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LITERATURE ON PERSONNEL ATTITUDES & JOB SATISFACTION (1992-2001):
A BIBUOMETRIC STUDY
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MONAWWER BQBAL Roil No. 421
Enrol No. BB-0867
Under the Supervision of
MR. M. MASOOM RAZA (LECTURER)
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORIWATION SCIENCE ALiGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
2002
DS3329
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For I will be Needing Their Prayer s.
Today, Tomorrow and all times to come.
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND
INFORMATION SCIENCE
Phone (EPBX : 700916. 20-23, 26 Ext. 193/4 [ Direct : 700039
Fax : 91-0571-400528, 401221
Ref. No.
Dated.•••
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MONAWWER EQBAL , bearing Roll
No. 421, has completed his dissertation entitled "Literature on
Personnel AttUude & Job Satisfaction (1992-2001): A Bibliometric
Study**, under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of Master of Library and Information
Science, The present work, in my opinion is suitable for submission for
the said purpose.
M. MJASOOM RAZA LECTURER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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MONAWWER EQBAL
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-I
Personnel Attitudes & Job Satisfaction 1-18
CHAPTER-II
Bibliometrics 19-39
CHAPTER-III
Review4lelated Literature 40-55
CHAPTER-IV
Objectives and Methodology 56-62
CHAPTER-V
Data Analyses. Interpretation & Presentation 63-100
CHAPTER-VI
Conclusion & implications 101 -106
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLES
1. Geographical scattering of items
2. Ranking of authors
3. Authorship pattern
4. Language-wise distribution
5. Form-wise distribution
6. Year-wise distribution
7. Ranking of Journals
8. Subject-wise distribution
9. Bradford's Table
63
68
77
79
82
85
88
92
98
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
1. Country-wise Literary output 66
2. Authorship Pattern 78
3. Language-wise distribution 81
4. Year-wise distribution 86
5. Bibliographic Form of Literature 83
6. Subject-wise distribution 94
7. Bradford's Bibliography 100
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
ATTITUDE
\ALALT IS P£HS0NN£L
PERSONNEL ATTITUDE
COMPONENTS OF PERSONNEL ATTITUDE
IMPORTANCE OF PERSONNEL ATTITUDE
JOB SATISFACTION
THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION
DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION
0. INTRODUCTION
As human beings, members of work oriented organization
have thoughts and feelings which strongly influence their
behavior on the job. These thoughts and feelings are part of their
conscious state and provide the inputs used by them to make
decisions about their actions and reactions to their jobs.
Therefore, it is necessary that we understand more about these
conscious states. In everyday language, these are loosely termed
thoughts and feelings. By those who study human behavior these
conscious states are labeled attitudes and beliefs regarding job.
The significance of work experience and how it effects
attitudes and values about work is much important for individual
as well as the organization. The success or failure of an
organization to great extent developed upon a sizeable portion of
their working life should be an extent pleasant, agreeable and
fulfilling. A dissatisfaction work force can distort and blur the
organization to maintain congenial and condition work
environment which may evoke high level of job satisfaction
among the employee (Personnel).
1. ATTITUDE
The term " Attitude" frequently is used in describing
people and explaining their behavior. More precisely, an attitude
can be defined as an idea charge with emotion which predispose a
class of action to a particular a class social situation. Attitude is
a "Persistent tendency to feed and behave in particular way
towards same object". It has cognitive, affective, and behavioral
component and several kinds of functions: it help people to
adjust, to defend their egos, to express their values, and to
understand the world around them. The experiences of people
their attitudes. As attitudes develop, cognitions becomes more
differentiated, integrated, organized and effect behavioral
intention become associated with these conditions.
2.WHAT IS PERSONNEL
" Personnel is a staff function providing specialist
knowledge or services". Personnel is considerable a staff
department within the organization rather than a line one. At the
same time every person in the organization is a Personnel person.
3.PERSONNEL ATTITUDE
Personnel attitude has an interesting history and sheds
considerable light on the current ambiguous feeling about their
importance. In early 20*'' century, most business leaders
doggedly avoidable are giving any attention at all to this
problem. Then, the focus was on the principles of " Scientific
management with their concern for maximizing operator
efficiency. These were focussing their attention specially on
improving the selection procedure of employees in a bid to hire
only the most complement ones. If any attention was given to the
attitudes and behavior of personnel.
Personnel attitudes, like beliefs are conscious states. Unlike
belief, they do represent the degree of effect felt by the
individual. They are feelings the individual has towards some
object, and these feeling are some judgement about the good
attitude object from the individual's point of view.
4.COMPONENTS OF PERSONNEL ATTITUDE
Personnel attitudes can be broken down into three basic
components: Emotional, Informational, and behavioural. The
emotional component involves the person's feeling or affect
positive, neutral or negative - about an object. Thus, emotion
was given attention in the previous discussion of EQ, but in the
organizational behaviour literature emotion is usually associated
with job satisfaction. In addition, the expression of emotions-
either positive, like a customer service representative; negative,
like a bill collector or police officer; or neutral, like an academic
administrator public servant is also important to work behaviour.
The informational component consists of the beliefs and
information. The individual has about the personnel. It makes no
difference whether or not this information is empirically real or
correct. A supervisor may believe that two weeks of training is
necessary before worker can operate a particular piece of
equipment. In reality, the average worker may be able to operate
the machine successfully after only four days of training. Yet the
information the supervisor is using (that two weeks is necessary)
is the key to his/her attitude about training.
The behavioral component consists of a person's tendencies
to behave in a particular way toward an object. It is important to
remember that of the three components of personnel attitudes,
only the behavioral component can be directly observed. One
cannot see another person's feelings (the emotional component)
or beliefs (the informational component). These two components
can only be inferred. For example, when the supervisor assigns a
new employee to two weeks of training on the equipment, it is
only inferred that (a) the supervisor has strong feelings about the
length of training required and (b) the individual believes that
this length of training is necessary.
5. IMPORTANCE OF PERSONNEL'S ATTITUDES
The attitudes of personnel's are important to the personnel
themselves and to those who manage organizations personnel's
attitudes have several functions. They provide information about
personnel's reactions to other individuals events, or objects. For
example, an individuals who does not like being in or around
water knows that he or she would not like to be a skin diver
without first trying skin diving. The attitude toward a whole class
of activities provides a knowledge base for judging specific
elements within that class.
Attitudes may also guide behavior. If we assume that, other
things being equal, employees will seek to approach or obtain
attitude objects toward which they hold positive attitudes and
avoid those for which they hold negative ones, then they should
intend to behave in order to attend positive and avoid attitude
objects. Whether the behavior actually occurs depends, of course,
on many factors, which aid or inhibit the behavior.
Attitudes of personnel's are important to employers for at
least two reasons. As mentioned earlier, attitude indicate
intended responses. Therefore, knowledge of those attitudes
objects on the job to which personnel respond favorably and to
which they respond unfavorably can provide a basis for job
design, policy and practice decis«»s. When possible positive
features should be strengthened and negative ones altered or
removed. At a more general level personnel attitudes are
important to employers for philosophical reasons. Today it is not
sufficient to be contented simply with providing work for
personnel. It is well accepted that employers should provide
meaningful and satisfying work to the extent that it is possible to
do so. Although it is often argued that it is not technically
possible to provide satisfying jobs, the technical limits are not
quite as restrictive as many employers had once believed. It is
perfectly reasonable for employers to be concerned with positive
personnel attitudes as an end itself rather than simply as a means
to some end such as lower turnover. Personnel attitudes relating
to job satisfaction and organizational commitment are major
interest to the field of organizational behavior and practice of
human resource management
6. JOB
Job is a complex interrelationship of tasks, roles,
responsibilities, interaction, incentives and rewards. The quality
of work life refers to the favorableness or unfavorableness of the
job environment for people. Since people and the environment
have changed, increased attention needs to be given to improving
the quality. Jobs are required to fit people as well as technology.
Job enrichment applies to any efforts to humanize jobs,
particularly the addition of motivators to jobs. Core dimensions
of jobs that especially provide enrichment are variety, task
identity, task significance, autonomy and feed work teams can be
built. In spite of its disability, job enrichment is a contingency
relationship, being more applicable in some situations than
others.
7. JOB SATISFAC H O N
Job satisfaction is an integral component of the
organizational climate and an important element in management
employee relationship. In simple words, it is an individual's
emotional reaction to the job itself.
Job satisfaction is derived from the Latin word "and facere"
meaning "enough" and "to do" respectively. Job satisfaction
denotes a process of gaining desire things at the desired level on
the job. Just as an imbalance in the organism cause restlessness,
dissatisfaction may have a detrimental effect upon the employee.
The satisfaction with work and work related factors
contribute to the individuals happiness. Job satisfaction is the
result of various attitudes the employee holds towards the job^
towards job factor and to war df related and forward life in general.
It is general attitude, an attitude that is the result of many
specific attitudes, which could be classified as under:
a) Situational factor or specific job factor
b) Individual characteristics ; and
c) Group and social relationship outside the job
Before accepting the job we develop aspirations and our
satisfaction in our job depends upon by the extent to which our
needs and aspiration are fulfilled by the job. The job and the
way of life that goes with them enable one to play the kind of
role that one wants to play.
Job satisfaction is believed to be the sum of the job facet
satisfaction across over all factors of a job. Scheffer, Akhtar,
Pestonjee and Ewen report a positive correlation between the
overall satisfaction and facet satisfaction.
Job satisfaction may be viewed as the pleasurable
emotional state resulting from the perception of one in job as
fulfilling or allowing the fulfillment of one's important job
values provided these values are compatible with one's needs it
may be the persistent fojling towards discriminable aspects of a
job situation. Job satisfaction may be global or specific.
Sometimes it is referred to as an over all feeling of satisfaction
i.e., satisfaction with the situation as a whole (global
satisfaction). At other times it refers to a person's feeling
towards specific dimension of work environment (fact or
specific satisfaction).
It has also been operationalized as the some of goal
attainment or need fulfillment when summed across job facets.
Job satisfaction may be described in terms of attitude
toward the job like any other attitude it represent a complex
assemblage of cognition (belief or knowledge), emotion's
(feelings, sentiments or evaluations) and behavioral tendencies.
But here it is necessary to focus on the concepts of morale and
the job satisfaction refer to positive emotional states which may
be experienced by employees.
The term " job satisfaction" was brought to limelight in the
research literature by Hoppock in 1935.He reviewed numerous
studies on job satisfaction is a combination of physiological,
psychological and environmental circumstances that causes a
person to say, " I am satisfied with my job". Such kind of
descriptions indicate a variety of variables that influences the
satisfaction of the individuals but it does not make more about
the nature of job satisfaction.
Job satisfaction has also been operationalized as the sum of
goal attainment or need fulfillment when summed across job
facets. Porter and Alderfer seen to be in agreement with this
view.
Vroom's model bears similarities to the above mentioned
approach of Porter and Alderfer. The over all satisfaction may
be taken as the same as Vroom's valence for a job. Porter
defines satisfaction as the sum of deferences, of "how much
there is now and how much should be there", across various
facets. Satisfaction is defined in need fulfillment terms by
Lofquest and Dawis as the correspondence between reinforce
system of the work environment and the individual's need.
Job satisfaction refers to a person's felling of satisfaction
on the job, which acts as a motivation to work. Job satisfaction
is closely related to job. " Job" from the operational point of
view is not only an activity which is perform under constructual
agreement and for which one gets aid but it also refers to the
relationship with an individual with the firm not the specific
duties or responsibilities which he might have. Satisfaction
means the simple feeling states accompanying the attainment by
an impulse, situation which meets a need or represents goal"
(Hurvey, 1974).
8.DEFINITIONS
Job satisfaction defined by Victual (1953)' " Morale is an
attitude of satisfaction with desire to continue in and willingness
to strive for the goals of a particular group or organization". It
appears from this definition that morale is more future oriented,
while satisfaction is more present and past oriented. Morale is
often group based on a sense of common purpose and the belief
that group goals can be attained and are compatible with
individual's goals while satisfaction typically refers to the
appraisal made by an individual regarding his job situations.
Crites (1969)^ tried to make distinction between job
satisfaction, vocational satisfaction and moral. He states that job
satisfaction refers to the satisfaction derived from over all job in
which the individual is employed at present. If it is the type of
work in which the individual has been trained and for has
gained experience in several jobs (two or more), then the concept
would be referred to as vocational satisfaction would be morale.
Crites states that Hurman's study of 1996 also made distinction
between the vocational satisfaction and job satisfaction.
Shina (1974)^ defines job satisfaction as a "reintegration of
effect produced by individual perception, fulfillment of his
needs in relation to his work and the situation surrounding it."
Lock(1976) gives a comprehensive definition of job
satisfaction "as pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting
from the appraisal of one's job or job experience". Job
satisfaction in the result of employees perception of how will
their job provide those things which they view as important.
Paul (1977)^ stated "job satisfaction refers to the
favourableness or unfavourableness with which employees view
their work". It expresses the amount of agreement between one's
expectations of the job and rewards that job provide to person.
Jornot (1978)^ stated that "Job satisfaction is part of life
satisfaction". The nature of one's environment off the job.
Similarly a job is an important part of the life, job satisfaction
influences one's general life satisfaction.
9.THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION
As regards the theories of job satisfaction, a number of
them have been proposed but the few outstanding among then
may be labeled as 'motivate hygiene', "equity theory" and the
"expectancy or path goal theory".
9.1 THE MOTIVATOR HYGIENE THEORY
This theory was given by Herzberg, Mausner and
Synderman (1959)^ greatly helped Herzberg and his associates in
formulating the theory. They used semi-structured interviews to
collect data from engineers and accounts. They concluded that
achievement, recognition, nature of work, responsibility and
advancement were motivators or job content factors. Workers
who were dissatisfied with their work scope mainly of the job
content or hygiene factors, which included company policy and
administration, supervision etc. they pointed out that satisfaction
and dissatisfaction do not lie on the same continuum. Also the
effect of motivators on the job attitudes are relatively enduring as
compared to hygiene factors.
Ewen (1964)* criticized this view and said that Herzber's
findings are against the traditional views which maintain that a
given variable in the work situation can cause both job
satisfaction and job dissatisfaction such as salary, supervision.
May in one hand be a satisfier and on the other a dissatisfier.
Another major criticism of Herzber's contention was that since
only engineers and accountants participated in the study the
results may not be applicable to other occupational groups.
10
9.2 EQUITY THEORY
It is the equity theory's perception that for some types of
needSa person's preference level for the thing that fUlfiUs the need is effected by a
social comparison process. A person compares his pay to that of workers who
have a similar job, similar skill and similar seniority. If a person's pay is
higher or less than a person's compared, he will perceive it be inequitable.
Adams suggests that whenever two individuals exchange anything, there is a
possibility of feeling arousing in one or both of them that the exchange so
done is inequitable. Such as the case when a man exchanges his services for
pay. On the man's side of the exchanges are his education, intelligence,
training skill, age, social status and his efforts. Under special circumstances
other attributes like personal appearances become relevant. They are what he
perceives as his contribution to the exchange for which he except a just return.
9.3 "EXPECTANCY" OR "PATH-GOAL" THEORY
Many investigators have contributed to this theory but the
main exponent Vroom (1964) defines expectancy as a person's
perception of his action can be related to the attainment of first
level outcomes. The 'force' impelling a person to perform a
particular job related action depends on a (valence) person's
performance (valence) for a first level outcome and his subjective
probability estimate (expectancy) that his action will result in
attaining that outcome. The force denotes the relative probability
that the action will be omitted. Combining instrumentality with
expectancy, hypothesis related behaviors such occupational
choice, taking or staying on a job or exerting effort on becoming
effective. The valence for attaining the first level outcome
depends on what the individual perceives the consequences at
that outcome and attractive these other consequences are.
11
lO.DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION
One of the problems faced by industrial psychologist is to
account for the fact that people differ in the extent to which they
report satisfaction with their jobs. It is typically assumed that the
explanation of these differences lies in the nature of the job. C.K.
Basu pointed that out 'Job satisfaction has many interrelated
factors, which can never be completely isolated from one
another. The recent research finding tends to suggest that there is
a 'general factor' of job satisfaction. This general factor is
correlated with such other factors as working conditions, job
security, group structure compensation, supervision e t c '
The following are some determinants, which effect the job
satisfaction level.
10.1 PAY
Pay, which the worker gets is considered as one of the most
important factor of job satisfaction. There has been a persistent
controversy over the importance of pay to workers. Economists
and many executives are prone to stress the importance of the
size of the pay cheque in determining a worker's job satisfaction.
The assumption is described by the social scientists associated
with the 'human relation movement' who typically view
economic factors as highly over emphasized and stress the
importance of the satisfaction of social and ego needs.
Both sides can find some support for their position. When
workers are asked to rank different aspects of the work role in
terms of their importance, pay tend to rated as less important
than security, opportunity for advancement and company and
12
management but as more important than job content, supervision,
the social aspects of the job, communication working condition
and benefits (Herzberg 1957). But pays are found to be the most
frequent source of dissatisfaction.
10.2 SUPERVISION
The importance of the worker supervisor relationship as a
course of job satisfaction can hardly be questioned. Through the
foreman the worker daily meets management face to face. From
him he receives most of the company's directions and the orders
which affect him. Through the supervision he is told to
communicate his own requests or complaints to upper
management. So the workers job satisfaction and dissatisfaction
depends on the supervisory behavior to a large extent.
A variety of studies should that liking and disliking of the
job depends on boss-behavior. A friendly supervisory subordinate
relationship appeared to generalize to a favorable work climate.
The importance attached by workers to the quality of supervision
results from the fact that the supervisor is in a way a
representative of the company.
10.3 JOB SECURITY
Psychologists such as Mallow have identified job security
as one of the main component of workers job satisfaction. Threats
to job security can arise from either economic factors that lead to
a reduction of the demand for labour or from an employer decision
to discharge a worker for poor work performance or non
performance or related reasons.
13
10.4 ADVANCEMENT OPPORTUNTY
The opportunities for promotion or advancement afforded
organization members are highly variable and are often assumed
to have a marked effect on job satisfaction. Actually the sense of
advancement opportunity is taken that workers is taken that
workers want job better than their previous job. Morse (1953)
found a positive relationship between person's statements of their
promotional opportunities and their satisfaction with these.
10.5 WORKING CONDITIONS
Working condition is another factors, which has a market
effect on job satisfaction. If the working condition is good the
employees will find it easier to carry out their activities. If the
working condition is not conductive it will be difficult for them
to perform the duties. In other words the effect of working
condition is similar to that of work group. If the working
condition is good then there will be no job satisfaction problem.
If it is not upto the mark it will lead to dissatisfaction. Most
people do not give great deal of importance to working
conditions unless and until it is very bad bit they tend to
overlook the fact that good working condition is essential for
efficient and smooth production.
10.6 PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT
Many persons assume that job dissatisfaction is primarily
caused by personal maladjustment. Poor health, too low or too-
high intelligence and personality difficulties are though to
account for most of the differences in job satisfaction.
Hawthrone studies have shown the influence of temporary illness
upon satisfaction. Acute or chronic illness have some effect on
14
job satisfaction, age also effect this in decreasing degree. It is
often asserted that dull workeiSare dissatisfied with complex jobs
and bright ones with repetitive ones.
10.7 FELLOW WORKERS
The nature of the work group will have an effect on job
satisfaction. Friendly, co-operative, co-workers are a modest
source of job satisfaction to individual employees. The work
group serve as a source of support, comfort and assistance to
individual workers. A cooperative work group makes the job
more enjoyable. However, this factor is not an essential pre
requisite for job satisfaction. On the other hand if reserve
condition exists, people do not get along with each other this may
have a negative effect in job satisfaction, for example many
workers have low job satisfaction because they feel that they are
subject to male stereotyping which hinders their chances for
promotion.
10.8 FAMILY ISSUES
Not only those issues, which are discussed above, affect the
level of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workers but also
there are some family problems, which are also closely related to
job satisfaction. Illness of the family members and internal
conflict are some of the examples.
10.9 JOB STATUS
Job status means that what is the place of job in the
society in respect of wages, social values. There is a wealth of
evidence to support the assertion that job status is the most
important factor in job satisfaction. Hoppock (1935) found the
degree of satisfaction directly related to social status of the
15
occupations, professional and managerial workers were most
enthusiastic, than sub-professional and supervisory personnel;
and next white-collar and skilled workers followed by
semiskilled and unskilled workers.
10.10 TYPE OF WORK
Some employees find their work activities interesting and
satisfying and they were dissatisfied while some workers were
having repetitive boredom work, were dissatisfaction to some
extent. Work interest, the intrinsic satisfaction of the job, is an
important element in the worker's over all satisfaction. A survey
of factory workers showed it to be one of the five important
factors. In another investigation, nearly 6000 factory workers
were asked to select in order of importance to five factors, which
they believed had the greatest effect on their attitude towards
their job. Only job security and pay were rated higher than the
type of work performed.
CONCLUSION
We may conclude that job satisfaction is governed to a
large extent by perceptions and exceptional. Man work to satisfy
their needs and they aspire or expected their work life to fulfil
those needs. For perfect job satisfaction these should exist a one
to one relationship between the perception of how well the job
life fulfils the various needs and expectation or aspirations of the
individual regarding the extent to which these needs should have
been fulfilled.
Job satisfaction is a specific subset of attitudes held by
organization members. It is the attitudes one has towards his or
16
her job stated another way. It is one's affective response to the
job. Attitudes of personnel and job satisfaction are important and
measurable. Most large organizations recognize their importance
and systematically survey employee's attitudes and opinions to
and informing organizational policies and practices.
17
REFERENCES
1. Blum, Milton L. and Nayior, James C. "Industrial
Psychology and its Social Foundations". 1st rev. ed.; New
DelhiiCBS Publication, 1984
2. Goble, Myron and Denllo, Frank. " Job Involvement
Machiavellianism and Job Performance". Journal of
Applied Psychology. 25;1998:pp.13-17-
3. Joshi, Gandharava. " Job Satisfaction, Job Involvement and
Work Involvement among the Employees of Private and
Public Sector Psychology Studies.43 (3);1998:pp.85-87.
4. Wernimont,P.F. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factor in Job
Satisfaction". Journal of Applied Psychology.
50;1966;pp.41-50.
5. Robbin, Stephen P. "Essential of Organizational
Behaviour". 6th ed.;New Delhi: Prentice Hall, 1995
6. Blum, Milton L. and Nayior, James. "Industrial Psychology
and its Social Foundations. 1st, rev.ed.; New Delhi: CBS
Publishers, 1989.
7. Saiadain, Mirza. "Human Resources Management ; New
Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1998.
8. Davis, Kaith. "Human Behaviour at Work Organizational
Behaviour; New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1981.
9. Robbin, Stephen P. "Essential of Organization
Behaviour.6th ed.; New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1989.
10. Triades, Harry C. "Attitude and Attitude Change; New
York: Sohn Wily & Sons. Inc., 1973.
18
CHAPTER - E
BIBUOMCTRIC
INTRODUCTION BIBUOMETRICS: ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORV
DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT ANALOGOUS TERM BIBUOMETRICS: ITS MEANING AND DEFINITION BIBUOMETRICS: ITS SCOPE BIBUOMETRICS: ITS PURPOSE BIBUOMETRICS: ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE
RESEARCH BIBUOMETRICS: ITS L A W S
OTHER LAWS
BIBUOMETRICS: ITS APPUC ATIONS UMTTATIONS
BIBLIOMETRICS
INTRODUCTION
This is an age of research and expedition in every field of
knowledge. Consequent increase in the production of information
is best reflected in the literature of every discipline, (and
psychology is no exception). The case of literature that supports
research activities is mainly constituted of journals. Growth in
the number of specialized disciplines, increasing number of
journals published in each of them and the escalating cost of this
inevitable and ubiquitous medium of communication present
constraints to the librarians in judiciously chalking out effective
acquisition programmes for journals and related information.
Realizing this factor, no single library can afford to acquire
every document. Hence, limited and selected procurement of
journals seem to be one of the practical remedies. There is high
time to draw up theory methods and forms of their recognition
standardized the system of main concepts in the bibliographical
organization and services on the basis of statistics.
To meet these challenges, recent development in the library
and information science may be looked into. Developments in
library operation are being manifested through the so-called
Bibliometrics i.e. statistical analysis. It is the study conducted to
identify the pattern of publications, authorship and citation used
for a subject etc. over a period of time and there by offering
insight into dynamics of the area under a particular study.
So 'Bibliometric' is a relatively new branch of information
science, which lies between the border areas of social and
physical science. It is a quantitative study of various aspects of
19
T
literature on a topic and is used to identify the pattern of
publication, authorship, citation and / or secondary journal
coverage, with the objective of getting an insight into the
dynamics of the growth of knowledge in the areas under
consideration. This all consequently leads to the better
organization of information resource, which is essential for its
most effective and efficient used.
Bibliometrijs' today has attained sophistication and
complexity having national, international and interdisciplinary
character. It has clearly become established as a sub discipline
with its applications in the history and sociology of knowledge.
Communication and Information science.
1. BIBLIOMETRICS ; Its Origin and History
The first recorded study on Bibliometrics was done in I9 I7
by Cole and Eale's^ the study on 'The History of Comparative
Anatomy part-I. ' "A statistical Analysis," for the first time the
expression "Statistical Analysis" has been used in the literature.
The second study done by Hulmes in 1923 used the expression
'Statistical Bibliography'. The third study was the pioneering
work of Gross and Gross^ reported in 1927 the used the method of
counting and analysis of the citations appended to article in the
journal of "American Chemical Society", and produced a list of Q
journals of importance in chemical education. After ^ o s s and
/gross, the term statistical Bibliography was used by Henkle'* in
1938 in his article, "The periodical literature of Biochemistry",
the same term was used by Gonsel^ in I943/I944 by Fusseler^ in
1948/49, by Raising^ in 1962 in their work.
In 1968 Pritchard^ analyzed the term 'Statistical
Bibliography' and found it to be confusing with 'Statist ics ' and
20
Bibliography on statistics'. Therefore, he coined another term i.e.
called "Bibliometrics".
2. Definition of different Analogous term
Bibliometrics is just one of the many sciences whose name
ends with metrics. Many scientists have used the term under
different names, but the concepts were more or less same. Same
well established subdisciplines like, Scientometrics, Informatrics,
Econometrics etc.
2.1 Librametrics
The terms "Librametry" historically appeared first in 1948.
It was suggested by Indian library scientist S.R. Ranganathan9.
Under this term he suggested using of mathematical and
statistical method for analysing library activities and library
resources. But this term did not take its place in library science
and was forgotten for many year Later it was called
librametrics. ^ ^
2.2 Scientometrics
In 1969, the term 'Scientometrics' was suggested by two
Russians named Nalimov and Z. Mulchinko in their book
"Scientometrics: The investigation of science as development of
information process" According to them Scientometrics is a
complex of quantitative methods, which are used to investigate
the processes of science.
2.3 Informatrics
The FID's term 'Informetrics' was suggested by German
scientists A Blackert and S.Z. Zygel in 1982 as a newly formed
branch of science, using mathematical level and practical
information activities.
21
2.4 Webmetrics or Cybermetrics :-
Recently a new growth area in bibliometric has been in the
emerging field of Webmetric or Cybermatric as it is in often
called. Webmetrics can be defined as using of bibliometric
techniques in order to study the relationship of different site on
World Wide Web such techniques may be also be used to map out
(called "Scientific maping" in the traditional bibliometric
research area of the web) some other well established sub-
discipline like Econometric, Psychometrics, Socimetrics and
Biometrics.
3 B I B L I O M E T R I C S : ITS MEANING AND DEFINITION
Etymologically Bibliometrics is composed of two distinct
words i.e. biblio and metrikas. The prefix Biblio is a Greek word
meaning books and Metrikas means measurement. So
Bibliometrics is the Science of measurement pertaining to books
or documents.
It^ pie term 'Bibliometrics ' implies the use of quantitative
or statistical methods to study the behaviour of information.
There are number of definitions of Bibliometrics given by
the different researcher such as Hulme'' ' , Rais ing" , Fairthorne'^,
Schrader , Sengupta'"*, and others. However, a more elaborate
concept of Bibliometrics has recently been expounded by Egghe '^
who define it ^as the development and application of mathematical
(including statistical and optimizational) models and techniques to
all aspects of communication (including libraries, documentation
and inforamtion centres science policy.)
Diverse interpretation of the terTn| have been put forward by
many authors over the years.
22
• According to Wyandham E. Hulme (1923)^^
The purpose of Statistical Bibliography is to shed light on the
process of written communication and of the nature and course of
development of a discipline by means of counting and analysing
the various facets of written communication.
• According to Miks.L. Raising (1962)^^
The assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to
books and periodicals ... use of books and journals and to
ascertain in many local situations the general use of books and
journals.
• According to Pritchard (1968)'*
Application of mathematical methods to books and other
media of communication.
• According to R.A. Fairthorns (1969)'^
Quantitative treatment of the properties of record discourse
and behaviour appertaining to it".
• According to D.T. Hawkins (1977) °
Quantitative analysis of the bibliographical features of a body
of literature.
• According to W.G. Potter^'
Bibliometrics is the study and measurement of the publication
patterns of all forms of written communication and their
authorship.
• According to Alwin. M Schrader^^
Biblimetrics is the scientific study of recorded discourse.
• According to R.N. Broadus t\-^y
Bibliometrics is the qualitative study of physical published
units of bibliographic units of Surrogates either.
.24 • According to I.N. Sengupta
23
Organization, classification and quantitative evolution of
publication patterns of all macro and micro communications
along with their authorship by mathematical and statistical
calculus.
Expressed simply, Bibliometrics is the study that uses
statistical and mathematical method to analyze^'Xhe literature of
a discipline as it is patterned in its bibliographies.
4. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS SCOPE
The scope of Bibliometrics include the study of relationship
within a literature or describing a literature. Typically these
description focus on consistent patterns involving authors,
monograph journals, subject, language and forms. Ronald
Stevens26 has considered Bibliometrics as a quantitative science
and divided its scope into two basic categories.
4.1.Descriptive Bibliometrics Productive to Count, which
includes.:
(i) Geographic
(ii) Time period, and
(iii) Discipline
4.2.Evaluative Bibliometrics or Literature use count, which
includes:
(i) Reference count
(ii) Citation count
Stevens25 further adds that descriptive Bibliometrics
include the "study of the number of Publication in a given field
or productivity of literature in the! field, for the purpose of
comparing the amount^ of research in different countries, the
amount produced in different subdivisions of the field. The kind
24
of study is made by a count of the papers, books and other
writings in the field or often by count of theses writings which
have been abstracted in specialized abstracting journals. The
other i.e. evaluative Bibliometrics include the study of the
literature used by research workers in a given field. Such a study
is often made by counting the references cited by a large number
of research workers in their papers." ^
5 BIBLIOMETRIC : ITS PURPOSE
Hulmes26, the pioneer of the 'statistical bibliography'
clearly stated the purpose of Bibliometrics is to shed light on the
processes of written communication and of the nature and course
of development of a discipline (in so far as this displayed through
written communication), by means of counting and analyzing the
various facets of written communication.... According to
Schrader27 "the objective of Bibliometrics is a scientific study to
produce ideas that is theory about recorded discourse and its
important properties."
According to Dr. S.N. Singh^^ "The purpose of Bibliometrics is
to provide quantitative analysis of the phenomenon growing with
documents, their organization, use and services in library and
information centers and systems. It offers to the information
worker a type of statistical technique for the study of
characteristics and attributes of literature and that of
communication media". The main purpose of Bibliometric study
is :
a. To find major form of literature.
b. To prepare a ranked list of journals.
c. To make a comparison between ranked journals.
d. To identify the country with greatest literary output.
25
e. To find out the chronological scattering of all cited
literature.
f. To ascertain the amount of utilization of language.
So Bibliometric studies are generally based on quantitative
measurements without any qualitative evaluation. They are
therefore considered only as partial indicators of scientific
progress so, its purpose basically is to provide information about
the structure of knowledge and how it is communicated.
6. B I B I L I O M E T R I C S : ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE
REASEARCH
At present it is an established technique covering wide area
of knowledge, which provides for a more practical task. Day by
day, it is attaining sophistication and complexity, having national,
international and interdisciplinary character. It has established
itself as a viable and distinctive research technique of studying
science of science based on bibliographic data. As a matter of
fact, its backbone lies in its sound theoretical foundation most
efficiently and effectively laid by some pioneers like Gross^^,
Lotka^°, Bradford^', Zipf^^ Cole Brother", Pritchard^\
Garfield^^ Hulme^^, Fairthorne^^ and many others who are all not
basically librarians, but belong to different branches of
knowledge.
The techniques evolved by these pioneers are capable of
throwing light on various complicated problems faced by many
while handling information to quantify the process of written
communication. It has established itself as a variable and
distinctive measurement of human knowledge. Data analysis both
of citations and of volume of publications year can be useful in
planning retrospective bibliographies.
26
Bibliometrics also provides information about the structure
of knowledge, its classification studies give information about
the subject, language and country relationship, which is based on
literary warrant Bibliometrics is very useful in any field of
research or in any discipline or individuals, to improve some
part of library or information service.
7. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS LAWS
As Bibliometric law has evolved, a series of law have
developed within an academic discipline these laws help
researchers to study some common activity examples of
activities could be the use of library materials, author
productivity or the dispersal of articles on a particular subject.
Some of the more well known laws are Bradford's law, Lotka's
low, and Zipf's law. These are fundamental laws are as follows:
7.1 Lotka*s Inverse square Law^-
In 1926, Alfred J. Lotka statistician in an Insurance
Company proposed his Inverse Square Law correlating
contributors of scientific papers to their number of contributions.
He claims that a large proportion of the literature is produced by
a small number of authors and it is distributed so as the number
of people producing n papers or articles is approximately
proportional to l/n2.
Author a^r n
Where n is the number of contributions or articles.
For this, he analyzed the decennial index of 'Chemical
Abstracts ' from 1907-1916. He collected 6891 names of the
authors contributing 1, 2, 3 etc. entries in literature.
27
On the basis of this data, Lotka deduced a general equation,
for the relation between the frequency 'y ' of persons making 'x '
contributions as follows :
Xny = constant
If n = 2 then, the result as follows :
"In the case examined it is found that the number of
persons making 2 contributions is about one-fourth of those
making one contribution, the number making 'n ' contributions is
about l/n2 of those making one and the proportion of all
contributions is about 60%.
In other words, for every 100 authors contributing one
article, 25 will contribute two articles, about 11 will contribute 3
articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so on. The observed
figure for single article authors were 57.09% for chemical
abstract data (61891 contribution) and 59.2 present for physical
data (1,325 contributor). Through, the law was based on the study
of Chemistry and Physics literature later it has generated much
interest and attracted the attention of researchers and it has been
applied and tested in many other fields.
No. of Authors
100
25
11
6
4
No. of Articles
1
2
3
4
5
7.2. Z iprs law of word occurrence (1933) ^
This law was given by Zipf's in 1933. Zipf's developed and
extended an empirical law, as observed by Estoup governing a
28
relation between the rank of a word and the frequency and the
frequency of its appearance in a long text.
If ' r ' is the rank of a word and ' f is its frequency, then
mathematically Zipfs's law can be stated as follows:
ra— ^rf = c f , Where ' c ' is a constant
This law states that "in a long textual matter if words are
arranged in their decreasing order of frequency, then the rank of
any given word of the text will be inversely proportional to the
frequency of the occurrence of the word."
He found that by multiplying the numerical value of each
rank (r) by its corresponding frequency (f) be obtained a product
(c) that is constant throughout its text e.g.
Rank (r)
1
2
3
Frequency (f)
600
301
198
Product (rf) = c
600
602
594
The above table shows distribution of words, almost
inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the
word.
7 .3 . Bradford's Law of Scattering.^ :-
Samuel Clement Bradford, keeper of Science Museum in
London, gave a Law of Scattering in 1948. This Law is related to
scattering of journals. In this law the scattering term is used
Scattering of journals means the articles devoted to a particular
subject are found in other journals (which are related subject to
that particular subject).
29
Bradford Law is perhaps the best known of all the
Bibiliometric concepts. His law describes how the literature on a
subject is distributed in journals. He divided the articles found on
a subject into three equal zones, which increase by a multiple of
about five. If periodicals are listed in decreasing productivity i.e.
the journals that yield the most relevant articles coming first and
the most unproductive last then the journals will be grouped into
a number of zones each producing a similar number of relevant
article. However, the number of journals in each zone will be
increasing very rapidly and show a geometric progression. The
relationship between the zones is to be given by following
equation.
1 : n : n2
Where n = number of journals
Bradford also plotted graphs of the cumulative number of
source item R (n) versus the logarithm values of the cumulative
number of journals (log n.). Such a graph, is sometimes called as
Bradford's Bibliograph.
A 0
Logn^
There graph beings as a rising curve, API, and then
continues as a straight line. The rising part of the graph
represents the nucleus of highly productive journals. The points
30
PI, P2 and P3 on the bibliograph are the boundaries of three
equiproductive zones is which the same number of articles as the
nucleus derived from an increasingly larger number of journals.
8. OTHER LAWS
The other important laws that need to be mentioned there
are :
8.1 Price's square root law of scientific productivity
This law was given by Derek De Solla Price41 in 1963.
This law states that "half of the scientific papers are
contributed by the square root of the total number of
scientific authors".
8.2. Garfield's Law of Concentration
This law was enunciated by Eugene Garfield42 in 1971.
This law states that "a basic concentration of journals is the
common core of nucleus of all fields".
8.3. Sengupta's Law of Bibliometrics
This law has been put forward by Sengupta43, in 1973
which is also known as off setting weightage formula for re-
ranking periodicals to avoid discrimination against new journals
which necessarily have citation credits. This is basically an
extension of the Bradford Law.
It sates that "during phases of rapid growth of knowledge in
a scientific discipline, articles of interest to that discipline
appear in increasing number of periodicals from that field".
Mathematically this law stands in the following from:
f(x+y) = a + b log (x+y)
Where f (x+y) is the communicative number of reference as
contained in the first (x+y) most productive journals, x indicate
number of journals in the same discipline and y stands for
31
number of journals of unrelated disciplines (y>x) and 'a ' and 'b '
are two constant.
9. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS APPLICATIONS
The technique of Bibliometrics have extensive applications
equally in sociological studies of science, information
management, librarianship, history of science including science
policy, study of Science and Scientists and also in different
branches or Social Science.
Some of the areas where bibliometric techniques can be used
are:
> To identify research trends and growth of knowledge.
> To estimate comprehensiveness of secondary periodicals.
> To identify users of different subjects.
> To identify authorship and its trends in documents on various
subject.
> To measure the usefulness of adihoc and retrospective SDI
services.
> To forecast past, present and future publishing trends.
> To develop experimental models correlating existing ones.
> To identify core periodicals in different disciplines.
> To formulate an accurate need-based acquisition policy within
the limited budgetary provision.
> To adopt an accurate weeding and staking policy.
> To initiate effective multi-level network system.
> To study obsolescence and dispersion of scientific literature
(clustering and coupling of scientific papers).
> To predict productivity of publishers, individual authors,
organizations, country of that of an entire discipline.
32
> To design automatic language processing for auto-indexing,
and abstracting and auto-classification; and.
> To development norms for standardization.
Most of the Librametry/Informetric studies in the library
and information field are concerned with the different types of
uses and degrees to which user needs are satisfied. The studies
are, however, becoming more analytical than descriptive. These
studies may be ground as:
> To make a careful and intensive study of the library situation
(in the late 40's).
> To measure the adequacy of library collection for present and
possible future library programmes (in the late 50's and in
60's).
> To discover mathematical and statistical models for various
phenomenon which we experience in library and information
work and studies.
Methods used in empirical studies in the library and
information field vary from one study to another. In several field
studies questionnaires have been used. Casual visits, checklists,
correspondence and interviews with user, and combinations of
these with questionnaires, have also been used. The results are
sometimes not compatible with each other or easy to compare
because of the bias involved in the data collection methods.
Nevertheless, the trends in Informetrics iri toward discovery of
theory and/or generalized mathematical model of the
library/information use phenomenon. Hopefully, these studies
will help in achieving better services to library and information
users and efficiency in information system and services
33
management envisioned in Ranganathan's Five Law of Library
Science.
LIMITATIONS IN APPLICATION
Though most of the studies tend to support the Bradford
distribution some other researchers could not get the satisfactory
results. Gross found that the scatterrinfg of research papers
among physics journal deviated form that predicted by Bradford
Law. Out of 50 bibliographies studies by Chonez, only six
followed the law, he calls the law pseudo-scientific.
In the case of Lotka's law it was found to fit in most cases.
However, the value of indexing was found to vary different
groups of scientists.
Another problem with Lotka's law is that it totally ignores
the potential authors who have produced any publication so far.
CONCLUSION
Bibliometric analysis, has now become a well-established
part of information research, and a quantitative approach to the
description of documents and examination of services is gaining
ground both in research and practice. It offers to the librarian,
the students, the teacher, the sociologist of knowledge, and the
publisher, a type of static not hitherto considered, which can
complement further more traditional approaches to the study of
bibliography and communication. As the definition suggests,
Bibliometries can be applies to any subject area and to most of
the problems, concerned with the written communication.
Biblimetric techniques have been gaining recognition and
importance especially during the past two decades. The results
34
of such studies are increasingly being applied to manage the
library and information science resources and services more
effectively. The studies of subject literature and their
characteristics have also been found useful and helpful in
managing the research and development activities in those
subject specialists.
Application of Bibliometric technique is found in selecting
most important journals in a given field of knowledge. The
exponential growth of literature and rapid development of
libraries generated several evolutionary studies about
effectiveness and efficiency of information services. These
studies led to the identification and application of appropriate
quantitative measuring technique know as bibliographical
control, as it is not possible to start efficient service without
analyzing the size and character of literature.
So expressed simply 'Bibliometrics' is the statistical
or quantitative description of a literature, a group of related
documents that furnishers possible methods by which significant
features of a literature may be described and its working
monitored. In fact Bibliometrics has grown out of the realization
that literature is growing and changing at a rate with which no
librarian or information worker equipped with traditional
bibliographic methods and skill, could keep abreast.
35
REFERENCES
1. Cloe, F.J. and Eales, N.B. "History of Comparative Anatomy
Part 1: A Statistical Analysis of Literature". Science
Progress. ll;1917:pp.578-596.
2. Hulmes, E.W. "Statistical Bibliography in Relation to
Growth of Modern Civilization". London: Grafton; 1923.
3. Gross, P.L.K. and Gross, E.M. "College Libraries and
Chemical Education Science". 66; 1927:pp.385-389.
4. Henkle, M.H. "Periodical Literature of Biochemistry".
Bulletin of Medical Library Association. 27; 1988: pp. 139-
147.
5. Gonsell, Chas F. "Obslescence of Book College Libraries".
College and Research Library.5; 1944: pp.115-125.
6. Fusseler, Herman H. "Characteristics of the Research
Literature used by Chemist and Physics in the United
States". Library Quarterly. 19: 1949: pp. 19-36.
7. Rasing , L Miles. "Statistical Bibliography in the Health
Sciences". ^ulk of Medical Library Association
50;1962:pp.450-461
8. Pritchard, Alan, "statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics."
Journal of Documentation. 25: 1988:pp.179-191.
9. Ranganathan, S.R. "Librametry and its Scope". D.R.T.C
Seminar 7 D. A. Banglore: DRTC; 1969 : pp 144-161.
10. Hulmes. E.W. op. cit.2
11. Raising Miles, op. cit.7
12. Fairthrone, R.A. "Emperical Hyperbolic Distributions
(Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbort) for Bibliometric Description
36
and Production". Journal of Documentation. 25(4);
1969:pp.319-43.
13. Schrader, A.M. "Teaching Bibliometris". Library Trends.
30(6);1981:pp.l51.
14. Sengupta, I.N. "Bibliometric research". Gram of Biomedical
Literature Vol. 1., Calcutta:S.B.A. PW;1988.
15. Egghe L. "An Exact Calculation of Price's low for low of
Lotka's". Scientometr ics . i l ; 1987:pp.81-97.
16. Hulmes, E.W. Op. cit. 2
17. Raising, L.Miles, op.cit.7
18. Pritchard, Alan.op.cit.8
19. Fairthrone, R.A. op.cit. 12
20. Hawkins, D.T. "Unvocational used of on - l ine Information
Retrieval Systems:On-line Bibliometric Studies". Journal of
American Society for Information Science.28n):1981:pp. l3-
18.
21. Polter, W.G. "Introduction to Bibliometrics". Library
Trends.30;1981:pp.5-7.
22. Schrader, A.M. op.cit. 13
23. Broadus, R.N. "The Application of Citation Analysis to
Collection Building". Advance in Librarianship. 7, New
York: Academic Press, 1977.
24. Sengupta, IB. op.cit. 14.
25. Devrajan, G. Bibliometric Studies., ^ew Delhi: ESS ESS
Publication, 1998.
26. Hulme. E.W. op.cit.2
27. Schrader, A.M.op. cit. 13.
37
28. Singh, S.N. "Characteristics of Information Material: A
Bibliographic Investigation in the field of Social Science in
India". Herald of Library Science. 19(4); 1980:pp.l90.
29. Gross and Gross.op.cit.3
30. Lotka's, A.J. " The Frequency Distribution Scientific
Productivity". Journals of the Washington Academy of
Science. 16:1926: pp.317-323.
31. Bradford, S.C. Documentation; London: Grossly Lockwood,
1948.
32. Zipf, George, "Human Behavior and The Principle of Least
Effort"; New York: Addison-Wesly Press, 1949.
33. Cole, F.J. op.cit.l
34. Pritchard, Alan, op.cit.8.
35. Gorfield, Engene. "The Mystery Transposer" Journal Lists.
Current Contents Life Science:14(31),1971:pp.5-6.
36. .Hulmes, E.W. op.cit.2
37. Ranganathan S.R. op.cit.9
38. Lotlftss.op.cit.30.
39. Feerorowicz, J. "The Theoritical Application to
Bibliograohic Database EnvironmeU" .Journal of American
Society for Information Science.33;1982:pp.285-293.
40. Bradford's, op. cit. 31
41. Price, Derek J de SoUa. "A General Theory Bibliometrics
and other Cumulative Advantage Process". Journal of
American Society for Information Science.27(5): 1976:pp
292-306.
38
42. Garfield, op.cit.35.
43. S«ngupta. IN. op.cit. 14
44. Ibid.
45. Ranganathan SR. op. cit.9.
39
CHAPTEE -
B£Vl£«f OF RELATED UTERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of related literature is very essential in new
research topics. Study of related literature implies locating and
evaluating reports of research as well as report of the casual
observation and opinion that are related to the individual planned
research project.
In any worthwhile the study in a field of research,
researcher must have an adequate knowledge with the work that
has already been done in the area of this research. Research
worker must have an up-to-date information about what has been
done in the area of his research. In brief this chapter present an
overall review of study conducted in India as well as abroad in a
chronological order regarding the topic "personnel attitudes and
job satisfaction". The investigator reviewed only that study,
which are similar to present study.
Ajay Ranjan Chakarberty*(1970) made a study under the title
"Scatter of Indian Geological Documents in Indian and foreign
Periodicals." The purpose of this study was to find out the
present tendency of Indian Geologists to publisljj^^heir papers in
Indian and I^oreign journals, library bulletin and Geological
survey of India was selected for the project. The finding reveals
that more than 90% of documents have been covered in Indian
sources. It focuses on the various degrees of interest shown by
the foreign periodicals on Indian Geology.
Mohinder Singh^ (1978) conducted the study under the title
" Studies of Chemical literature and Changes in the Ranking of
Periodicals by Citation Analysis of Data from 1967-76". The
objectives of the study were to identify subject, country wise
dispersion of papers, dispersion of periodical publication. The
40
result reveals that on an average about 26 new review papers on
various branches of chemistry were published every year.
S. Nazim Ali^ (1983) conducted the study under the title " Food
Science and Technology Literature: A Bibliometric Study". The
objective of the study was to determine the significant list of
journals in the field of food. Science and Technology, from 1970
to 1978, two journals selected were " Journals of food Science"
and " Food Technology". The analyses of the study reveals that
there was proliferation of literature in the field of science and
technology but the bulk of the literature is contained in few
journals. The core list of secondary journals was determined by
the frequency of articles cited in JFS and FT.
Khaiser Jahan Begum and B.A Sharda'* (1984) conducted study
on" Journals Most Frequently Cited by Indian Linguistic: A
Citation Analysis". The objectives of the study were to identify
(I) Type of material used (II) most frequently used
periodicals(III) subject. Language and Country wise distribution.
The major findings related to linguistic research in India are (I)
The main bibliographic forms of literature cited were non-
several population(II) only 1.15% of journals yield more than
50% citations (III) English citation account for 92.5%.
Maheswarappa Nagappen and Mathias^ (1984) made a study
under the title " Collaborative Research in Science and
Technology in India:A Bibliomatric Study". The main objectives
of the study were to determine the collaborative research trends
in science and technology as whole in India. The data was
collected from the Indian science Abstracts covering the calendar
years 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980 andl983. The study indicates that
two authors paper were maximum in science and technology. The
41
average number of authors per paper has increased from 1.84 in
1965 to 2.33 in 1983. The study concludes that there is a high
degree of collaboration in scientific and technological research.
Khaisher Jahan Begum and T.S Shalaja^ (1985) conducted the
study under the title " Characteristics of Literature used by the
nutritionists: A Citation study". The author tried to identify (1)
the main bibliographic form used (ll)The core journals of
literature(lll) Geographical Scattering of periodicals (IV) Age
wise distribution of cited Journals. The data was collected from
'American Journal of Nutrition', 'British Journals of Nutrition',
'Indian Journal of Nutrition'. The study reveals that major forms
of media used with citation count of 85.55% of the total literature
used by nutritionists, and 3.99 %of literature constitutes
conference proceeding and reports etc.
Narendra Kumar^ (1986) made a study under the title"
Literature Contribution in journals of Environmental Biology: A
Bibliometric study". The major objectives of the study were to
identify country, form and Institute wise distribution and find out
the core journals of the discipline. The analysis reveals that
71.78% of the total citation are from journals, 17.56 from
documents are of bibliographical forms such as proceeding and
seminars.
Maheswarappa and Mathias" (1987) conducted the study under
the title "Authorial Collaboration in Various disciplines of the
Physical Science : A Bibliometric Study" . The major objectives
of the study were to identify (l)The authorship patterns and the
extent of collaborative in research active in the various
disciplines of the physical science (II) Determine whether solo
research efforts as indicated by single author paper are going to
42
extinct or not in near future. The data's was collected from the
Indian science Abstract during 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980. 1983.
The study indicated that increasing trends towards collaboration
has been found in all the disciplines of physical science. It is
relatively low in mathematics and high in chemistry. The solo
research efforts are near extinction.
P. Arvind and V. Pulla Ready' (1989) conducted the study
under the title " Physical Anthropological Literature: A Citation
Analysis".The aims of the study were (1) To know the
distribution of citations in different bibliographic forms (II) to
know the authorship pattern(III) To identify the core journals and
subject wise break up of cited journals. The data was collected
from 12 review articles relating to the field of "Physical
Anthropology" during the period of 1980-1989. The major
findings obtained from this study were as follows: (1) Most of the
literature published in Physical Anthropology in the form of
article in periodicals. Anthropology (II) Journals literature
contributed the highest number of citation i.e. 54.76% (111) In
authorship pattern 66.56% citation were contributed by single
author (IV) Journal of Physical Anthropology get first rank.
V. L. Kalyane and B K Sen*" (1993) conducted the study under
the title "A Bibliometric Study of the journal of Oilseeds
Research" The objective of this study were to determine (I) The
authorship patterns of literature (II) The author productivity.
Journal of oilseed research published from 1984 to 1992 were
used for the study. The result indicates that (I) 12% and 29%
papers are contributed by single and double, authors respectively
(II) 538 authors contributed only, 128 authors have two and 55
authors have 3 papers each to their credit (III) Most of the
43
significant research were held in Haryana Agriculture University
(Hissar), Directorate of oilseed research, Andhra Pradesh
Agriculture University.
S. Humayoon Kabir** (1993) conducted the study under the title
" World Literature on Bibliometric : A Authorship and Growth
patterns". The objectives of the study were to identify (1)
Authorship pattern(II) Proportion of single vs multiple authored
papers.(Ill) Distribution of publication by date (IV) Language,
forms, subject wise distribution in the subject field of
bibliometrics. The source data was 'LISA' from 1964-1990. The
study indicates that single author documents predominated with
65% of the total and the proportion of multiple authors was 2.2:1.
The growth of literature on biblimetrics was doubling every ten
years. English is most dominant language i.e., occupied 76% of
total items.
Jagdesh Arora and Sharan Pal Kaur^^ (1994) conducted the
study under the title "Bibliometric Analysis of core journals on
Immunology. A study based on the Annual review of
Immunology". The authors tried to identify country, subject, year
and Language wise distribution of core journals in the
Immunology. The data was collected from 'Annual Review of
Immunology', Vol. 1-4 (1983-1986). The study reveals that
"Journal of Immunology" was most productive journal. The first
core journals contribution 47.96% of total citation while the first
top two ranked journal accounted 30% of total citation. In
country wise distribution USA takes the top position with its
contribution at 65.15%. Core journals in Immunology are
published in English language.
44
Madan S. Rana and Sunita Agarwal*^ (1994) Conducted the
study under the title "Authorship trends in Indian wildlife and
fisheries literature - A Bibliometric study". The objectives of the
study were to determine (i) authorship patterns in Indian wildlife
and fisheries literature and, (ii)Degree of collaboration in Indian
wild life and fisheries literature. The data was collected from
"wildlife review" and "fish review" for the years 1980 to 1989.
The study Indicates that the single authored papers has decreased
from 63.68% in 1980 to 52.74%. In 1989, during the same period
there was an increase in the average number of authors per paper
from 1.57 In 1980 to in 1989. The degree of collaborative
research also increased from 0.36% to 0.47%.
B.K Dalai and D. B Ramesh*'* (1995) conducted the study under
the title" Publication pattern in scientific & Industrial Research
in India : A Bibliometric Study". The aims of this study were to
identify year, subject and organization wise distribution of
literature and organization wise distribution of paper, to identify
the authorship patterns. The study was based on the analysis of
333 articles published in the "Journals of Scientific & Industrial
Research" during the year of 1988-93. The study reveals that (I)
274 contribution (82.28%) were from India, only (17.71%)
articles were from other countries (II) Majority of the
contribution either belongs to education and research to Institute.
(Ill) Applied science journal was most productive.(IV) Most of
literature are contributed by single authors.
Amit Kumar Bandyapdhya^^ (1996) conducted the study on "
Analysis of Doctorial Dissertation in Mathematics using dBase
111+". The bibliometric study of the citation appended to the 27
doctorial dissertation in mathematics submitted at the Bardwan
45
University from 1981 to 1990. The work of citation analysis
determines the bibliographic forms, ranking based on correlated
citation number. The study indicates that the average references
per page of thesis was found to be lowest in pure mathematics
(0.34%), applied mathematics (0.55%) and highest in statistics
(0.61%)
B. S. Maheshwarappa and M.M. Ningoji** (1996) made a study
under the title "The Growth of Literature in the field of Applied
science in India (1965-89)". The objectives of this study were (I)
To find the relative growth rates doubling time of literature in
the field of Applied science in India (II) Growth of pattern
literature in the field of applied science in India by fitting the
data with the modification exponential logistic and linear curves.
The source data was "The Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)" from
1965-89 The study reveals that (I) The relative growth rate of
literature in the field of Applied sciences in India steadily
declined from 0.63 for the period (II) The doubling time of
literature in the field of Applied science in India has increased
from 1.02% in (1996) to 13.86% in (1998).
K.G. Sudhir*^ (1997) conducted the study under the title"
Output Science Research in Kerala: A Bibliometric Analysis ".
The objectives of the study were to examine the growth of S&T
papers in Kerala during the last 15 years (1979-1994), subject
wise distribution of publication, authorship pattern of paper. The
data was collected from ISA (Indian Science Abstract!) during the
period of 1979 to 1994. The study reveals that Kerala is the first
state in the country to constitute a separate development for S&T.
The majority of the contributions were from agriculture and
related fields (27.22%) and second position was medical science
46
(16.11%), two authors were more prominent in the field i.e. of
agriculture, and single paper occupied the second position.
Suchitra Das and M. K. Seth^* (1997) made a study under the
title " Citation Analysis in Hydrometallurgy: A Bibliometric
study". The objectives of this study were (I) To know the
Bibliographical forms of literature used (II) To identify the list
of highly cited journals (III) To know the authorship patterns of
contribution (V) The Scattering of literature of subject. (V)
Institute wise contribution (research output) in
"Hydrometallurgy", in India and other countries. The necessary
data was collected from 'Hydrometallurgy'. The findings of the
study are (I) Distribution of citation in different bibliographical
forms are 5, 417 are journal citations, 933 book citation 372
proceedings (II) Core journals are 'Hydrometallurgy' (III)
Multiple authors contribute 42.7% and joint author contribute
40% and single authors contribute the countries which only
16.4% done by Canada and India (V) Research Institute
contributes 56% of the literature.
Meera*' (1998) made a study under the title " Ecology
Literature: A Bibliometric study". The objectives of this of this
study were (I) To find out the major periodicals reporting
substantive amount of literature in 'Plant Ecology' and to draw
up a ranking list (II) To find out the Geographical distribution of
significant literature which will enable to know the major
countries producing ecological literature (III) To know the
language wise distribution of literature . The data was collected
from Biological Abstracts of 1994-1995. Major findings of the
study were (I) The most productive periodical is " Oceological"
from Germany and second one is Journal "Ecology" from China
47
(II) USA and UK are the main producers of journals (III) English
(85,58%) is the most dominating language in this subject field.
S. Ally Sornam and Vijay Gopi " (1998) conducted the study
under the title " AIDS Literature : A Citation Study". The major
objectives of this study were (I) To study the authorship pattern
(II) To identify growth of journal citation (III) To study the
information on Aids-diagnosis (IV) To study the place of
publication (V) To identify the key authors clusters. The study
covers the AIDS journals literature output in English language
for a period of five year, i.e. 1990-1994 through MEDLARS to
identify only journals citation in the area of Aids-diagnosis . The
study reveals that (I) Majority of the contributions were made by
joint authors (II) Maximum numbers of 22 articles were
contributed by two authors (20%) (III) Growth in literature
journal cited in 1990 is 1550 but in the year 1994, 2050 journals
are cited (IV) First AIDS case was reported in June 1981 in USA.
Literature output on Aids-diagnosis from 3rd world countries is
very poor.
B.S Biradar and M.S Sujatha Method^* (2000) conducted the
study under the title " Bibliometric Analysis of Ecological
Literature". The objectives of the study were to identify the
major form of literature, core journals authorship pattern etc. The
study was based on the reference appended to the articles in the
"Journals of Annual Review of Ecology and systematic" for the
year 1995-1996 . The study reveals that maximum number of
citation were from USA (63.96%) single author papers claim
(84.69%) and more than 80% of the citation fall in the age
growth of 0-15 years.
48
J.R. Sahu2^ (2000) conducted a study under the title " National
Mapping of Science -India: Earth sciences". The major
objectives of the study were to know the (1) The most prolific
contribution of different institutions (ii) To find the core journal
of India also top ten source publishing Indian contribution.
Major findings are (1) The study shows downward trend in the
output of literature in earth sciences both at Indian and global
levels. (II) Geographical survey of Indian (GSI) in found to be
most prolific contributor in all three years. The seconds prolific
contributor is Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG)
(III) A large majority of Indian contribution publications. For the
Geo reference Database of 1990, 1992, 1994 are used, which
covers 1227, 784, 364 Indian contribution respectively.
H. Adithya Kumar and Shivraman (2000) conducted a study
under the title" The Nucleus: An International Journal of
cytology and cited topics-A Bibliometric Study" The major
objectives of this study were (I) to identified the major source of
information and core journals (II) Subject, language, year wise
distribution of papers and find out the authorship pattern(III)The
extent of applicability of Bradford's law. This data has been
taken from International journal of cytology and Allied topics for
period of 1992-95. The major findings obtained from this study
were as follows (I) Periodical articles were the major source of
information (II) English language was used maximum (III)
Maximum number of publication from USA 37.79% (IV) The
Journal 'Cytology' occupied first rank.
G. Mahapatra and Bhagwan Das" (2000) made a study under
the title " Impact of Research Collaboration on the Growth of
literature on Geology: A Bibliometric study". The objectives of
49
this study were (I) to identified the major source of information
and core journals (II) Subject, language, year wise distribution of
papers and find out the authorship pattern(III)The extent of
applicability of Bradford's law. This data has been taken from
International journal of cytology and Allied topics for period of
1992-95. The major findings obtained from this study were as
follows (I) Periodical articles were the major source of
information (II) English language was used maximum (III)
Maximum number of publication from USA 37.79% (IV) The
Journal 'Cytology' occupied first rank.
G. Mahapatra and Bhagwan Das '* (2000) made a study under the
title " Impact of Research Collaboration on the Growth of
literature on Geology: A Bibliometric study". The objectives of
this study were to derive nature of growth of literature in Geology
during 1987-1996, type of collaboration among authors and trend
the growth during this periods,. The methodology of the study was
based on survey of five selected journals in Geology, such as,
Geologist Bulletin, Geophysics Geological magazine, journal of
Geology American Association of petroleum. The result of the
study indicates the increase in collaboration and simultaneously
decrease in the amount of publication collaborative research were
more and rate of growth of publication was low.
N.S. Mehta^^ (2000) made a study under the title "National
Mapping of science-India-Chemistry and Chemical Engineering".
The major objectives of this study were (I) To provide journal
wise contribution in chemistry and chemical engineering (II)To
provide section wise contribution which shows maximum number
of publications. For this study, the abstracts included in the years
1990 and 1994 volume of Chemical Abstract ^were used. The
bibliographic details were converted into a FoxPro data base file.
50
The major findings were (I) 1990 and 1994 volume of Chemical
Abstracts, which noticed 10,511 and 13, 060 Indian contributions
respectively in the chemistry and chemical engineering (II)
Distribution of Indian contributions among these section shows the
maximum number of publications were under electric phenomena
(1259) followed by optical, electron, mass spectroscopy and other
related properties (950)
Prakash Chand and Dhermendra Singh Sanger * (2000) made a
study under the title "A Bibliometric study of Solar Energy
Research in India". The objectives of the study were (I) To
identify trends in the field of solar energy research in India (II) To
know the ranking of Institution in the field of solar energy (III)To
analyse the R&D output quantitative. The data was collected from
ISA. INPAT, INSPEC, SCI database annual report of Indian R&D
organization covering 1992-1997 period. The analysis reveals that
IITs contributes major share i.e. 1991 papers 98% second place
goes to Universities which are contributing 150 papers and third
R&D Institutions contributing 91 papers (18%)
Rajeev Vij^^ (2001) conducted a study under the title "Library and
Information Science Abstract on CD-Rom : A bibliometric study".
The objectives of the study were to identify years wise
distribution of records, bibliographical forms of citation, language
and country wise distribution, ranked list of Indian and foreign
journals, short coming LISA CD-ROM database. The data was
collected from LISA data base over the period of 1990, 1995,
1999 years. The study reveals that coverage of journals from the
developing countries was relatively poor. By the year 2000, only
24 Indian journals have been covered i.e. 4.55% of total journals.
Most of the Journals are published from UK and USA, and most
51
dominant language are German and Russian. Majority of
contribution in LISA data base were made by single authors.
References
1. Chakarberty, A.R., "Scattering of Indian Geological
Documents in Indian and Foreign Periodicals". Annals of
Library Science and Documentation. 17(1-2); 1970:pp.47-53.
2. Singh, Mohindra. " Studies of Chemical Literature and
Changes in the Ranking of Periodicals by citation Analysis
of Data from 1967-79". Annals of library science and
Documentation. 25(1-4): 1978:pp.55-61.
3. Nazim Ali, S. " Food Science and Technology literature: A
Bibliometric study". Library Science with a Slant
Documentation. 20(U:1983: pp.30-38.
4. Begum (Khaiser Jahan) and Sharada, B.A. "Journals Most
Frequently cited by Indian Linguistic :A Citation Analysis!
Annals of Library Science Documentation. 31(3-4);1984: pp.
173-180.
5. Nagappen, Maheshwarappa and Mothious. " Collaborative
Research in Science and Technology in India A
Bibliometric study". Journal of library and iformation
science. 19(2): 1984:pp.54-56
6. Begum, Khaiser Jahan and Salaja, T.S. "Characteristics of
literature used by the nutritionists: A Citation Study".
Annals of Library Science and Documentation. 32(3-4);
1985: pp.122-128
7. Narendra Kumar. " Literature Contribution in Journal of
Environmental Biology: A Bibliometric study". Annals of
Library Science and Documentation. 33(1-2): 1986:pp 31-40.
52
8. Maheswarappa, B.S and Mathioas " Authorial Collaboration
in various disciplines of physical science: A Bibliometric
study". Journal of Library and Information Science. 12(2);
1987:pp.52-54
9. Arvind,P and Ready, V.P. "Physical Anthropology literature:
A citation analysis". ILA. Bulletin. 15(1); 1989:pp.21-25
10. Kalyane, V.L. and Sen , B.K. "A Bibliometric Study of the
journals of Oilseeds Research". Annals of Library Science
and documentation.42(4); 1993:pp.81-95.
11. Humayoon Kabir. " World Literature on Bibliometric: A
Authorship and Growth Patterns". Annals of library science
and Documentation.41(1); 1993:pp.13-18.
12. Arora, J and Kaur, S. " Bibliometric : A Study Based on the
Annual Review of Immunology". Annals of Library Science
and Documentation. 141(3); 1994:pp.84-94.
13. Madan, S R and Agarwal, Sunita. " Authorship Trends in
Indian Wildlife and Fisheries Literature: A Bibliometric
Study. Annals of Library Scienceand Documentation. 41(1);
1994: pp. 13-18.
14. Dalai, B.K. and Ramesh, D.B. "Publication Pattern in
Scientific & Industrial Research in India:A Bibliometric
Study". Annals of Library Science and Documentation.
42(1); 1995:pp.35-38.
15. Bandyapdhy, A.K. "Analysis of Doctoral Dissertation in
Mathematics Using dBase 111+". Annals of Library Science
and Documentation 43r3V199fipp 81-107
16. Maheswarppa, B.S and Ningoji, M.M. "The Growth of
Literature Science in India (1965-89)". International
Information and Education. 15n 1)-1996 pp Sl-ss
53
17. Sudhir, K.G." Output Science research in Kerala: A
Bibliometric Analysis". Annals of Library Science and
Documentation.44(4): 1997:pp. 113-126.
18. Suchitra Das and Seth, M.K."Citation Analysis of in
Hydrmetallurgy: A Bibliometric Study". International
Communication and Education. 16(1); 1997:pp.48-55.
19. Meera. "Plant Ecology Literature: A Bibliometric Study".
International Information Communication and Education.
17(1); 1998:pp.41-59.
20. Sornam, S.AUy and Vijaya, G. "Aids Literature : A Citation
Study". International Information Communication and
Education. 17(l);1998:pp.37-40.
21 . Biradar, BS and Sujatha Mathd, M.S. "Bibliometric Analysis
of Ecological Literature". SRELS Journals of Information
Management.37(3).2000:pp.225-229.
22. Shahu, J.R. "National Mapping of Science -India:Earth
Sceience".Information today & Tomorrow. 19(3);2000:pp.8-
10.
23. Aditya Kumar, H and Shivraman. "The Nucleus :An
International Journal of Cytology and cited topic-A
Bibliometric study." SRELS journal of Information
Management .37(1): 2000:pp.47-59.
24. Mahapatra, G and Das, B. "Impact of research Collaboration
on the Growth of Literature on Geology: A Bibliometric
Study". SERELS Journals of Information Managemen.37(2):
2000:pp.95-105.
25. Mehta, N.S. "National Mapping of Science; India-Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering". Information today & Tomorrow.
19(3);2000:8-10-
54
26. Praksh Chand and Sanger, D.S. "A Bibliometric Study of
Solar Energy Research in India". Journal of Library and
Infirmation Science.(25V. 2000:pp.45-46-
27. Rajeev Vij. "Library and Information Science Abstract Study
on CD-ROM: A Bibliometric Study". ILA Buletin. 37 (4):
2001 .pp. 135-142.
55
CHAPTER -
OfiJECnVte AND METHODOLOeVOF THE STUDV
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The present study aims at identification and describing some
of the characteristics of the literature published in the field of "
Personnel attitude & job satisfaction" over the period of 10 years
from 1991-2001 with a view to identifying, place, year, language,
subject areas, forms of documents, country of origin were the
document is published.
It is well known that knowledge is growing at very fast rate.
The new researches and thirst for knowledge has led to the
generation of new knowledge. It is necessary that new work and
new findings should be highlighted among the research scholars
and others who are interested in them. So Bibliometric study will
help the librarian in the selection of literature in the field of
'Personnel attitude & Job satisfaction' More precisely the main
objective of the present study are :
OBJECTIVES
(i) To know the most productive country in the field of
'personnel attitudes and job satisfaction',
(ii) To know the eminent authors in the field of 'personnel
attitudes and job satisfaction',
(iii) To know the rate of collaborative research,
(iv) To know the language(s) in which the most of literature on
the subject has been published,
(v) To know the most used form of documents,
(vi) To find out the chronological distribution of items.
56
(vii) To know the most productive journals in the field of
'Personnel attitudes & job satisfaction',
(viii) To identify the scattering of subjects,
(ix) To check the validity of Lotka's and Bradford's laws.
HYPOTHESES
(i) There may be a significant difference regarding geographical
scattering of article on personnel attitude and job
satisfaction,
(ii) Influence of group research may be seen in authorship
'patterns of personnel attitude & job satisfaction',
(iii) Most of the articles may be written in English language in
the field of "Personnel Attitude & Job Satisfaction",
(iv) Journal articles may be the most used form of documents,
(v) Chronological analysis of data may emerge as the reflection
of acceleratory growth in the research out put of the
literature year by year,
(vi) Lotka's law will be valid in the present study,
(vii) Bradford's law will stand valid in the present study.
57
METHODOLOGY
The exponential growth of literature and rapid development
of libraries generated several evolutionary studies about the
effectiveness and efficiency of information services. These
studies led to the Identification and application of appropriate
qualitative measuring techniques know as Bibliomatrics.
Research in any area calls for systematic methodologies. The
methodology for conducting the bibliometric study has been
diagrammatically represent below.
Topic Selection
Selection of Source document
Collection of data
Preparation of Entries
Analysis
I Country wise Ranking Language-wise Form wise
Distribution of author Distribution Distribution
Year wise Ranking of Subject
Distribution Periodical Distribution
58
(A) TOPIC SELECTION
For the selection of the topic various sources have been
consulted such as Chemical Abstract, Biological Abstract and
Physiological Abstract. Finally the researcher selected "personnel
Altitude & Job satisfaction" from Psychological Abstract on his
Interest in psychology.
(B) SELECTION OF SOURCE DOCUMENT
To undertake the Bibliometric study on the literatures of
"Personnel attitude & job satisfaction" the Psychological Abstract
was found to be the most comprehensive and appropriate source of
literature in the field of psychology. Psychological Abstract
published by the American Psychological Association Inc., from
Washington DC (USA) contains publication of extraordinary and
scholarly articles of the eminent personalities, scholars and expert
from different part of the world. The volume of 1992-2001 of
Psychological Abstract has been consulted were chosen as the
source document.
(C) COLLECTION OF DATA
The most Important task was to select the document from
which data has been drawn on the subject "Personnel Attitude &,
job Satisfaction" 2135 reference from the 10 volume of
Psychological Abstract i.e., from 1992 to 2001 has been collected
on 5"X3" square inches catalogue card.
(D) PREPARATION OF ENTRIES
By the help of Psychological Abstract data was collected on
catalogue cards 5"X3". Each reference consisted of information
about, author name, title, source journal, date, place, form and text
59
language were noted on card. In other words, a short bibliography
was compiled on the cards. These were arranged and rearranged
during analysis.
(E) ANALYSIS
Next step, after preparation of entries, was to analyze the
data that was collected from the source document. The total data
collected on separate cards were arranged and rearranged in order
to conduct the following studies.
(i) GEOGRAPHICAL SCATTERING OF ITEMS
This is done to determine the geographical scattering of
items while studying the use pattern of research literature in the
subject under the study. The information was collected from the
Psychological Abstract of each item, which clearly give the place
of origin of each item. The entries were grouped on the basis of
their country of origin.
(ii) RANKING OF AUTHORS
The researcher analyze the authors on the basis of their
frequency of occurrence i.e. how in any terms an author occurs.
This study has been conducted to know the eminent personalities
in the field of 'Personnel Altitude & job satisfaction'. Ranking of
authors is done to identify the most productive contributions in the
subject. For the purpose of ranking of authors, the research
arranged them alphabetically, surname of each author is the basis
for alphabetization. So all author were retrieved, arranged and
tabulated in the order of decreasing frequency of their
contribution.
60
(iii) LANGUAGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS
In this study an attempt has been made to analyse the
language wise distribution of items. Since the source of document
is of International level, and have comprehensive coverage, and
article published in almost all languages of the world. So
researcher analysed the items language-wise. In the abstract itself
the language of original text is given. While collecting the data,
noted according to the language and then arranged according to
their rank, in order to know dominant language.
(iv) FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION
There are variety of forms of documents in which literature
on 'personnel attitude & job Satisfaction' are published. There are
articles, research report, case study etc. The analysis has been
done to know the major forms of documents used for producing
new information in the subject under study. These have been
tabulated to find out most used source material.
(v) CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY
In this analysis time of origin of item were studied to know
how many items belong to a particular time period on the basis of
frequency of items belonging to a particular year. The data of
analyzed and tabulated to find the most productive year of items.
(vi) RANKING OF PERIODICALS
The main objective of this study is to identify the core
periodicals (journal) containing the research literature on
'Personnel attitude & job Satisfaction'. To conduct this study, the
items published in different periodicals were grouped together and
counted. It is necessary to know the most productive periodicals in
the subject.
^1
(vii) SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION
This analysis has been done to know the scattering of
literature of 'personnel attitude & job satisfaction' in other subject
field. This analysis shows the Interdisciplinary character of the
subject field, the analysis has been done on the basis of field of
periodicals publishing in the literature. The information about the
subject field was obtained from Ulrich International Periodical
Directory (35th. Ed.)
APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS
After doing all the analysis the foremost and final job is to
apply the laws of Bibliometrics. So the researcher tried to testify
the laws of Bibliometrics by applying them on the collected data,
especially Bradford's and Lotka's law in order to find out how
much these laws are valid in the present study.
62
CHAPTER - V
DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRCTATION
AND
PRESENTATION
eEOeRAPHlC AL SC ATTERlNe OF ITEMS
RANKING OF AUTHORS
LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS
FORM>\ASE DISTRIBUTION
CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY
RANKING PERIODICALS
SUBJECT-WiSE DISTRIBUTION
.APPUCATION OF BIBUOMETRIC L A W S .
DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND
REPRESENTATION
For the purpose of data collection, 10 volumes of
Psychological Abstract for the years 1992 -2001 were consulted
and the total number of 2135 references were collected.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Table -1 shows list of 48 countries upto 25th rank in
publishing journals on "Personnel attitudes & job satisfaction". It
was observed that 59.53% of total number of journal were
published from USA only . UK and Canada produce 7.16% and
5.62% journals respectively. It was found that literary out put of
USA is more than other countries. In the ranking list, USA
accounted for 1271 of the total items i.e., 59.53%.
Table No. I
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
s. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Name of country
USA
Canada
UK
Australia
Germany
France
Finland
Israel
Italy
Netherland
Spain
Frequency of occurrence
1271
153
120
071
067
054
052
049
031
029
023
Cumulative Frequency occurrence
1271
1424
1544
1615
1682
1735
1788
1837
1868
1897
1920
Percentage
59.53
07.16
5.62
3.32
3.13
2.52
2.43
2.29
1.45
7.35
1.07
63
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
11
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
China
Japan
India
Russia
Newzeland
Nigeria
Singapore
Poland
Kan>f«.
Hungary
Greece
Turkey
South Africa
Ethiopia
Brazil
Belgium
Korea
Portugal
Czechs Republic
Switzerland
Lebanon
Malaysia
Uganda
UAE
Indonesia
Slovakia
Argentina
Peru
Belarus-
Tunisia
Bangladesh
023
019
017
013
013
Oil
010
010
009
008
008
007
006
006
005
005
004
003
003
003
003
002
002
002
002
002
001
001
001
001
001
1943
1962
1979
1992
2005
2016
2026
2036
2054
2062
2070
2077
2083
2089
2094
2099
2103
2106
2109
2112
2115
2117
2119
2121
2123
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
1.07
0.88
0.79
0.60
0.60
0.57
0.46
0.46
0.42
0.37
0.37
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
64
44
45
46
47
48
25
25
25
25
25
Combodia
Colombia
Thailand
Zambia
Yugoslavia
001
001
001
001
001
Total = 2135
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
65
Diagram No. 1 Representing Country Wise Literary Output
59.53
27.69
Canada Others
Countries
27.69
5.62 59-53
7.16
2. RANKING OF AUTHORS :-
In every subject there are certain personalities who are were
well recognized of in their own fields. The prime objective of this
study is to find out the authors whose contribution is significant in
the field of 'personnel attitude & job satisfaction'. For this
purpose a ranking list of most productive authors has been
prepared and presented in the table 2 in order of their frequency of
occurrence.
It was found that 597 items i.e., (27.96%) were written by
single authors (i.e. only one contribution) and 1538 items (i.e.
72.03%) were written by multiple author (i.e. more than one
contribution). This shows that the present trend of research is
group oriented rather than single. The first five eminent authors in
this field are. Burke, (Roland J), Wlit (L.A.), Orper (Christopher)
Cohen (Awan) Judge (Timothy A).
Note: Table of Ranking of authors on Next page
67
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3. AUTHORSHIP PATTERN
The analysis of authorship patterns Indicates that papers
contribute by single author is 597 i.e, (27.96%) of the total items
and 1538 (72.03%) paper have been contributed by multiple
authors. It was found that the tendency towards joint authorship
was on an increase. This is indicates that researchers normally
prefer cooperative or group work which has been characteristic
feature of the subject.
Table No.3
Authorship Pattern
Single authorship
No. of items
597
%
27.96
Multiple authorship
No. items
1538
%
72.03
Total No.
items
2135
77
•M
Pu a en Wi
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s <J
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e C CO
a a
Q_
z 1 o 5 § 1 • ^ " <U Q. O) ^ C 3 W 5 Q D
CO Oi r CM
/ ^ ? ^ ^ * ^
a
4. LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION: -
It is of great significance for researchers to know the
language in which the literature on their area of specialization is
published. The analysis of the languages used to transmit the
subject literature is useful not only to understand the coverage
patterns, but also to gives an indication of the foreign language
problem likely to be faced by users.
Table 4 shows that total number of items (2135) were
published in 26 different languages out of which English was
found to be the most dominant language, as 1836 items
constituting 85.99% were reported to be published in that
language. The second position is occupied by German literature
on the subject in which 81 items constituting 03.79% and Third
position is occupied by French 63 items i.e.,2.95%.
Table No. 4
LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION
s. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
Language
English
German
French
Finnish
Italian
Russian
Spanish
Dutch
Chinese
Japanese
Polish
Norwegian
Frequency occurrence
1836
81
63
36
24
16
12
9
7
7
6
5
Percentage of Frequency
85.99
03.79
02.95
01.68
01.12
00.74
00.56
00.42
00.32
00.32
00.28
00.23
Cumulative Frequency of
percentage
85.99
89.78
92.73
94.41
95.53
96.27
96.83
97.25
97.57
97.89
97.17
98.40
79
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
Swedish
Hungarian
Indonesian
Portuguese
Romanian
Serbo-Croatian Roman
Czech
Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic
Swish
Turkish
Arabic
Korean
Slovaks
Thai
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Total = 2135
00.23
00.18
00.18
00.14
00.14
00.14
00.09
00.09
00.09
00.09
00.04
00.04
00.04
00.04
98.63
98.99
98.99
99.13
99.27
99.41
99.50
99.59
99.68
99.77
99.81
99.85
99.89
99.93
80
DiagramNo.3 Language Wise Distribution of Items
85.99
90-
80
70-
60
c =- 50
3 2 40
Zi 30
20
10
0-
W\-\-\-\
'i
j j
V-
« -i
\ " ft ' 1
HI
. 1 - 1
English
3.79 2.95
:NXSV
German French
Languages
7.27
>???
i'i'i'> I I I ' l
Others
7.27
3.79
• English
B German
D French
Bothers
85.99
5. FORM WISE DISTRUBUTION
The analysis of table number 5, shows that the literature on
this subject are published are 7 different forms. It is evident from
the data that 1562 items constituting 73.16% of total data was
published in the form of Articles. This is followed by other forms
like Survey report with 285 items i.e., 13.34% and, case study, 128
items i.e., 59.99% occupies second and third position respectively.
It may thus be concluded that the Article published in journals are
most vital forms of media of communication among information
seekers belonging this subject area.
Table No. - 5
FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION
s. No.
1
2 3
4
5
6 7
Rank
1
2 3
4
5
6 7
Name of Forms
Article
Survey Report Case study
Research Report
Reviews
News Letter Conference proceeding
Frequency occurrenc
e 1562
285 128
091
033
021 015
Frequency Percentage
73.16
13.34 05.99
04.26
01.54
00.98 00.70
Cumulative Frequency
% 73.16
86.50 92.49
96.75
98.29
99.27 99.97
82
Diagram NO. 5 Representing Bibliographic Form of Literature
Articles Survey Report Case Study
Forms
others
5.99 7.51
13.34 I Articles
D Survey Report • Case Study
I Others
73.16
6. CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY :-
This study is aimed at knowing the currency of information in
Psychological Abstract. For the purpose number of items
originated in different year in separate volumes were taken into
consideration. As mentioned earlier the volume of 1992-2001 of
Psychological Abstract were taken into consideration for the
collection of data. It was found that out of the total number 2135
articles the year of publication varied from 1991-2001 in the 10
volumes. Therefore counting was done to know how many articles
are published in each years. Table shows the chronological
scattering of all the references in which it is observed that most of
literature on the subject 13.39% was published in the year 1992,
followed by 13.16% in the year 1993, 10.72% in the year 1999,
which cumulates to 37.27% and in the rest of the years i. e. 1994,
1995, 1996,1997, 1998, 2000 and 2001 items published are 9.83%,
10.30%, 9.13%, 7.40%, 8.57%, 8.52% and 5.01% respectively.
84
e
08
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7. RANKING OF JOURNALS
Now a days, journals have got key position, as an importance
source of current information, they play a significant role is
scientific communication. Article of the journals provide the most
of required information to information sources. However, not all
journals contribute equally with regards to the articles of interests
of information seekers. As such. It may be found that certain core
journals contribute most of the literature on particular topic. This
information of core journals in various subject will go a long way
in preparing the subscription list of journals by the librarian and
information scientists. It especially acts when one takes into
consideration the limited resources of the library and ever
increasing demand of the users. The present study therefore, is
meant to identify the most important journals, constituting the
most of the literature of research value in the field of "personnel
altitude & job satisfaction".
In the Collected data, all the 2135 reference were found to be
in 229 journals, which have been ranked upto 34 position, on the
basis of their decreasing frequency. In this study the first rank was
occupied by the journal titled "Journal of Organizational
Behaviour" with the frequency of 214, which accounts for 10.02%
of the total references. Next three position are occupied by
journals like "Journal of Business research" (5.48%), "Journal of
Vocational Behaviour" (3.74%) and "Human Relation" (3.37%)
respectively as shown in table 7.
87
TABLE-7 RANKING OF JOURNALS
s. No.
1
2 3
4 5 6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18
19 20
21
22
23
24
25 26 27
28
Rank
1
2 3
4 5 6
7
8
9
10
10 10 11 11 11 12 13
14
15 15
16
17
17
17
18 18 19
19
Name of Journals
Journal of Organizational & Behavior Journal of Business Research Journal of Vocational Behavior Human Relation Psychological Repot Journal of Applied Social Psychology Group & Organizational Management Employment Responsibility
& Right Journal Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology Journal of Business & Psychology Journal of Social Behavior Work & Occupation Journal of Psychology Journal of Sociology Work & Stress Journal of Marketing Journal of Occupational & Research Psychology Academy Management Journal Personnel Psychology Public Resources Management Applied Psychology : International Review European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology Journal of Managerial Psychology Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Process Personnel Review Sex Role Employment association Quarterly Journal of Social Behavior & Personality
Countries
USA
USA USA
USA USA USA
USA
USA
Canada
USA
UK Canada
USA Canada
USA USA
Australia
USA
USA USA
UK
Netherland
UK
USA
UK USA
Newzeland
USA
Frequency
214
117 80
72 70 67
52
40
37
35
35 35 34 34 34 33 30
28
23 23
20
19
19
19
18 18 17
17
Cumulative Frequency
214
331 411
483 553 620
672
712
749
784
819 854 888 922 956 989 1019
1047
1070 1093
1113
1132
1151
1170
1188 1206 1223
1240
%age
10.02
5.48 3.74
3.37 3.27 3.13
2.43
1.87
1.73
1.63
1.63 1.63 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.54 1.40
1.31
1.07 1.07
0.93
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.84 0.84 0.79
0.79
ii
29
30 31
32
33 34 35
36
37
38
39 40 41 42 43
44 45 46 47
48
49
50 51
52 53 54
55
56
57
58 59
20
20 20
21
21 22 22
23
23
23
23 23 24 24 24
24 24 24 25
25
25
25 25
25 25 26
26
26
26
26 26
Academy, Management Review Human Organization Journal of Marketing Research Journal of Counseling Psychology Stress Medicine Journal of Applied Behavior Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology
Human Resources Development Quarterly Journal of Academy of Marketing Science Journal of Career Assessment Personnel Management Social Problem American Behavior Scientist Counseling Psychology Journal of Applied Communication Research Psychological Studies Psychology & Marketing Receptual and Motor Skills Administrative Science Quarterly Basic Applied Social Psychology Behavior and Information Technology Ergonomics Journal of Employment Counseling Organizational Dynamics Social Behavior Personality American Journal of Economic Psychology Anxiety, Stress and Costing: An Industrial Journal Career Development Quarterly European
Human Performance Journal of Vocational
Israel
USA USA
Canada
Japan USA India
Australia
Australia
USA
USA Finland
USA USA USA
UK Singapore
USA USA
USA
Australia
UK Netherland
USA USA USA
USA
France
UK
Australia Israel
16
16 16
15
15 13 13
12
12
12
12 12 11 11 11
11 11 11 10
10
10
10 10
101 10 9
9
9
9
9 9
1256
1272 1288
1303
1318 1331 1344
1356
1368
1380
1392 1404 1415 1426 1437
1448 1459 1470 1480
1490
1500
1510 1520
1530 1540 1549
1558
1567
1576
1585 1594
0.74
0.74 0.74
0.74
0.70 0.70 0.60
0.60
0.56
0.56
0.56 0.56 0.51 0.51 0.51
0.51 0.51 0.51 0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46 0.46
0.46 0.46 0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42 0.42
89
60 61 62 63
64 65
66
67 68
69 70 71
72
73
74 75 76
77 78 79 80 81 82
83
84
85
86
87
88 89
90 91 92
26 26 27 27
27 27
27
27 27
27 27 28
28
28
28 28 28
28 28 28 28 29 29
29
29
29
29
29
29 29
29 29 30
Behavior Organizational Behavior Psychological Bulletin Journal of Indian Psychology Journal of Organizational Behavioral Mnagement Journal of Socuo-Econimics Measurement and Evaluation Quarterly Organizational Research Methods Organization Sceince Scandenevian Journal of Work, Environment & Healt Sociological Forum Work & Occupation Academy Journal of Managerial Review American Journal of Business American Journal of Sociology Behavioral Medicine Indian Journal of Behavior International Journal of Stress Management Miliary Medicine Organization Studies Social Forces Social Psychology Quarterly Human Relations Journal of Applied Psychology Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Journal of Economic Psychology Journal of Family Psychotherapy Journal of Health & Social Behavior Journal of Management Development Journal of Mortality Science Journal of Psychology Romantic Research Military Psychology Psychological Medicine Applied Ergonomics
USA UK
India France
UAE Itly
USA
USA Scanderivice
USA USA
Canada
USA
USA
Netherland India
Netherland
USA UK
Canada USA
Canada USA
Canada
Israel
USA
USA
Nertherland
USA Japan
Spain UK
Sweden
9 9 9 8
8 8
8
8 8
8 8 7
7
7
7 7 7
7 7 7 7 6 6
6
6
6
6
6
6 6
6 6 5
1603 1612 1620 1628
1636 1644
1652
1660 1668
1676 1684 1691
1698
1705
1712 1719 1726
1733 1740 1747 1754 1760 1766
1772
1778
1784
1790
1796
1802 1808
1814 1820 1825
0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37
0.37 0.37
0.37
0.37 0.37
0.37 0.37 0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32 0.32 0.32
0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.28 0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28 0.28
0.28 0.28 0.23
98
122 123
i 144 145
i 171 172
i 229
31 32
i 32 33
i 33 34
i 34
Western & Health American Sociological Review 1
Revista de Psychological SocialAnalise Psicologica
i Youth and Society Applied preventive Psychology
Violence and Victims
Japan USA
i France
Germany
i USA USA
i Canada
4 3
i 3 2
i 2 1
i 1
Total=
1957 1960
i 2033 2025
i 2077 2078
i 2135
2135
0.18 0.14
i 0.14 0.09
i 0.09 0.04
i 0.04
98.85
8. SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION
According to the law of scattering as explained earlier, most
of the material of given subject appears in a certain core journals.
However, a significant amount of literature is published in
journals of other related or marginal subject. The analysis
pertaining to subject wise distribution of items has been done on
the basis of subject field of journals, in which the literature on
subject is published. To find out the field of journals, Ulrich
International Periodicals Directory, SS*'' edition and sear's list of
subject heading, H**" edition have been consulted.
Table- 7 shows that, the total number of 2135 items
appearing in 229 journals, which belongs to 43 different subjects.
The most dominant subject area was found to be (OB)
Organizational Behaviour in which 823 items which constitute
38.54%. The second and third rank goes to **Vocational
Behaviour'' with 354 items i.e., 16.58% 'Psychology - Business'
with 182 items i.e. 8.71% respectively.
91
Table No. -8
Subject Wise Distribution
s. No.
1
2 3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13
14 15
16
17
18 19
20
21
22 23
24
25
26 27
28 29 30
31
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
Subject Area
Organizational Behaviour
Vocational Behaviour
Psychology-Business
Psychology-human behaviour
Industrial Psychology
Occupational Psychology log
Psychology-organization
Social Psychology
Stress-psychology
Psychology-Market
Psychology-Health
Psychology-Learning
Psychology-Management
Exprimental Psychology
Applied psychology
Psychology-personnel
Psychology - personality
Psychology-Medicine
Psychology
Psychology-Family
Psychology - counseling
Political Psychology
Psychology-Economic
Psychology-sex
Clinical Psychology
Psychotherapy
Psychology - woman
Military Psychology
Emotion motivation
Psychology-community
Mental Psychology
Frequency occurrence
823
354
186
110
79
64
53
38
34
31
27
24
22
22
20
19
17
17
16
15
14
12
12
11
10
9
9
8
8
8
7
Percentage of frequency
38.54
16.58
8.71
5.15
3.70
2.99
2.48
1.77
1.59
1.45
1.26
1.12
1.03
1.03
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.79
0.74
0.70
0.65
0.56
0.56
0.51
0.46
0.42
0.42
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.32
Cumulative of
percentage Frequency
38.54
55.12
63.83
68.98
72.68
75.67
78.15
79.92
81.51
82.96
84.22
85.34
87.40
87.40
88.33
89.21
90.79
90.77
91.53
92.23
92.88
93.44
94.00
94.51
94.97
95.39
95.39
96.18
96.92
96.92
97.24
92
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
26
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
29
29
29
29
Abnormal Psychology
Environmental psychology
Psychology-career assessment
Managerial Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Management-Market
Psychology-Ethnic
Psychology-child
Educational Psychology
Psycho-Somatic
Psychology-Adjustment
Psychology-Psychiatry & Neurology
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
9
3
3
3
3
2135
0.28
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
EN = 99.82
97.52
97.80
98.83
98.26
98.49
98.72
98.90
99.26
99.40
99.54
99.68
99.82
93
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8. APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS
To check, the validity of bibliomtehc laws over the collected and
analyzed data, the next step is the application of bibliometric
laws, after their interpretation.
8.1. LOTKA'S INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Alfred, J. Lotka's, in the year 1926, proposed his inverse
square law, correlating contribution of scientific papers to their
number of contribution that has been, earlier explained in
Chapter II according to law " number of scientists who contribute
'n ' paper will be 1/n of those who contributed only 1 paper".
In the present study, it was observed that 1668 authors, have
contributed2135 items. Out of 1668 contributor only 212 authors
as contributed more than 1 paper and the rest 1456 have
contributed only 1 paper each.
Lotka's law was applied to know the number of authors
contributing 2 papers, 3 papers and 4 papers respectively. Author
table has been consulted for the derivation.
Table - A
No. of Authors
1456
135
47
14
No. of article contributed
1
2
3
4
8.1.1. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 2 PAPERS
As we know that the number of authors contributing only 1
paper is 1456, therefore number of authors constituting only 2
paper may be calculated by the formula.
95
noofcmthorhmglpaper No. of authors publishing n paper ^
On substituting, n = 2, in the above formula
No. of author publishing 2 papers. = — ^ = —— = 135(/.e.l35<364)
The number of authors publishing 2 papers should be 364.
However, an analysis of the data indicates that only 135 authors
have contributed 2 papers which is far less than the figure,
obtained by applying the law
8.1.2. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 3 PAPERS
On substituting, n = 3, in the above formula
No. of authors publishing 3 papers. =—— = = 161.77 = 162
= i.e. (47<162)
But the present analysis shows that only 47 authors have
contributed 3 papers, which is far less than the figure obtained by
applying Lotka's Law
8.1.3. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 4 PAPERS
On putting n = 4 in the formula
No. of authors publishing 4 papers. =—— = = 91(/.e.l4<91)
The present analysis shows that only 14 authors contributed 4
papers which is again far less than the calculated figure.
It may be concluded that the trend of research now a days,
have changed as compared to the period, when law was
formulated. That is why on the basis of the analysis of the present
data, it is difficult to satisfy the Lotka's Law.
96
8.2 BRADFORD'S LAW OF SCATTERING
This law states that if scientific journals are arranged
according to their decreasing productivity of articles on a given
subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals, more
particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones,
containing same number of articles as nucleus, when the number of
periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be given as ;-
1 : n n^ ( where ' 1 ' is number of Journals in the
nucleus and 'n ' is the multiplier)
By using Table-7 of ranking of journals 229 journals were
set and divided according to there frequency of occurrence in three
zones the first zone contains 8 journals carrying 712 items i.e.
almost 1/3' '* of total items, second zone consists of 34 journals
carrying 714 items i.e., almost l/S'** of total items and the third
and last zone consists of 187 journals carrying 709 items i.e.,
almost 1/3" ^ of total items, as shown in table. The zones, thus
identified will form an approximately geometric progression.
Present study shows.-
8 : 34 : 187
Here, 8 = 8 x 1 , journals produced 712 items, in nuclei zone
34 = 8 x 5 journals produced 714 items, in second zone
187 ^ 8 x 5 x 5 journals produced 709 items, in last zone
Therefore, putting here n = 5
It got as, 8 : 8n : 8n^
i.e., 1 : n : n^
Thus, Bradford's law is proved pseudo- scientifically.
97
Bradford's Table s. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Total
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Total
No. of Journal
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=8
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
2
5
2
=34
4
7
8
9
10
11
13
18
22
27
58
= 187
Cumnlation of Journal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12
15
16
17
18
20
21
24
26
28
31
33
35
40
42
46
53
61
70
80
91
104
122
144
171
229
No. of Journals x Respective Freq.
1 X 214 = 214
1 X 117 = 117
1 X 80 = 80
1 X 72 = 72
1 X 70 = 70
1 X 67 = 67
1 X 52 = 52
1 X 40 = 40
Total = 712
1 X 37 = 37
3 X 35 = 105
3 X 34 = 102
1 X 33 = 33
1 X 30 = 30
1 X 28 = 28
2 X 23 = 46
1 X 20 = 20
3 X 19 = 57
2 X 18 = 36
2 X 17 = 34
3 X 16 = 48
2 X 15 = 30
2 X 13 = 26
5 X 12 = 60
2 X 11 = 22
Total = 714
4 X 11 = 44
7 X 10 = 70
8 X 9 = 72
9 X 8 = 72
10 X 7 = 70
11 X 6 = 66
13 X 5 = 65
18 X 4 = 72
22 X 3 = 66
27 X 2 = 54
58 X 1 = 58
Total = 709
Cumulation of Items
214
331
401
483
553
620
672
712
749
854
956
989
1019
1047
1093
1113
1170
1206
1240
1288
1218
1344
1404
1426
1470
1540
1612
1684
1754
1820
1885
1957
2023
2077
2135
98
Taking Log 'n ' on x-axis and number of items in each zone on y-
axis a graph was plotted as shown. The bibliograph, thus obtained
is found to be, by and large similar to Bradford's bibliograph. As
the graph begins as a rising curve APi and ' continuos as a straight
line. The rising put of graph represent the nucleus of highly
productive journals. The point Pi, P2 and P3 on the bibliograph are
the boundaries of three equi-productive zones in which almost the
same number of articles as the nucleus represented by OYl =
Y1Y2 =Y2Y3 derived from as increasingly larger number of
journals represented by 0X1, X1X2 and X2X3.
Log Value of 8 journals in the First Zone = 0.903089987
Log Value of 34 journals in the Second Zone = 1.531478917
Log Value 187 journals in the Last Zone = 2.271841607
99
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CHAPTER - ¥l
CONCLUSION
AND
IMPUCATION
TENABlLTlY OF HYPOTHESES
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION
The prime objective of the bibliometric study i.e., a quantitative or
numerical or statistical analysis of recorded communication, is to
know the leading core journal, countries, years, languages,
subjects, forms, contributors etc. in the Subject 'Personnel
Attitudes & Job Satisfaction' After the collection of data form
Psychological Abstracts, it was analyzed according to
Bibliometric technique and results were drawn in the form of
tables, graphs and Pie charts. At last Lotka's and Bradford's Laws
were tested comprehensively.
On the basis of said study major findings may be concluded
as follows.
(1) From Geographical study, it was found that USA is the
biggest producer of new literary warrant in field of
Personnel Attitudes and job satisfaction". It accounts for
59.53% i.e. 1271 of the total literature. The second, third,
fourth most producing countries are Canada (7.16%), UK
(5.62%), Australia (3.32%).
(2) In Authors Wise Analysis, it is found that 597 items i.e
27.96% were written by single authors and 1538 items i.e.
72.03% were written by more than one authors. This trend
shows that research work are being done in contribution
i.e., collective efforts is involved to complete research
work. The most productive authors in field of 'personnel
attitude job satisfaction' are :-
(i) Burke (Ronald J.)
(ii) Witt (L A)
(iii) Orpen (Christopher)
101
This information will be useful for librarians and users
choosing the document.
(3) Language Wise Distribution analysis shows that 85.99%
literature in this field is published in English language, and
3.79% German, 2.95% French. So, English is the most
dominant language in this field. This study may help in the
provision of translation service by information centers. This
analysis suggest that researchers should know at least one
foreign language other than English.
(4) From the Form Wise Distribution, it is found that Articles
are most popular form, with 1562 items i.e., 73.16%,
followed by survey report with 285 item i.e. 13.34% case
study with 128 items i.e., 5.99%. This analysis may be
useful for the librarian to decide about the various forms of
documents, which are to be procured in the library to serve
the requirements of researchers on the subject.
(5) From the study dealing with year wise distribution of items.
It is found that highest amount of document were produced
in the year 1992 with 286 items, i.e., 13.39% on the subject
"personnel attitudes & job satisfaction". The other most
productive years are 1993 and 1999 accounts for 281 items
i.e., 13.16% and 229 item i.e., 10.72% respectively.
(6) From Table no.-7, it was found that the journal title "
Journal of organizational behavior" published from USA
is,most productive, reporting 214 items i.e., 10.02% of the
total; followed by journal of Business research" published
from USA with 117 items i.e., 5.48%, " Journal of
Vocational Behavior" published from USA with 80 item
i.e., 3.74% respectively. The information of core journal in
various subject will go a long way in preparing the
102
subscription list of journals by the librarian and
information scientist.
(7) The subject description analysis shows the scattering of
subjects i.e., due to explosion of knowledge new and new
subject are developed and this way lead to scattering of
subjects. The most dominating subject field in which
literature on personnel attitude & job satisfaction was
produced is "Organizational Behavior" with 823 items i.e.
38.54%. Scattered disciplines are "Vocational Behavior,**
with 354 items, i.e. 16.58%, "Psychology Business** with
186 item i.e. 8.71% etc. This study may help the librarian in
providing the abstracting and indexing CAS, SDl service
and preparing the documentation list.
(8) At last Bradford's and Lotka's Laws were applied to the
collected data to testify the validity of laws in the present
context. However, Lotka's law could not be verified, as it
seems to be out dated for the literature on 'Personnel
Attitude and job Satisfaction' is concern. But Bradford's
law is valid psudo-scientifically in the present study.
Finally it may be concluded that Bibiliometric study is
very well-established technique of identification and describing
some of characteristics of literature. This study helps the librarian
or information scientist in deriving certain conclusions. Which
help them in taking certain fruitful steps in the smooth running of
library and also helps in satisfying the need of the users to the
great extant. Now a days bibliometrics studies are becoming very
popular, because of explosion of knowledge.
ic3
TENABILITY OF HYPOTHESIS
The tenability of hypothesis can be checked in the light of
the finding;.
HYPOTHESIS-(I)
There may be significant difference regarding geographical
scattering of articles on " Personnel attitude & job satisfaction".
Finding shows that USA is the most productive country in
the field of " Personnel attitude and job satisfaction" 59.53%
articles were published from USA followed by Canada (07.16%).
It shows that there is a significant difference of geographical
scattering of articles. So this hypothesis is fully true.
HYPOTHESIS - ( I I )
Influence of group research may be seen in authorship
pattern o f Personnel Attitude & Job satisfaction".
From the analysis of data, it reveals that most of the papers
contributed by multiple authors i.e, and 72.3% and single author
contributed only 27.96%. So hypothesis is fully true.
HYPOTHESIS -(III)
Most of the articles may be written in English language in
the field of" Personnel Attitude & Job satisfaction".
It is clear from the result of the analysis that most of the
literature (85.99%) in this field are published in English language
only. So this hypothesis is fully true.
104
HYPOTHESIS -(IV)
Journal articles may be most used forms of documents.
Table no. 5 reveals that the journal articles are the
most used bibliographic form of documents. Most of the citations
73.16% are published in article form. So hypothesis is true.
HYPOTHESIS - (V)
Chronological analysis of data may emerge as the reflection of
accelaratory growth in the research output of the literature, year by year.
Hence the hypothesis stand null.
Table no. 6 reveals that there is no progressive increment in
the research output of the literature year by year in the field of
'Personnel Attitude & Job satisfaction.'
HYPOTHESIS - (VI)
Lokta's law will be valid in the present study.
The analysis of data reveals that, 1456 authors contributed
one paper, 135 authors contributed 2 papers, 47 authors
contributed 3 papers and 14 authors contributed 4 papers, the
calculated value obtained by applying Lokta's law is far less than
the expected value. Hence the hypothesis stan4 null.
HYPOTHESIS - (VII)
Bradford's law will stand valid in the present study.
By adjusting the datas regarding the journal's productivity
in accordance with the Bradoford's law gives the result as
follows :-
First 8 Journal produce 712 items
Then, next 34 Journal produce 714 items
Last 187 Journal produced 709 items
105
Which varied slightly from the figure obtained by the
applying Bradford's formula 1 : n : n^
2135 8 x 1 journal item = = 711.6
8 X 5 = 40 journal's items = 711.6
and 8 x5 X 5 = 200 journal's items = 711.6
Bradford's table reveals that hypothesis is proved fi-yoo^ci^^i
106
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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