (^m`gms`bv Bcpmxgkkgs Cxmm ckx Uksp,

Nxb`s() (P}gs # Ox}sj `fsok}gps ckx B] lmlhmxs() (Cbspmx xmflh}xsmlmgp ckx mzumg`fp}xm()

(Jbg`kmx b`fom *ckx Uxmsf`mgps bg` Imb`mxs) bg` kx akh xkims+sumos&( bg` (_}uukxp kg pjm

`fspxfh}pfkg kc c}g`s fg I_M('

Bopffpfms+_ukxps bg` _kofmpfms , _kofmpfmsPjm B] jfnjifnjpm` sklm bxmbs kc hmsp uxbopfom pjbp skofmpfms ok}i` b`kup' Pjmsm ~mxm

(Xmn}ibx uxmsf`mgp lmmpfgns *Ifdm pjm B] obupbfgs lmmpfgns&() (Mimopfkg uxkomss , mimop imb`mxs

bp pjm mg` kc pjm vmbx ckx pjm gmzp bob`mlfo vmbx( bg` (^mmdiv Mmgp , B] ^m`gms`bv Gfnjps ,

nkk` skofbi mmgp pjbp kpjmx skofmpfms ok}i` okuv('

_kofmpfms sukdm bhk}p ~bgp sjk}i` hm ojbgnm` bhk}p x}ims bg` xmn}ibpfkgs *_kofmpfms) Lm`fbNxk}u # XBN&) pjmv sbf` (lbdm pjm x}ims lkxm pxbgsubxmgp() (Mgs}xm lmlhmxsjfu ifsps ~kxd()

(Oimbxmx) cbspmx uxkom`}xm ckx xmoibflfgn lkgmv'

Bopffpfms(F.m oklm boxkss mxv ifppim Uj@ sp}`mgp bopffpfms' @kmsg.p lbppmx b nxmbp `mbi hmob}sm pjfs fs

Ikg`kg bg` pjmxm.s uimgpv mism pk `k) h}p lbvhm fgpmx`fsofuifgbxv ckxb) kx sklmpjfgn) ~k}i` hm

nkk`'( , UJ@

(F }sm` pk cmmi b gmm` ckx lkxm gmp~kxdfgn bg` skofbi bopffpfms) h}p pjm gm~ I_M Uj@ _pmmxfgn

Nxk}u jbs b``xmssm` pjfs) bg` F pjfgd pjfgns bxm hmppmx gk~' F.l bisk ikkdfgn ckx~bx` pk pjm

kumgfgn kc pjm gm~ Uj@ skofbi subom'( , UJ@

Mmgps pjbp kccmx gmp~kxdfgn bg` oksfbi kuukxp}gfpfms' *m'n' OX]_J `kms gkp kccmx b ojbgom pk

lmmp gm~ umkuim& , Iffgn bp Jklm

Px}spmmsPjm flukxpbgom kc xmckxlfgn b px}spmm spx}op}xm ~bs xbfsm` hv p~k nxk}us' Pjm G]_ # Kpjmx

]D _bhhs nxk}u sbf` pjbp b (Px}spmm Hkbx` l}sp jbm xmr}fsfpm sdfiis , ~jmpjmx kx gkp pjmxm bxm

bii sp}`mgp kx mzpmxgbi px}spmms(' ^jfim pjm Mz _bhhs # Bi}lgf nxk}u sukdm kc pjm gmm` ckx

(Mzpmxgbi Px}spmms(

Xmibpfkgsjfu hmp~mmg pjm Lm`fb Nxk}u bg` pjm Mzmo}pfmPjm xmibpfkgsjfu hmp~mmg pjm Lm`fb Nxk}u *sumofcfobiiv Pjm Hmbmx& bg` pjm _bhhbpfobi

Kccfomxs + Mzmo}pfm ~bs jfnjifnjpm` bs bg ob}sm ckx okgomxg hv sklm nxk}us' Fp fs flukxpbgp pk

}g`mxspbg` ~jv pjfs fss}m ~bs xbfsm`) jk~ pjm o}xxmgp xmibpfkgsjfu flubops kg pjm ]gfkg bg`

jk~ xmckxl obg fluxkm pjfs xmibpfkgsjfu bg` }ipflbpmiv sp}`mgps mzumxfmgom'

_p}`mgps bp pjm Kumg ]NL nxk}u ~bgpm` (imss bgflksfpv hmp~mmg Hmbmx bg` pjm _] *_bhhs&'

(Ckx pjm sbdm kc pjm ~jkim sp}`mgp hk`v pjmv TPjm Hmbmx\ sjk}i` xmokngfsm pjbp pjmv bxm b

smxfom pk sp}`mgps bg` ubxp kc pjm sp}`mgps }gfkg bg` pjbp ~jmg pjmv `flfgfsj pjm ]gfkgsspbp}s) pjmv `blbnm pjm ]gfkgs bhfifpv pk b`kobpm kg hmjbic kc sp}`mgps ~jfoj fg p}xg

`blbnms sp}`mgps'( Pjm nxk}u bisk (khamopm` pk Tb\ oxkss oblu}s mimopm` Hmbmx M`fpkx'( , Mz

_bhhs # Bi}lgf nxk}u

8?


24/26

Cfgbiiv pjm _ojkki fpsmic *xmuxmsmgpm` hv pjm I_M _mgfkx _pbcc nxk}u& r}mspfkgm` pjm Hmbmxs

}sm kc (mccmopfm lmpjk`s( ~jmg (okll}gfobpfgn ~fpj sp}`mgps( hv xbfsfgn pjm fss}m kc

(spbg`bx`s # okgpxkis('

]NL *]gfkg Nmgmxbi Lmmpfgn&Pjm Kumg ]NL sp}`mgps nxk}u pjk}njp pjbp pjm ]NL fs (}gfr}m Tbg \ a}sp gmm`s pk hm cfzm`('

_}nnmspfkgs pjmv oblm }u ~fpj ~mxm jbfgn (`fxmop `mlkoxbov , kgifgm kpfgn , xmokx` lkpfkgs('

Pjmv bisk r}mspfkgm` pjm gmm` ckx b ~mmdiv ]NL'

G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhs pjk}njp pjbp pjm ]NL ~bs kgm kc pjm ]gfkgs spxmgnpjs h}p ok}i` hm

fluxkm` hv jbfgn (cm~mx uxkom`}xms ''' pjm x}ims sjk}i`g.p hm ikgnmx pjbg b ubnm(' Pjbp

]NLs (sjk}i`g.p hm a}sp ckxlbi lkpfkgs) h}p uxkuksbis cxkl pjm cikkx) xmukxps bg` cxmmx

`mhbpm(' (Skpms gkp Tbi~bvs\ gmomssbxv bp ]NL , `mhbpm bg` fso}ssfkg fs ~kxpj~jfim

(' Pjmv bisk xbfsm` pjm (ukssfhfifpv kc pjmlfgn ]NLs hv fss}ms( bs b nkk` f`mb'

@fsbhim` sp}`mgps nxk}u xbfsm` pjm ukfgp kc pjm (boomssfhfifpv kc Tpjm\ ]NL1 gkg,b}pklbpfo

`kkxs4 kccfomxs gkp bp ]NL pk bgs~mx r}mspfkgs4 `mbc umkuim obggkp ubxpfofubpm4 ubumx pjxk~fgnfs sobxv('

Ojfgmsm sp}`mgps sbf` pjmv ~mxm fgpmxmspm` fg (O$_ TOkllfppmm # _pmmxfgn1 ]NL\() (^jbp pjm

}gfkg fs `kfgn() (]NL Lkpfkgs( bg` (Dmv mmgps(' Jk~mmx fp fs flukxpbgp pk hm lfg`c}i pjbp

fgpmxmsp `kms bi~bvs mr}bpm pk fgkimlmgp' B xmomgp ukii kc bppmg`bgom cxkl b ]NL fg

Gkmlhmx 8556 sjk~m` pjbp ?5'6- kc sp}`mgps bppmg`fgn ~mxm Fgpmxgbpfkgbi _p}`mgps' Pjm pkpbi

blk}gp kc Fgpmxgbpfkgbi sp}`mgps bp I_M fs 3>':-' Kgm ok}i` sbv pjbp pjm ]NL fs gkp mgnbnfgn

mgk}nj ~fpj Fgpmxgbpfkgbi sp}`mgps'

(^m sumg` cbx pkk ikgn ~kxxvfgn bhk}p pjm gmm` pk s}hlfp lkpfkgs pk pjm ]NL bg` nmp umkuimbikgn) pjbg ~m `k `mifmxfgn oblubfng bopfkgs kx uibggm` khamopfms'(, _p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc

Cfgbiiv I_M _mgfkx _pbcc sbf` pjm ]gfkg sjk}i` (xmuxmsmgp sp}`mgps , Bii sp}`mgps *Gkp a}sp pk

smxm fps k~g mg`s + kgm ukifpfobi fm~&( bg` pjbp pjmxm fs o}xxmgpiv b (`fsokggmop1 xmnbx`fgn

fss}ms bp ]NL bg` pjm fss}ms xmibpfgn pk sp}`mgp mzumxfmgom' Bisk ~fpj pjm nkmxgbgom kc pjm

_p}`mgps. ]gfkg' Fp.s u}xuksm sjk}i` jbm hkpj okggmopm`'(

MimopfkgsIffgn bp Jklm sp}`mgps sbv (mimopfkgs smml b ikp lkxm oklumpfpfm pjbg pjmv sjk}i` hm pj}s

fgpflf`bpfgn ukssfhim obg`f`bpms ckx _]('

Xmnbx`fgn mimopfkgs pjm @fsbhim` sp}`mgps nxk}u sbf` pjbp (Tpjm\ R}b` sjk}i` hm lkxm

boomssfhim4 oxk~`s ~mxm spxmssc}i4 gblfgn fss}ms kg hbiikp ubumx ckx pxbgs sp}`mgps bs ojbgnfgn

I_M gblms fs `fccfo}ip4 ujvsfobiiv nx}miifgn('

_kofmpfms pjk}njp pjbp pjm (Mimopfkgs c}g fgn lk`mi obg hm kccu}ppfgn , Tpjbp\ Hmppmx kmxsfnjp

T~bs xmr}fxm`\(' Pjmv r}mspfkgm` fc fp ~bs (}gcbfx ckx skofmpfms pk mg`kxsm obg`f`bpms , H}p)

`mumg`s kg ~jbp mimopfkg fp fs , sjk}i` obg`f`bpms hm biik~m` pk bsd ckx mg`kxsmlmgp fc pjmv bxm

gkp b lmlhmx kc pjbp skofmpv;(

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OblubfngsIffgn bp Jklm sp}`mgps pjk}njp pjbp oblubfngs ~mxm ifgdm` pk (ukkx okll}gfobpfkgs cxkl pjm

_] , m'n' fc pjmxm ~mxm lkxm kgifgm umpfpfkgs bg` kupfkgs pk .pbdm bopfkg. pjmg pjmxm lfnjp hm

lkxm fgkimlmgp'

Pjm UJ@ nxk}u ~bgpm` pjm ]gfkg pk (ikhhv ckx Uj@s) nmp lkxm c}g`fgn) uxkf`m gmp~kxdfgn

kuukxp}gfpfms) okll}gbi bxmbs mpo(' H}p kgm sp}`mgp sbf` pjfs (F gmmx nkp bgv fg`fobpfkg cxkl

pjm _] pjbp pjmv ~k}i` hm kumg ckx oblubfngfgn kg sumofcfo Uj@ sp}`mgps. fss}ms'(

_p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc jbs pjfs pk sbv4 (^m gmm` pk nmp pjm xfnjp hbibgom hmp~mmg slbiimx

oblubfngs bg` ikgnmx pmxl oblubfngfgn'

I_M _mgfkx _pbcc sbf` fp ~bs flukxpbgp pk (mgok}xbnm cmm`hbod bg` kpjmx uxkomssms +

okluibfgps uxkomss *gkp gmomssbxfiv b}pklbpfo oblubfngfgn lk`m&('

Okll}gfobpfkgP~k sp}`mgp nxk}us lb`m b ukfgp kc sbvfgn jk~ pjmv buuxmofbpm` pjbp pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg ~bs

okgs}ipfgn sp}`mgps cbom pk cbom' Pjm @fsbhim` sp}`mgps nxk}u sbf` (lkxm okgs}ipbpfkg ckx}ls)lkxm kcpmg ~k}i` hm nxmbp(' ^jfim pjm Iffgn bp Jklm sp}`mgps nxk}u sbf` (pjmv ~mxm jbuuv

pjbp pjfs okgs}ipbpfkg ~bs pbdfgn uibom bg` bi}m` pjbp pjmv ~mxm hmfgn ifspmgm` pkk('

UJ@ sp}`mgps jb` b `fccmxmgp mzumxfmgom sbvfgn pjbp (pjmxm ~bs gk jbg`hkkd uxkf`m` pk

sp}`mgps bhk}p pjm _]' Pjmv ~mxm nfmg gk fgckxlbpfkg bhk}p pjm _] bg` ~jbp fp `kms'(

(Okll}gfobpm pjm uxkhiml skifgn hfps kc pjm ]gfkg pk sp}`mgps lkxm"( , Mz _bhhs # Bi}lgf

Pjm I_M _mgfkx _pbcc nxk}u sbf` pjbp pjm ]gfkg sjk}i` ~kxd kg (okll}gfobpfkg ~fpj pjm _ojkki

xmnbx`fgn _p}`mgps. ]gfkg uxfkxfpfms' Oibxfpv kc kxnbgfsbpfkgbi fm~(' Pjmv bisk pjk}nj pjbp(_p}`mgp Xmuxmsmgpbpfms Tok}i` fluxkm pjm\ okll}gfobpTfkg\ pk sp}`mgps xmnbx`fgn k}poklm

kc okllfppmm lmmpfgns('

Pjm _p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc nxk}u ~bs oxfpfobi sbvfgn (k}x okll}gfobpfkg ~fpj pjm lmlhmxsjfu fs

}ghmifmbhiv ukkx' Fps sobppmxn}g) fgcxmr}mgp bg` xmifms pkk l}oj kg i}od('

8=


26/26

Buumg`fz

_k}xoms

(I_M _p}`mgps ]gfkg jk bxm k}x lmlhmxs; Pjm cbops() Kopkhmx 8556' @x' Ubpxfofb Dbsqvgsdb , Ukifov #

Xmsmbxoj Okkx`fgbpkx) I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg'

(Fgpmxgbpfkgbifsfgn sp}`mgps. }gfkgs fg jfnjmx m`}obpfkg() Lbxoj 8556' G]_'Bbfibhim pk `k~gikb` cxkl jppu1++xmsk}xom'g}skgifgm'ok'}d+lm`fb+xmsk}xom+G]_[FgpmxXmukxp[2Ubnm'u`c

(]NL bgs~mxs Gk56() I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg'

Bbfibhim cxkl pjm Bopffpfms Xmsk}xom Omgpxm) Mbsp H}fi`fgn) Jk}njpkg _pxmmp'

Okgs}ipbpfkgs Pflmifgm

Nxk}u Bppmg`mms ^jmg

Bpjimpfos ]gfkg ?> _p}`mgps P}ms ?x` Gk

Ojfgmsm = _p}`mgps P}ms ?x` Gk

@fsbhim` ? _p}`mgps ^m` 8:pj Kop

Kumg ]NL *kumg pk sp}`mgps bp

]NL&

? _p}`mgps Pj}xs 28pj Gk

Jbiis Xmus 3 sp}`mgps ^m` 8?x` _mu

Iffgn bp Jklm 0 _p}`mgps *$3 kgifgm& Lkg 8g` Gk

Uj@ 0 _p}`mgps *$2? kgifgm& P}ms 85pj Kop

_kofmpfms 88 sp}`mgps P}ms25pj # 2?pj Gk

Mz,_bhhbpfobi Kccfomxs # I_M

Bi}lgf

? Mz,_bhhs ^m` 8:pj Kop

G]_ # Kpjmx ]D _bhhbpfobi

Kccfomxs

0 umkuim Cxf 85pj Gk

_p}`mgps. ]gfkg _pbcc ?= spbcc lmlhmxs @mb`ifgm 3pj Gk

_mgfkx ]gfmxsfpv _pbcc : I_M _pbcc Lmlhmxs 2:pj Gk 0'?5ul

Kumg Okgs}ipbpfkg 2 2 sp}`mgp Lkg 23pj Gk

Kumg Okgs}ipbpfkg 8 0 sp}`mgps P}ms 2>pj Gk

Kumg Okgs}ipbpfkg ? 2 sp}`mgp ^m` 2:pj Gk

Kumg Okgs}ipbpfkg 0 ? sp}`mgps Pj}xs 26pj Gk

Kumg Okgs}ipbpfkg = 2 sp}`mgp Cxf 85pj Gk

_pxmmp Okgs}ipbpfkg 2 65 sp}`mgps Lkg 23pj Gk

_pxmmp Okgs}ipbpfkg 8 =3 sp}`mgps P}ms 2>pj Gk

_pxmmp Okgs}ipbpfkg ? >= sp}`mgps ^m` 2:pj Gk

_pxmmp Okgs}ipbpfkg 0 255 sp}`mgps Pj}xs 26pj Gk

_pxmmp Okgs}ipbpfkg = 28 sp}`mgps Lkg 8?x` Gk

Okluimpm `bpb smp

Ckx okluimpm gkpms cxkl bii kc pjm okgs}ipbpfkgs fsfp ~~~'ojbgnmvk}x}gfkg'ok'}d

Xmsmbxoj bg` xmukxp hv Xkgbg Jb}njpkg) Uxkamops Okkx`fgbpkx) I_M _p}`mgps. ]gfkg'

lse students' union reform consultations report 2009

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