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LimnologyoftwounmanagedurbanandperiurbanpondsofChhattisgarhinrelationtofishculture

ARTICLE·APRIL2015

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KoushikRoy

CentralInlandFisheriesResearchInstitute

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Retrievedon:31August2015

J Inland Fish. Soc. India, 47 (1) : 57-68, 2015

LIMNOLOGY OF TWO UNMANAGED URBAN AND PERI URBANPONDS OF CHHATTISGARH IN RELATION TO FISH CULTURE

KOUSHIKROYDepartment of Fisheries, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 4920 12, Chhattisgarh.

(Received.. 17.01.2015; Accepted.. 07.04.2015)

Seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical parameters, dissolved nutrients, primary productivity and plankton popula-tion were investigated in two unmanaged urban and peri urban ponds, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh withspecial reference to fish culture duringApril 2013to March 2014. The samples were collected and analysed at monthlyintervals. Nutrient - wise, the peri urban pond had greater fertility than the urban pond. The urban pond was me-sotrophic in nature while the peri urban pond showed signs of progressive eutrophication as evident from the primaryproductivity and plankton population.Most of the physico - chemical parameters reached their peak during the wintermonths and were within the optimum range for fish culture throughout the year. It was concluded that the presentextensive fish culture practices in these water bodies should be upgraded to semi intensive for their proper utilizationand maximizing fisheriesproduction.

Key words: Ponds, physico-chemical parameters, dissolved nutrients, primary productivity, plankton, Chhattisgarh.

Introduction

Ponds are relatively shallowlenticwater bodiesthat are potential habitats for microscopic ormacroscopic plants and animals comprisingplankton,periphyton,nekton,neuston,benthos,finfish and shellfish (Denny, 1985). Inlandaquacultureor freshwateraquaculturein India isstillbeingpracticedpredominantlyinponds andtanks.It isestimatedthatonly40%oftheavailablearea of2.36 million ha of ponds and tanks hasbeen put to use, and there is ample scope forexpansionof areaunder freshwateraquaculture.

The current mandate for fisheries sector is toachieveaproductionof 13milliontonesby2020,among which inland aquaculture should alonecontribute 7.5 million tones (ICAR, 2011). Asponds playa vital role in commercial fisheries,soundecosystembasedmanagementisnecessaryand it is pre-requisIteto studytheir fundamentalecosystem dynamics for proper utilization orconservation(Raoetat.,1999).Chhattisgarhstate

possesses around 58514 pondscoveringan areaofaboutO.744lakhha whichproduced2.33lakhtons of fishduring2011-2012.Theaverageyieldper ha was 3439 kg, which is higher than thenationalaverage(Anon,2012).Theutilizationofthe pond resources depends upon theirlimnological, hydrobiological and ecologicalknowledgeinordertoaugmentfishproductionbyadopting scientific approach (Paria and Konar,2003). Knowledge on the limnology andhydrobiologyofthe ponds of South-eastcentralIndia,especiallyChhattisgarh,isratherpoor.

Materials and methods

The studywas conductedfor a period of twelvemonthsbetweenApril2013andMarch2014.Twounmanagedperennialpondswere selectedforthepresent studyi.e. - anurbanpond (21°14'21.55"N 81°39'33.57" E) and a peri-urban pond(21°12'27.12" N 81°42'45.23" E) of Raipur,Chhattisgarh. Monthly samples were collectedfollowing the composite sampling technique

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(Gomez and Gomez, 1984). All samples werecollected between 7.30 am aIid9.00 am. All water

samples were analyzed within 36 hours ofsampling. Among physico-chemical parameters-Transparency (cm), Temperature (OC), pH (units),ElectricalConductivity (mS cm-l), TotalDissolvedSolids (ppt) were determined through ESICOmade /lP based portable soil and water analysiskit while Free CO2(ppm), TotalAlkalinity (ppm),Total Hardness (ppm) and Dissolved Oxygen(ppm) were analysed titrametricallyas per standardprocedures given inAPHA (1998).Among nutrientparameters -Ammonia-N (ppm), Nitrate-N (ppm)and Orthophosphate-P (ppm) were determinedthrough spectrophotometry (APHA, 1998).Among primary productivity parameters - Grossprimary productivity (mg C m-2dayl) and Netprimary productivity (mg C m2dayl) were studiedby light and dark bottle method at 24 hoursincubation period (APHA, 1998). For planktoncollection, 10 liters of water :tromdifferent areasand depths ofthe pond were filtered through 25 /lmesh plankton net. The collected sample wasconcentrated in 30 ml receptacle glass tube,attached at the end of the plankton net (Hossainet al., 2007). Plankton samples were preservedin phosphate buffered formalin at 3% concentrationalong with one drop of glycerin (Gupta and Dey,2012). The preserved samples were kept inrefrigerated condition, at 4-6 °C and analysedwithin 30 days. Phytoplankton was counted bydrop count method and zooplankton bysedgewick-rafter cell counting method (APHA,1998).All individuals were cQuntedas a singleunitwhether colonial, single-celledor filamentous. Theresults were expressed in number of units per liter.A software named SPSS v16.0 was used for all

the calculations and statistical analysis. Based onthe prevailing meteorological conditions in theregion (Danodia, 2013), seasons were divided intosummer (earlyMarch to mid June),monsoon (Juneend to mid October) and winter (early Novemberto February end).

Results and discussion

In the periurban pond, maximum transparency(17.5:1:4.5cm) was observed during winterfollowed by monsoon (17.4:1:4.5cm) and minimum

(14.4:1:7.0cm) in summer. Similar trend wasreportedby Tidameand Shinde(2013); Mishraeta!. (2013). In urban pond, maximumtransparency (51.3:1:10.6cm) was observedduringmonsoonandminimum(38.8:1:10.8cm)insummer(Table4.3). Similar trend was reportedby Bhat et al. (2009) and Christi et al. (2010).

Inpondsthevariationontransparencymaybe dueto suspended inorganic substances, such as siltand clay or planktonic organisms(Boyd, 1982).Accordingto Bhatnagaretal.(2004)transparencyrange 000-60 cm is good for fishhealth; 15-40cm is good for semi-intensiveculture system, <12 cm causes stress and> 60 cm results

inadequate fish food organisms available in thepond. According to Santhosh and Singh (2007)the secchidisk transparencybetween 30 and 40cm indicatesoptimumproductivityof apond forgood fish production. Therefore, in the presentstudy the transparency values in both the urbanand peri urban ponds were within the optimumrange in allthe seasonsand idealfor fishculture.However, the transparency of peri urban pondreached a critical limit and there was a sign ofprogressiveeutrophicationinthepondas evident:tromvery high plankton abundanceand neededrestoration of transparency within the optimumrange.Ontheotherhand,intheurbanpondhigherlevel oftransparency reflected its mesotrophicnature(Wetzel,2001)andnecessitatedfertilisationtherein.

In the urban pond, lowest pH (7.6:1:0.6units) was

observed during winter and highest (8.0:1:0.5units)

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in summer. The findings were supported byBhatetal. (2009) and Sharma &Jaiswal (2012).In peri-urban pond, lowest pH (8.2::I:0.5units) wasobservedinmonsoonandhighest(8.4::I:0.3units)during summer.The findingswere supportedbyTidame&Shinde(2013)andMishraetat. (2013).pH ofwateristheresultanteffectofmanychemicaland biochemical reactions and considered as anindex of pond productivity (Huet, 1972).pH iscontrolled by the balance between the carbondioxide,carbonateandbicarbonateions.Fishhavean averagebloodpH of7.4, a littledeviationfromthis value, generally from 7.0 to 8.5 is moreoptimumandconduciveto fishlife(Boyd, 1990).According to Santhosh and Singh (2007) thesuitablepH range for fish culture is between 6.7and 9.5 and ideal pH level is between 7.5 and8.5.Boththepondsunder studywere foundtobehighly productive in terms of pH. However,thepH ofperi-urbanpond isbecomingprogressivelyalkalinedue to eutrophicationand occurrenceofalgalbloom.

In urban pond, maximum temperature(29.3::I:2.4°C) was observed during summer andminimum (18.H2.2 °C) in winter.In the peri urbanpond, maximum temperature (29.6::I:3.1°C) wasobserved during summer and minimum(18.2::I:2.3°C) in winter. Similar trend in watertemperature prevailing in the area was reportedby Sarkar (2010).

Temperature is one of the most important andessentialparameters of aquatichabitatsbecausealmost all the physical,chemicalandbiologicalproperties are governed by it. It influences theoxygen contentsof water,quantityandqualityofautotrophs, while affecting the rate ofphotosynthesis and also indirectlyaffectingthequantity and quality ofheterotrophs (Barnabe,1994).Bhatnagaretal. (2004)suggestedthelevelsoftemperature as 28-32°C is ideal for tropical

major carps.According to Santhosh and Singh(2007)suitablewatertemperatureforcarpcultureis between 24 and 30°c. The temperature in thepresentinvestigationwaswithintheoptimumrangeanddidnotmake anylethaleffecton organisms.

In the urban pond, lowest EC (0.41::I:0.OlmScm-l) was observelduring winter and highest(0.54::I:0.I0mS/cm) in summer.Similar trendswere reported by Manj areetal. (2010) andSimpietal.(2011).Inperi-l¥'banpond,lowestEC(0.39::I:0.09mScm-l) was observedin monsoonand highest (0.55::I:0.13mS cm-l) during summer.

Similar trends were reported by Mishra et at.(2013) andAhmad et at. (2012).

Conductivity of water depends on its ionicconcentration (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, CO3-,NO3- andPO4-), temperature and onvariationsof dissolvedsolids.EC relatesto total amountofdissolved ions in the water and has positivecorrelationwithtrophicgradientandphytoplanktonabundance (Frank and Cross,1994).Sources ofpollutants such as wastewater from sewagetreatment plants, agricultural runoff, and urbanrunoff increase ions in water leading to an increase

ofEc. Conductivityvariesseasonally,beinghighduring summer time due to evaporation andconcentrationwhilebeinglowduringrainyseasondue to dilution. Stone and Thomforde (2004)recommended the desirable range0.1-2mScml forpondfishculture.Inthepresentstudy,both the ponds were found to be suitablefor fishcultureintermsofwaterEc.

In urban pond, maximum TDS (0.64::I:0.73ppt)was observed during monsoon and minimum(0.27::I:0.Olppt) in winter. A similar trend wasreportedby Sayeshwaraetal.(2011)andRaniandSivakumar (2012).In the peri urban pond,maximum TDS (0.36::I:0.08ppt) was observed

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during summer and minimum (0.25:1:0.06ppt) inmonsoon. Similar trend was supported by Harneyet at. (2012).

Total dissolved solids (TDS) correspond tofilterableresiduei.e. - su~pendedmatter consistsof silt,clay,fineparticlesof organicand inorganicmatter,solubleorganiccompounds,planktonandothermicroscopicorganisms.Therefore,TDSandtransparency change seasonally according tobiologicalactivityin thewaterandheavyrainfall(Boyd, 1990). Freshwater bodies having TDSconcentration below 1 ppt is considered to besuitable for fish culture. Greater TDS of> 1pptmay cause clogging of gills and respiratorydysfunctionin fishes(ICAR,2011).Inthepresentstudy,both the ponds were found to be suitablefor fishcultureintermsofTDS.

In theurbanpond, free carbondioxidewas foundto be absentin summerandmaximum (3.0:1:1.70ppm) observed in monsoon. Similar trend wassupported by Harney et at. (2012). In the periurban pond, free carbon dioxide was observedonly during winter (1.75:1:1.26ppm).A similartrendwas observed by Benmjee and Narasimha (2013).Free carbon dioxide, highly soluble gas in water,is contributed by the respiratory activity of aquaticcommunity and can exist in water as bicarbonateor carbonates in the dissolved form or bound form

in earth crust. It is the main source of carbon pathway in the nature (Bhatnagar and Devi; 2013).When dissolved in water it forms carbonic acid.whichdecreasesthepH of anysystem,especiallyinsufficientlybufferedsystems,and thispH dropcanbeharmfulforaquaticorganisms(Boyd,1998).Swann (1997) suggested that fish can tolerateconcentrationsof 10ppm freeCO2,providedDOconcentrations remain high.The free carbondioxideinwater supportinggoodfishpopulationshouldbe lessthan 5 ppm (Santhoshand Singh,

2007). In the present study, both the ponds werefound to be suitable for fishculture in terms of Free

CO2,

In the urban pond, maximum total alkalinity value(178.0:1:9.7ppm) was observed during winter andminimum (141.3:1:30.0ppm) in monsoon. In the

peri urban pond, maximum total alkalinity value(225.5:1:27.63ppm) was observed in winter andminimum (153.2:1:22.92ppm) during monsoon. Asimilar trend was observed by Manna et al. (2003)and Chowdhury and Mamun (2006).

Alkalinityisthewater's abilitytoresistchangesinpH andis expressedin concentrationoftitratable

bases expressed as equivalent CaCO3.In mostnatural waters, HCO3-, and cot are thepredominant bases (Boyd, 1998).Boyd andLichtkoppler (1979) suggested that water withtotalalkalinitiesof20 to 150ppm containsuitablequantities of carbondioxide to permit planktonproductionforfishculture.Accordingto SanthoshandSingh(2007),undertheIndianconditionstheideal total alkalinity value for fish culture is50-300ppm. Bhatnagar et at. (2004) stated thatthetotalalkalinityvaluesgreaterthan300ppm isundesirable due to non availability of CO2forphotosynthesis.Therefore,boththe pondsunderstudy have optimum total alkalinity values tosupport fish culture on a commercial scale.However,totalalkalinityintheperiurbanpond isapproachingcriticallimit.

In the urban pond, lowest total hardness value(92.7:1:18.9ppm) was observed during summerand highest (128.5:1:7.5ppm) in winter. Inperi-urban pond, lowest total hardness value(70.0:1:3.46ppm) was observed in summer andhighest(83.5:1:13.0ppm) duringwinter.A similartrend was reported Pathak and Mankodi (2013)andRaniand Sivakumar(2012).

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LIMNOLOGY OFURBAN AND PERI URBAN PONDS

Total hardness is the concentration of divalent

cationsexpressedasequivalentCaCO3' Inmostwaters,themajordivalentcationsarecalciumandmagnesium(Boyd,1998).Calciumandmagnesiumare essentialto fish for metabolicreactionssuchas bone and scale formation.The recommendedvalueofhardnessfor fishcultureisat least20ppm(Swann,1997)andarange000-180 ppmisgivenby Santhosh and Singh (2007). According toBhatnagaretal. (2004)hardnessvalues less than20 ppm causes stress, 75-150 ppm is optimumfor fishcultureand> 300ppm is lethalto fishlifeas it increasespH, resultinginnon-availabilityofsome key nutrients. Therefore, both the pondsunder the present study have optimum totalhardnesslevelsforfishculture.

In urban pond, maximum DO (7.0:1::1.5ppm) wasobserved during winter and minimum (3.1:1::1.2ppm) in summer.In the peri urban pond, maximumDO (7.0:1::2.38ppm) was observed in winter andminimum (2.40:1::0.69ppm) during summer. Asimilar trend was reported Ahmad et at. (2012)and Sayeshwara et at. (2011).

Oxygen plays the most important role indetenniningthepotentialbiologicalqualityofwater.It is essentialforrespiration,helpsthebreakdownof organic detritus and enables completion ofbiochemical pathways(Boyd, 1998).It is addedin the water via diffusion and photosynthesiswhereas it is removed from the water viarespiration and decomposition (Goldman andHome, 1983). DO is inverselyrelated to watertemperature and salinity. It shows diurnalfluctuation, being low at night and high in theafternoon (lCAR, 2011). According toBhatnagar&Singh (2010) and Bhatnagar et at.(2004), DO level >5ppm is essentialto supportgoodfishproduction.Bhatnagaretal. (2004)alsosuggested that 1-3ppm has sublethal effect ongrowthandfeedutilization;0.3-0.8ppm is lethal

to fishes,>14ppmislethalto fishfi:yasgasbubblediseasemayoccurandin <5ppm fishsurvivebutgrow slowly and will be sluggish.According toSanthosh and Singh (2007), catfishes and otherair breathing fishes can survive in low oxygenconcentrationof <4 ppm. Both the ponds understudy were found to have sufficient dissolvedoxygen for good fisn production. However,remedialme,asuresduringsummertimeneeds tobe adoptedto maintainthe DO at optimumlevel.

In urbanpond,maximumNH3(0.12:1::0.04ppm)was observed during winter and minimum(0.06:1::0.02ppm) in summer.Similar trend wasreported by Settachamwit et at. (2003) andManjare et at. (2010).In the peri urban pond,maximum NH3(0.17:1::0.03ppm) was observed inmonsoon and minimum (0.07:1::0.02ppm) duringsummer. Similar trend was reported byAhmad et at. (2011) andDas et at. (2012).

Ammonianitrogenexistsin two forms,NH3andNH4+ in a pH and temperature dependentequilibrium. As pH and temperature rises,un-ionized ammonia increases relative to

ammonium.Theunionizedformofammonia(NIl)is extremely toxic to fishes (Boyd, 1998).Presence

ofNH3-Nexerts dual impact. It acts as a nutrientfor algae and aquatic macrophytes. It also acts asstressor above 0.1 ppm and 0.5 ppm concentrationfor temperate and tropical fishes respectively (Daset at., 2012). Ammonia is the by-product fromprotein metabolism excreted by fish and bacterialdecomposition of organic matter such as wastedfood, faeces, dead plan,ktons, sewage etc.(Bhatnagar and Devi, 2013). The sub lethal effectsmay occur at 0.1 to 0.3 ppm for pond fish(Robinette, 1976). Bhatnagar and Singh (2010)recommended the level of ammonia «0.2 ppm)suitable for pond fishery. Therefore, both theponds under the present study have dissolved NH3under the criticallimit.However, it isrecommended

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Table 1. Seasonwise values (Mean and S.D.) of studied parameters in the urban pond

Physico-chemical parameters Summer Monsoon Winter

Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Transparency (cm) 38.8 10.8 51.3 10.6 50.3 9.9

pH (units) 8.0 0.5 7.8 0.2 7.6 0.6

WaterTemperature (°C) 29.3 2.4 26.5 2.9 18.1 2.2EC(mScml) 0.54 0.10 0.44 0.12 0.41 0.01

TDS (ppt) 0.35 0.07 0.64 0.73 0.27 0.01Free Carbon dioxide (ppm) 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.7 1.5 1.9

TotalAlkalinity (ppm) 141.3 30.0 156.8 33.5 178.0 9.7

Total Hardness (ppm) 92.7 18.9 112.8 20.0 128.5 7.5Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 3.1 1.2 3.7 1.7 7.0 1.5Dissolved Nutrient

Ammonia-N(ppm) 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.12 0.04Nitrate-N(ppm) 0.27 0.19 0.62 0.32 0.21 0.20Orthophosphate-P(ppm) 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01Primary Productivity parametersNet Primary Productivity (mg C m2 day-I) 1250.0 826.1 1305.0 422.9 2737.5 539.1Gross Primary Productivity (mg C m-2dayl) 1550.0 998.7 1800.0 611.6 3450.0 0.0Plankton abundancePhytoplankton count (units VI) 2.9Ox1O5 1.37x1O5 2.89x1O5 2.18x1O5 4.2Ox1O5 1.37x1O5

Zooplankton count (units L-I) 1500 600 1020 268 3075 1576

[Output:SPSSv16.0]

Table 2. Seasonwise values (Mean and S.D.) of studied parameters in the peri urban pond

Physico-chemical parameters Summer Monsoon Winter

Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Transparency (cm) 14.4 7.0 17.4 4.5 17.5 4.5pH (units) 8.4 0.3 8.2 0.5 8.3 0.3Water Temperature COC) 29.6 3.1 26.5 2.9 18.2 2.3EC(mScml) 0.55 0.13 0.39 0.09 0.46 0.06TDS (ppt) 0.36 0.08 0.25 0.06 0.30 0.04

Free Carbon dioxide (ppm) . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 1.26TotalAlkalinity(ppm) 195.33 87.23 153.20 22.92 225.50 27.63Total Hardness (ppm) 70.00 3.46 74.80 6.72 83.50 13.00Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 2.40 0.69 5.24 2.91 7.00 2.38Dissolved NutrientAmmonia-N(ppm) . 0.07 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.09 0.02

Nitrate-N(ppm) 0.16 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.02

Orthophosphate-P (ppm) 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.03

Primary Productivity parametersNet Primary Productivity (mg C m2 dayl) 816.67 675.15 585.00 614.82 2350.00 1396.87

Gross Primary Productivity (mg C m-2day-I) 1350.00 912.41 1905.00 945.12 4293.75 894.51Plankton abundance

Phytoplankton count (units VI) 2.29xl06 4.6x1O5 1.42x106 4.1Ox1O5 2.05x106 4.08x1O5

Zooplankton count (units L-I) 1900.00 964.37 3300.00 1341.64 4125.00 861.68

[Output: SPSS v16.0]

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that lower levels of ammonia should be maintained

to avoid stress and sub lethal effect on fishes,especially in the peri urbanpond through adoptingsome remedial measures.

In the urban pond, lowest concentration of

dissolved NO3-N(0.2 HO.20 ppm) was observedduring winter and highest (0.62:1:0.32 ppm) inmonsoon. Similar trend was reported by Mahajanand Mandloi (1998) and Pathak and Mankodi(2013).In peri-urban pond, lowest concentration

ofNO3-N(0.05:1:0.03ppm) was observed duringmonsoon and highest (0.16:1:0.02ppm) in summer,closely followed by winter. Similar trend wasreported by Ahmad et at. (2012) and Das et at.(2012).

Phytoplanktontakesup dissolvednitratefromthewatercolumninaquaculturepondsandisregardedas the primary pathway of nitrogen removal(Hargreaves, 1998). Rainfall contains nitratebecause electrical activity in the atmosphereoxidizesmolecularnitrogentonitrate.Ammoniaisoxidized to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria in atwo-stepprocess.Agricultural field run otIs andsewage also bring in a major source ofallochthonous NO3-Ninto the pond or lakeecosystems (Boyd, 1998).According to Stoneand Thornforde (2004),nitrateis relativelynontoxicto fish and donotcauseanyhealthhazard exceptat exceedingly high levels (above 90 ppm).Santhosh and Singh (2007) described thefavourable range of 0.1 ppm to 4.0 ppm in fishculture ponds. From the present study, it wasrevealed that the urbanpond contains adequatenitrateto supportfishculturewhereastheperiurbanpond is found to be deficitinnitrate level due touptakebyheavyalgalbiomass.Incaseofnitrogensupplementation, ammonium based nitrogenfertilisersshouldbe avoidedintheperiurbanpondasitalreadyhasdissolvedammoniaaroundcriticallimit

In urban pond, maximum O-PO4 (0.08:1:0.03ppm)wasobservedduringsummerandminimum(0.02:1:0.02ppm) inmonsoonandwinter.Similartrend was reported by Ahmad et at. (2012) andFlowraetal. (201O).In the peri urban pond,maximum O-PO 4 (0.13:1:0.02 ppm) was observedin summer and minimum (0.04:1:0.02ppm) duringmonsoon. Simitar trend was reported byBhat et at. (2009) and Chowdhury&Mamun(2006). '

Phosphorusisoftenidenti1iedasthe limitingnutrientin freshwaterponds forplanktonproduction.It isa primary nutrient that stimulates plant (algae)growth and its role for increasing the aquaticproductivityiswellrecognized(ReckyandKilharn,1988). Phosphorus can be found either inparticulate matter or as soluble orthophosphate(PO/). Most phosphorus in water is bound inplankton biomass, adsorbed on suspended soilparticlesandprecipitatedinthebottomsediments(Knud-Hansen, 1997).Bhatnagar et at. (2004)suggested0.05-0.07ppm phosphate is optimumand productive, 1.0 ppm is ideal for planktonproduction and> 3 ppm causes eutrophication.From the present study, it was revealed that theperi urban is highly fertilein terms of phosphatelevel and can support abundant planktonpopulationduringfishculture.Whereas,theurbanpondhavelowphosphatecontentandislessfertile.Addition of phosphate fertilisers @25-50 kgP205/ha in the urban pond is recommended inordertomakeit suitableforfishculture(Adhikari,2003).

In the urban pond, maximum GPP (3450.0:1:0.0mg cm-2dayI)was recorded during winter andminimum (1550.0:1:998.7mg Cm-2day-1) insummer.In the peri urban, maximum GPP(4293.75:1:894.51mg cm-2dayI)was observedin winter and minimum (1350.0:1:912.41mgcm-2dayI) in summer. A similar trend was

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observed by Christi et at. (2010) and Paul et at.(2007).

Trophicstatusof anecosystemdependsuponrateof energy flow, which may be assessed byestimating primary production. Gross primaryproductivity is ameasure of new organicmattercreated in the water body (Wetzel, 2001).Bhatnagar et at. (2004) recommended 1600-9140 mg cm-2day-IGPPas optimum status and<1600 or >20300 mg m-2day-IGPP as poorproductivity of a pond in terms of fish culture.Hence,boththepondsunderstudyareecologicallysuitablefor fishcultureintermsoftheir GPP.

Intheurbanpond,maximuniNPP(2737.51:539.1mg cm-2dayI)was recorded during winter andminimum (1250.01:826.1 mg cm-2dayI) insummer,closelyfollowedbymonsoon.Intheperiurban, maximum NPP (2350.01:1396.87 mgcm-2dayI)was observedin winterandminimum(585.01:614.82 mg cm-2dayI) in monsoon. AsimilartrendwasobservedbyChristietat.(2010)and SinghandBhatnagar(2010).

Net primary productivity represents the totalamount of organic matter synthesized byphotosynthesislesstheamounttheorganicmatterusedforrespirationby$e producers.It istheactualamountof food (organiccarbon)that is availableto the next trophic level(Odum, 1984).NPP of afish pond is more important than its GPP (Paulet at., 2007). The ideal v~lue of net primaryproductivityina fishpondunderIndianconditionsis 1000-2500mg cm-2day-I(Santhoshand Singh,2007). In the present study, both the pond hasNPP within its optimum range for fish culture.However, the urban pond seems to be moreproductivethanitsperi urbancounterpart,whichmaybe duetoitsvoidedandunutilizedecologicalnichesgivingrise to itshigherNPP (Huet,1975).Phytoplanktoncount

In the urban pond, lowestphytoplankton count(2.89x105unitsVI)wasobservedduringmonsoonand highest (4.20x105unitsL-I) in winter. Inperi-urban pond, lowest phytoplankton count(1.42x1O6unitsVI)wasobservedduringmonsoonandhighest(2.29x106unitsVI)in summer.

In thepresentstudy,thephytoplanktonexhibitedabimodalpattern.Onepeakofphytoplanktonwasobserved in summer and second peak wasobservedinthewinter.Similarfindingsweremadeby BenarjeeandNarashima(2013),Dubey etat.(2010), Rani and Sivakumar (2012) and Singhetat.(2012).Domesticsewage,municipalwastesandagriculturalrun offs largelycontributeto theincrease in the concentration of nutrients in theunmanaged ponds. Concentration of nutrientsduringsummerduetohighrateofevaporationandlowwater levelbringsaboutthe summerpeakofplanktonpopulation.Dilutionofnutrients,reducedphotoperiod and increase in water depth duringmonsoon causes the depression in planktonabundance.Duringwinter,ambienttemperature,increased photoperiod, high dissolved oxygen,slowreleaseofmonsoonaccumulatednutrientsandstagnationof water volume results in the winterpeak of plankton population. Thepresent studyalsorevealsthattheurbanpond is inmesotrophicstate (80000-800000 unitsL-I) whereas theperi urban pond is in eutrophic state (>900000unitsL-I) (Plafkin et at., 1989). Therefore,ferti1isationisrecommendedintheurbanpondtoincreasetheabundanceof phytoplankton.Ontheotherhand,highscopeof extensivepolycultureofcarps exists in the peri urban pond owing to itshigh phytoplankton abundance. However,mitigationmeasuresshouldalsobe takentowardscontrollingof algalbloomin theperiurbanpond,if the algal population is not checked afterintroducingplanktivorousspeciesof fishes.

In the urban pond, highest zooplankton count(3075:1:1576 unitsL-I) was observed during Winter

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LIMNOLOGY OF URBAN AND PERI URBAN PONDS

and lowest (1020:1:268unitsL-I)in monsoon. Inthe peri-urbanpond, highest zooplankton count(4125:1:861.68unitsL-I) was observed duringwinter and lowest (1900:1:964.37unitsL-1)insummer.

In food chain existing in the aquatic system,phytoplanktonis eatenby zooplankton,which isfurthereatenby fishes(ICAR,2011).WatsonandWilson(1978)observedhigherconcentrationofzooplankton at the time when phytoplanktonconcentrationincreasedin severalponds.Factorssuchaslightintensity,foodavailability,dissolvedoxygen and predation affect the populationdynamics of zooplankton. Zooplankton isconsideredtobethe ecologicalindicatorsofwaterbodies (Gajbhiye and Desai, 1981). Theavailability of zooplankton as food for fish isthoughttobe oneofthekeyfactorsthatstrengthencommercialfisheries(Kane,1993).BhatnagarandSingh(2010)suggestedtheoptimumzooplanktonpopulation (3000-4500 unitsL-1)in pond fishculture.Presenceofhighernumberofzooplanktoninthe periurbanpond is due tohigherabundanceofphytoplankton(Jana,2007).Thereforefromthepresent study, it is revealed that both urban andperi urban pond has optimum zooplanktonpopulationtoundertakefishculture.However,theperi urban appears to be ideal in zooplanktonabundance and hence can support higher fishstockingdensity.

Conclusion

The peri urban pond is better in most of thelimnological aspects as compared to its urbancounterpart and hence, can support higher fish

'yield if managed. Nutrient-wise, the peri urbanpondhadgreaterfertilitythantheurbanpond.Theurbanpond was mesotrophicin naturewhile theperi urban pond is showing signs of progres'sive

eutrophication as evident from the primaryproductivityvaluesandplanktonabundance.

The present extensive fish culture practices shouldbe upgraded to semi intensive methods in thesewater bodies for their proper utilization andmaximizingthepresentlevelof fishproduction,bothat state and national level.

Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Dr. M. S. Chari and Dr.S. R. Gaur, Professors, Dept. of Fisheries, IGKV,Raipurfortheirvaluable guidance.A specialthanksgoes to Dr. A. P. Sharma, Director andDr. Srikanta Samanta, Principal Scientist oflCAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore for providing laboratorysupport.

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68

SPECIAL CLARIFICATION

Phytoplankton count in Table 1 and Table 2 (Page 6 of PDF/ Page No. 62 of the Journal) is

expressed in multiples of 105. Due to the formatting error of the Journal office itself, the printed values

came as multiples of 105.

The author has taken all necessary actions to rectify the same. The Journal office has assured to

notify this error to its readers in the forthcoming issue.

Sorry for the inconvenience caused.

Yours Sincerely,

K. Roy