Silver Oak CollegeOf Engineering

JEMISH SONANI [AE-10]

aeronautical engineering

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Sub:- Element Of Civil Engineering (ECE)

Topic:-

Beam

Lintel

Stairs

Roof

Guided by :- Nikhil Sir

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Beam :-

Definition :- It is defined as

a horizontal structural member

provided below the slab and

rested above walls or/and

columns

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4Types of BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

FIXED BEAM

CANTILEVER BEAM

CONTINUOUS BEAM

OVERHANGING BEAM

5 Simple supporte beam

It is a beam supported freely at

the two ends on walls or

columns. In actual practice, no

beam rests freely on the

supports (walls or columns).

6 Fixed beam

In this beam, both ends of the beam

are rigidly fixed into the supports.

Also, Main reinforcement bars and

stirrups are provided.

7 Cantilever beamCantilever beam

It is fixed in a wall or column at one end

and the other end is free, it is called

cantilever beam. It has tension zone in the

top side and compression zone in the

bottom side

8 Continuous beam

It is supported on more than

two supports . This beam is

more economical for any

span lengths.

9 Overhanging beam

In overhanging beam, Its end extends beyond the wall or column support. Overhanging of the beam is the unsupported portion of the beam. It may be one side or both the sides of the support.

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Lintel

Definition :- It is defined as a horizontal

structural member provided across the

opening of door or window

11 Types of lintel :-

[1] Timber lintels

[2] Stone lintels

[3] Brick lintels

[4] Reinforced Brick lintels

[5] Steel lintels

[6] Reinforced cement concrete lintels

12 Timber lintels

Easily available in hilly area.

Relatively costly, structurally weak and

vulnerable to fire.

Easily decay, if not properly taken care.

TIMBER LINTEL

13 Stone lintels

Used , where stones are easily available.

Consists of a simple stone slab of greater

thickness.

Due to high cost and its inability to with stand

the transverse stress load.

STONE LINTEL

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Brick lintels

The brick are hard, well burnt , first class

bricks .

Suitable for small span.

The bricks having frogs are more suitable.

BRICK LINTEL

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Reinforced Brick lintels

For large spans and heavy loads .

They are reinforced with mild steel bars.

Very common due to durability, strength

and fire resisting properties.

Joints are filled with cement concrete

16 Steel lintels

Provided at large opening and where the

super-imposed loads are heavy.

It consists of rolled steel joists .

Either used singly or in combination of two

or three units.

Joint with bolts.

ROLLED STEEL JOIST

17 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE LINTEL

Common in used.

They may be pre-cast .

For smaller span, the pre-cast concrete

lintels are used.

Depth of lintel depend on span.

R.C.C. LINTEL

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Stair

Definitions :- The stair is a series

of steps arranged to connect the

different floors of a building.

19 Types of Stairs :

1. Straight Stair

2. Dog legged Stair

3. Quarter turn Stair

4. Open newel Stair

5. Three quarter turn Stair

6. Bifurcated Stair

7. Geometrical Stair

8. Circular Stair

20Straight Stair :

•These are the stairs along which there is no

change in direction on any flight.

•It is used where stair case hall is long and narrow

Quarter turn Stair :

•A stair turning through one right angle is known as quarter turn stair.

•The change in direction can be affected by either introducing a landing or by providing winders.

21 Dog legged Stair :

•It consists of two straight flights of steps with abrupt turn between them. A level landing is placed across the two flights at the change of direction.

•This type of stair is useful where the width of the staircase hall is just sufficient to accommodate two width of stair.

22Open Newel Stair :

•In these type of stair there is a well or opening between the flights in plan.

•This well may be rectangular or of any geometrical shape and it can be used for fixing lift.

Three Quarter Turn Stair :

•A stair turning through right angles (270 degree) is known as three quarter turn stair.

•In this case an open well is formed.

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Bifurcated Stair :

•These stair are so arranged that there is a wide flight at the start which is further sub-divided into two narrow flights at the mid-landing.

•The two narrow flight starts from either side of the mid-landing.

Geometrical Stair :

•These stairs have no newel post and are of any geometrical shape.

•The change in direction is achieved through winders

24 Spiral or Circular Stair :

It is known as spiral stair.

When viewed from top it appears to follow a circle with a single centre of curvature.

The spiral stairs are provided where space available is limited and traffic is low.

These stairs can be constructed in R.C.C., Steel or Stone

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Roof

Definition :- A roof is the

uppermost part of a building to

cover the space below

26 Types of Roofs

The roof greatly affects the overall

appearance of a home.

There are many standard styles from which to

choose.

Choose a style that complements the basic

design of the house being planned.

27 Gable Roof

The gable roof is a very popular type of roof. It is easy to build, sheds water well, provides for ventilation, and can be applied to most house designs.

Hip Roof

The hip roof is slightly more difficult to build than a gable roof. It is a popular choice, but does not provide for ventilation as well as some designs.

28 Flat Roof

A flat roof is the most economical

roof to build, but it adds little to the

design of most houses. It requires a

“built-up” or membrane roof

covering.

Shed Roof

A shed roof is similar to a flat

roof but has more pitch. It is

frequently used for additions or

with other roof styles.

29 Mansard Roof

The mansard roof is a French

design and is more difficult to

construct than the hip or

gable roof.

Dutch Hip Roof

The Dutch hip roof is basically a

hip roof with a small gable at

either end. The gables can be used

for ventilation.

30 Frame Roof Construction

Several features of traditional frame roof construction

should be considered before designing a roof.

The roof framing is designed to support the roof covering

materials.

Framing must be strong and rigid.

Roof framing consists of several distinct structural

elements.

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