light in the shadows - sanctuary

Light in the Shadows Page 1

LIGHT IN THE SHADOWSAn Overview of the Doctrine of the Sanctuary

&

WALKING IN THE LIGHTAn Overview of the Doctrine of

Salvation in Christ

Frank B. Holbrook

Light in the Shadows

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Light in the Shadows* ..............................................................................................................3

I. Sanctuaries of Salvation ..............................................................................................3II. Sanctuary Foundations ................................................................................................3

III. The Sanctuary and its Vertical Dimensions .................................................................. 4IV. Principles of Interpretation (General and Specific) ....................................................... 9V. Three-point Focus of the Sanctuary Parable .............................................................13

VI. The Heavenly Sanctuary and Prophecy .....................................................................20VII. The Sanctuary and Assurance ...................................................................................23

Walking in the Light ...............................................................................................................27

I. Before Time Began: The Divine Secret .....................................................................27II. Heavens Constitution ................................................................................................29

III. He Had to Die.............................................................................................................33IV. ABCs of Personal Salvation .......................................................................................34V. The Life Changer .......................................................................................................39

VI. The Function of Faith .................................................................................................41VII. Sanctification ..............................................................................................................43

Scriptures quoted from RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyrighted 1946, 1952 1971, 1973.

Printed in the U.S.A. by Biblical Research Institute12501 Old Columbia Pike

Silver Spring, MD 20904-6600


However, about 400 years after its dedicationthe temple was razed by the Babylonian invadersunder Nebuchadnezzar. The returning exiles un-der Zerubbabel built another temple. Though thesecond temple was less manificent than the origi-nal, it was still standing in 20 B.C., when Herodthe Great began to rebuild and embellish it.

The sanctuaries of Israel were unique amongearly edificies. They were not built as residencesfor a priestly cast or ford commerce and trade.They were not conceived to bring renown to thearchitects or the skilled craftsmen who erectedthem. Nor were they built to perpetuate thememory of some wealthy magnate. Lovely as theTaj Mahl is, it is but a tomb, a sad witness in stoneto the fragile nature of human existence.

But Israels sanctuaries were sanctuaries ofsalvation. By means of these sacred structuresand their accompanying rituals, the God of lovemans Creatordetermined to disclose to the worldthe good news of His way out of the darkness anddespair of the human predicament.

Mine house, He declared, shall be called anhouse of prayer for all people (Isa. 56:7). He in-tended that the nations of earth would seek sav-ing truth at His temple, and that they would say toone another, Come ye, and let us go up to themountain of the Lord, to the house of the God ofJacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and wewill walk in his paths (Isa. 2:3).

II. Sanctuary Foundations

Fully one-third of the book of Exodus is de-voted to the organization and construction of theIsraelite sanctuary. But Israels national worshipis not to be thought of as being an entirely newand different system. Rather, it was a flowering oran elaboration of the ancient religion of the patri-archs.

I. Sanctuaries of Salvation

Buildings have always been of major interest to man, whether these structuresare mud huts or towering skyscrapers.The first recorded group venture afterthe Flood was a project to build a city and a tower,whose top may reach unto heaven (Gen. 11:4).

Men have made buildings for various pur-posesfor residences, offices, and manufactur-ing, education, entertainment, or worship. Amongthe notable man-made buildings are: the ancientEgyptian temple of Amon in Thebes, the largesttemple known to have ever existed; the Merchan-dise Mart in Chicago, with a floor area of morethan the Sears Building in Chicago, piercing sky-ward 1,454 feet.

One of the most beautiful buildings in the worldtoday is the Taj Mahal in northern India, built in theseventeenth century by the Indian ruler ShahJahan in memory of his favorite wife, MumtazMahal. The Persian name Taj Mahal meanscrown of palaces. Twenty thousand workers la-bored about 20 years to fashion its exquisite whitemarble domes and towers, jeweled inlays, andcarved-stone screen of alabaster. This vision ofOriental beauty and grandeur stands in a gardensetting, with its loveliness mirrored by a long re-flecting pool.

Centuries ago God said to Moses, Israelsleader, Let them make me a sanctuary; that I maydwell among them: (Ex. 25:8). At first Israelsdesert sanctuary consisted of a carefully craftedtent-tabernacle. A little more than 400 years laterthis was replaced by a permanent temple erectedin Jerusalem. This temple, built by SolomonIsraels third kingwas garnished with preciousstones, surrounded by spacious courts with mag-nificent approaches, and lined with carved cedarand burnished gold.1

LIGHT IN THE SHADOWS*An Overview of the Doctrine of the Sanctuary

* Journal of Adventist Education (Vol. 46, nos. 1, 2, October-November; December-January), 1983, 1984. Used by permission of TheDepartment of Education, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventist.

1 Ellen G. White, Prophets and Kings (Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Assn., 1917), p. 36.


Two observations confirm this view:1. Israel at Sinai entered into a covenant re-

lationship with the same God who had made acovenant with their immediate forefathers:Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Gen. 17:7-8; Ex. 6:2-8; 19:3-6), and who was earlier worshiped by theirancestors, such as Shem, his father Noah, andthe preceding godly line who traced their lineageback to Adam (Gen. 5, 11).

2. The Israelite sanctuary preserved the ba-sic sacrifice of the patriarchal worship. It is signifi-cant that the only sacrifice discussed in detail inthe book of Exodus (other than the rituals dealingwith the consecration of the priests) is the morn-ing and evening sacrifice, more commonly knownas the continual burnt offering. (See Ex. 29:38-42.) This offering was the foundational sacrifice inthe Israelite sanctuary system, and the large altarlocated in the court apparently derived its namefrom it (Ex. 30:28). The burnt offering was the com-mon sacrifice of the patriarchs. Noah made a burntoffering from every type of clean bird and animalafter his release from the ark (Gen. 8:20). Abrahamwas commanded to offer Isaac as a burnt offer-ing, but eventually was able to offer a ram for aburnt offering in the stead of his son (Gen. 22:2-13). Job offered burnt offerings in behalf of hisfamily; his friends also offered burnt offerings forthemselves (Job 1:5; 42:8).

Thus, one important aspect of the morning andevening sacrificethe continual burnt offeringmade by the priests in the ancient sanctuaries ofIsrael was that it locked their tabernacle-templesystem of worship into the religious life of Israelsforebears. The basic sacrifice of the patriarchsbecame the central sacrifice of the Israelite ritual.

In view of these links between patriarchal andIsraelite worship, the latter may be viewed as anexample of unfolding revelation. In the sanctuarywe find a progression in the worship forms that inturn disclosed more fully the purpose and plan ofGod for the salvation of sinners.

We may infer, therefore, that God saw it wastime for His people to be given further insights intothe nature of the Deity, the sin problem, and themeans by which He would effect reconciliation withman. New light does not nullify old light. The es-

sentials of sacrifice and mediation seen in the pa-triarchal age in the form of victim and father-priestwould now be elaborated upon in a new contextthe tabernacle-temple sanctuary, the dwellingplace of God (Ex. 25:8, 29:45-46).

Although the two apartments (holy and MostHoly) of Solomons temple were twice the size ofthose in the Mosaic tabernacle, and although therewere ten lamp-stands and ten tables, organizedgroups of Levitical musicians, and a total organi-zation of all personnel related to the sanctuary,there appears to have been no change in the ba-sic ritual as set forth in the Mosaic directives (1Kings 5-8; 2 Chron. 2-7; cf. 1 Chron. 22-26, 28-29). The same seems to have been true of thesubsequent temple built by Zerubbabel and rebuiltand embellished by Herod. After the revelationsat Sinai, there was no further elaboration by Godof the sanctuary forms and rites.

It is significant then, that the New Testamentbook of Hebrews does not view the sanctuary inJerusalem in apostolic times as presenting thequintessence of the Hebrew faith. Such would havebeen the case if the worship conducted in Herodstemple had been considered the end-product ofan evolutionary development in Israels religion.

Instead, for spiritual meaning and understand-ing, the book of Hebrews centers on the taber-nacle constructed in the wilderness. This is to beexpected, since the bulk of the data pertaining tothe Israelite sanctuary is found in the books ofMoses. But it also implies that the Bible writer sawno basic change in the spiritual teaching of theOld Testament religion, whether in patriarchal,tabernacle, or later temple phases. In fact, he as-serts that the same God who spoke in Old Testa-ment times to the fathers now speaks unto usby his Son (Heb. 1:1-2). The religion of the Oldand New Testaments is essentially one.

III. The Sanctuary and itsVertical Dimensions

Biblical records do not present Moses as theoriginator of the tabernacle and its rituals. In fivedifferent references the plan is described as hav-


ing been divinely revealed to him on Mount Sinai(Ex. 25:9,40; 26:30; 27:8; Num. 8:4). And let themmake me a sanctuary, after the pattern of the tab-ernacle, and the pattern of all the instrumentsthereof, even so shall ye make it. And look thatthou make them after their pattern, which wasshewed thee in the mount (Ex. 25:8-9, 40).

The Hebrew verb rh, to see, appears inall five references, and is conjugated in the caus-ative verbal forms of the Hebrew language so thatthe passages just cited could be rendered, Ac-cording to all that I cause you to see and whichyou were caused to see in the mountain.

The causative form suggests that Moses wastaken into a state of vision. It was normal for Godto speak face to face with Moses (Num. 12:6-8),but on this occasion God apparently revealed thedata concerning the building of the tabernacle andthe organization of the priesthood by a vision.

This view is strengthened by the languageof Numbers 8:4. This passage says in part, ac-cording unto the pattern which the Lord hadshewed Moses, so made he the candlestick. TheHebrew word that is here translated pattern ismar eh, which competent lexicographers suggestshould be translated in this instance as vision.The statement would thus read, according untothe vision which the Lord had shewed Moses. . . .

The Hebrew word, however, that receives themajor emphasis in the divine instructions is tabnth.Gods initial command in Exodus 25:9,40 readsliterally, According to all which l am causing youto seethe pattern (tabnth) of the tabernacle, andthe pattern (tabnth) of all its articles, and thus youshall do. And see and make by their pattern(tabnth) which you were caused to see in themountain.

Tabnth, a feminine noun deriving from theverb bnh, to build, occurs 20 times in the He-brew Bible. The term can carry the meaning of athree-dimensional model, shape, or form. For ex-ample, the great altar that certain of the tribes ofIsrael built on the banks of the Jordan is referredto as the pattern (tabnth) of the altar of the Lord,which our fathers made which stood in the court-yard of the tabernacle. (See Joshua 22:10, 28-

29.) Obviously the tabnth-altar erected on thebanks of the Jordan was a three-dimensionalmodel. The golden calf worshiped at Sinai is des-ignated in a similar manner. (Ps. 106:20; simili-tude = tabnth.)

The word tabnth can also mean a set ofwritten instructions or specifications. For example,David entrusted to Solomon

the pattern [tabnth] of the porch, and of thehouses thereof, and of the treasuries thereof,and of the upper chambers thereof, and of theinner parlours thereof, and of the place of themercy seat, and the pattern [tabnth] of all thathe had by the spirit of the courts of the houseof the Lord, and of all the chambers roundabout, of the treasuries of the house of God,and of the treasuries of the dedicated things(1 Chron. 28:11-12).

It is evident that Davids plans were writtenspecifications, rather than three-dimensional mod-els, for he says, All this.. . the Lord made me un-derstand in writing by his hand upon me, even allthe works of this pattern (vs. 19).

In his vision Moses received verbal specifi-cations for the tabernacle, which he recorded (Ex.25ff.). However, it may be inferred from the usageof tabnth that he was also shown some kind ofthree-dimensional model of the proposed sanctu-ary. Ellen White confirms this in a very early state-ment. He [God] presented before Moses a minia-ture model of the heavenly sanctuary.2

The important question, however, is notwhether Moses was shown a three-dimensionalmodel or simply architectural plans. The basicquestion is whether the term tabnh signifies onlya concept or idea in the mind of God, or whether itrepresents a higher reality with objective existence,namely, a heavenly sanctuary, the primary dwell-ing place of the Deity.

The fact that Moses was put into a state ofvision suggests that he saw more than a model. Avision would not have been necessary to simplytransmit verbal instructions or display a model. Forexample, Moses was not taken into vision in orderto receive the copy of the Decalogue on tables of

2 Ellen G. White, Spiritual Gifts 4 (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1945): 5.


stonea law which he had heard with his normalhearing when God proclaimed it from the heightsof Sinai. But if Moses was to be shown the heav-enly dwelling place of God, he could only see itthrough a vision in such manner as God chose torepresent it to his mind.

Twentieth-century archeological researchhas shed new light on Near Eastern thought pat-terns concerning heavenly-earthly relationships.The ancients saw a mythical analogical relationbetween the two worlds. To their thinking, Earthwas simply a microcosm of the heavenly realm.Lands, rivers, and especially temples were be-lieved to have heavenly counterparts. Althoughsome modern scholars reject the concept that thetabnth model shown to Moses reflected a heav-enly reality, that is, a heavenly sanctuary, there isgeneral recognition that it did, since this conceptwas so common in the prevailing culture. Theearthly sanctuary was thus understood to be thecounterpart of the heavenly delling place of God.

The biblical evidence fully supports the viewthat the people of Israel were aware of the verticaldimension or link between Gods heavenly abodeand His earthly dwelling in the tabernacle/templesanctuary. Some of the evidence supporting thisis as follows:

1. God is often depicted as descendingto earth from heaven (His permanent dwellingplace) for various purposes (Gen. 11:5; 18:21; Ex.19:11, 18, 20). When God commands the makingof a sanctuary so that He could dwell amongthem(Heb. shkan, literally, to tent), the pic-ture (in human terminology) is of God coming fromHis permanent home to encamp in a somewhattemporary manner with His people in a seconddwelling.

2. While they were still on their journeyfrom Egypt, God instructed the Israelites regard-ing proper worship when they would be settled inCanaan. At certain times of the year they were toassemble at the place the Lord would choose forthe location of His sanctuary (Deut. 26:2). At thosetimes they were to offer their sacrifices and re-joice before the Lord. The Lord even suggests thenature of their prayers. One line of that prayer says,

Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven,and bless thy people Israel (vs. 15). There wasno confusion to the Hebrew mind. God was in Hisheavenly sanctuary dwelling and His presence wasalso revealed by the Shekinah glory in its counter-part, the earthly sanctuary.

3. At the building of the temple, Godpromised Solomon, I will dwell (Heb. shkan)among the children of Israel, and will not forsakemy people Israel (1 Kings 6:13). Later Solomonwould pray, I have surely built thee an house todwell in, a settled place for thee to abide in forever (1 Kings 8:13).

Nevertheless, in his dedicatory prayer theking freely acknowledges the heavenly dwellingplace of the Deity. When they shall pray towardthis place. . . hear thou in heaven thy dwellingplace: and when thou hearest, forgive (1 Kings8:30; see also vss. 39, 43, 49).

In one Psalm David can pray, But as for me,I will come into thy house in the multitude of thymercy: and in thy fear will I worship toward thyholy temple (Ps. 5:7). In another Psalm he af-firms, The Lord is in his holy temple, the Lordsthrone is in heaven (Ps. 11:4).

4. The cherubim, depicted as three-di-mensional figures on the ark and as two-dimen-sional figures worked into the fabric of thetabernacles inner curtains and the veil of the MostHoly Place, reflect artistically in the earthly sanc-tuary the holy beingsthe angelswho surroundthe throne of God in the heavenly courts.

5. The vertical linkage between Godsheavenly sanctuary and His earthly sanctuary isdefinitely affirmed by the book of Hebrews. Theearthly sanctuary is described as the patterns orcopies of the heavenly reality, and its holy placeswere characterized as figures of the true (Heb.9:23-24). It is asserted that the priests in the Isra-elite sanctuary served the example [copy] andshadow of the heavenly sanctuary (Heb. 8:4-5).Thus the earthly sanctuary is viewed in connec-tion with the heavenly dwelling in a relationship ofcopy to original, of shadow to substance.

In support of this vertical line between theearthly and heavenly dwelling places of God and


the typical significance of the former, the writer ofHebrews cites Exodus 25:40. (See Heb. 8:5.) Hethus indicates that in his inspired understandingthe tabntth model shown to Moses in the mountreflected a higher reality, the heavenly dwellingplace of God.

This argumentation of the book of Hebrewsis confirmed by the apostle Johns visions of theheavenly sanctuary. In one passage, as he speaksof the heavenly temple or sanctuary, he employsthe descriptive phraseology of the ancient sanctu-ary. And after that I looked, and behold, the templeof the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven wasopened (Rev. 15:5). In that heavenly temple hesaw represented to him seven lamps of fire burn-ing before the throne (Rev. 4:5), probably to beunderstood as analogous to the seven-branchedcandlestick or lamp-stand. On two other occasionshe sees the golden altar [of incense] which wasbefore the throne (Rev. 8:3), and the ark of histestament (Rev. 11:19).

The biblical evidence regarding the verticallink between the earthly and heavenly sanctuar-ies may now be summarized: (1) Moses made theoriginal earthly sanctuary according to a model andspecifications given by God. (2) Israel understoodthat the sanctuary in their midst was a counterpartof the heavenly dwelling place of Godthe heav-enly temple. (3) The book of Hebrews affirms thatthe earthly sanctuary was a copy and shadow ofthe heavenly sanctuary. (4) The apostle John tes-tifies that he saw in vision the temple of the tab-ernacle of the testimony in heaven.3

Excursus: What Is the Nature of the HeavenlySanctuary?

Over the years there has been a good dealof useless debate among some Seventh-dayAdventists over the nature of the heavenly sanc-tuary. Mrs. White predicted that:

In the future, deception of every kind is toarise, and we want solid ground for our feet.We want solid pillars for the building. Not onepin is to be removed from that which the Lordhas established. The enemy will bring in false

theories, such as the doctrine that there is nosanctuary. This is one of the points on whichthere will be a departing from the faith. Whereshall we find safety unless it be in the truthsthat the Lord has been giving for the last fiftyyears?4

What meaning did Mrs. White intend to con-vey by her statement that one of the false theoriesproposed in the end-time to distract Gods peoplefrom the truth would be the doctrine that there isno sanctuary? Did she mean an open denial of aliteral building in heaven? Or did she mean a de-nial of the great truths of salvationtruths thatpertained to Christs atoning death and priestlyministry in heaven?

The key to her meaning is found in the contextof what was happening in the Adventist Churchwhen this statement was published in the Reviewand Herald, May 25, 1905. At that time the pan-theistic teachings of Dr. John H. Kellogg were be-ing promulgated. Elder William Spicer, later tobecome a president of the General Conference,records an interview he had with Dr. Kellogg in1902.

Where is God? I was asked [by Kellogg].I would naturally say, He is in heaven; therethe Bible pictures the throne of God, all theheavenly beings at His command as messen-gers between heaven and earth. But I was toldthat God was in the grass and plants and inthe trees. . .

Where is heaven? I was asked. I had myidea of the center of the universe, with heavenand the throne of God in the midst, but dis-claimed any attempt to fix the center of theuniverse astronomically. But I was urged tounderstand that heaven is where God is, andGod is everywherein the grass, in the trees,in all creation. There was no place in thisscheme of things for angels going betweenheaven and earth, for heaven was here andeverywhere. The cleansing of the sanctuarythat we taught about was not something in afaraway heaven. The sin is here. . . [Dr.Kellogg said, pointing to his heart], and here isthe sanctuary to be cleansed.5

3 Cf. Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy (Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Assn., 1911), 415.4 Ellen G. White, Evangelism (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1946) 224, italics supplied.5 W.A. Spicer, How the Spirit of Prophecy Met a Crisis, Copy A, pp. 19-20, cited by Arthur L. White in Ellen G. White: The Early Elmshaven

Years 5 (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1981):. 289-290, italics supplied.


Dr. Kelloggs statement plainly indicates whatEllen White had in mind when she said there wouldbe those who would teach that there is no sanc-tuary. Ellen White was not only speaking aboutwhether there was such a thing as a literal build-ing in heaven, but about the bold denial of Christsactual priestly mediatorial ministry in heaven be-fore God in which He pleads the merits of Hissinless life and atoning death in behalf of penitentsinners.

By teaching that the individual was the sanc-tuary, Dr. Kelloggand others who later espousedsimilar ideologiesturned the important truth ofChrists priesthood on its head, shifting the focusaway from the Saviour to the human being. Theatoning sacrifice of Christ on earth and His priestlymediation in heaven are the central features ofthe salvation process. By denying the Saviourspriestly ministry in the heavenly sanctuary, Dr.Kellogg struck at foundational matters; hence, theseriousness of his denial of the sanctuary doctrine.

However, in seeking a correct understand-ing of the nature of Christs priestly ministry in theheavenly sanctuary, we must be careful lest wepress the matter of literal language too far. Wecan hardly expect a one-to-one correspondencebetween the earthly and heavenly sanctuaries.According to Genesis 1:26-27, humankind wasmade in the image of God, but obviously man isnot exactly like God, although he reflects his Cre-ator in some aspects. In like manner the earthlysanctuaries only faintly reflect the glories of thecelestial abode of Deity.

The matchless splendor of the earthly tab-ernacle reflected to human vision the gloriesofthat heavenly temple where Christ our fore-runner ministers for us before the throne ofGod. The abiding-place of the King of kings,where thousand thousands minister unto Him,and ten thousand times ten thousand standbefore Him (Daniel 7:10); that temple, filled withthe glory of the eternal throne, where seraphim,its shining guardians, veil their faces in adora-tion, could find, in the most magnificent struc-ture ever reared by human hands, but a faintreflection of its vastness and glory. Yet impor-

tant truths concerning the heavenly sanctuaryand the great work there carried forward formans redemption, were taught by the earthlysanctuary and its services.6

We must remember that when we speakabout heaven and the heavenly sanctuary, we aredescribing celestial realities that are far beyondhuman comprehension. Hence, in order to com-municate to us about heavenly things, God mustdo so through representations of those realities inhuman terms. The heavenly sanctuary and its ac-tivities are thus represented to the prophets in theforms of earthly types. For example, Jesus is de-picted as a Lamb as it had been slain standing inthe midst of the throne (Rev. 5:6). The Holy Spiritin His multiple roles is represented by seven lampsof fire burning before the throne (Rev. 4:5). Theintercession of the Saviour is represented by anangel at the golden altar of incense mingling thesmoke of the incense with the prayers of Godspeople as they pray to Him (Rev. 8:3-4).

It is clear from just these few examples thatthe importance of the celestial reality we call theheavenly sanctuary was not vested in its struc-tures, but in what these things represent in theongoing reality of the plan of salvation. Note fur-ther the significance Ellen White saw in the ark,the piece of furniture in the Most Holy Place of thesanctuary.

In the temple of heaven, the dwelling-placeof God, His throne is established in righteous-ness and judgment. In the most holy place isHis law, the great rule of right by which allmankind are tested. The ark that enshrines thetables of the law is covered with the mercy-seat, before which Christ pleads His blood inthe sinners behalf. Thus is represented theunion of justice and mercy in the plan of hu-man redemption. . . . The cherubim of theearthly sanctuary, looking reverently downupon the mercy-seat, represent the interestwith which the heavenly host contemplate thework of redemption. This is the mystery ofmercy into which angels desire to look thatGod can be just while He justifies the repent-ing sinner, and renews His intercourse with thefallen race.7

6 White, The Great Controversy, 414.7 Ibid., 415, italics supplied.


Mercy and justice are abstract terms. Theplan of salvation is a statement, we might say, ofabstract truths. The earthly sanctuaries of Israelwere constructed and provided with certain fur-nishings and rituals that portrayed in a visible, con-crete manner the various facets and aspects ofthe plan. They give us a pictorial representation ofsalvation realities.

The altar depicted the great atoning, substi-tutionary death of our Lord. The two apartmentswith their rituals were not designed to teach usthat the heavenly reality has two rooms or areas(though it might), but to teach us about the twogreat phases of Christs priestly ministry in behalfof penitent sinners. The structure of either theearthly or the heavenly sanctuary reality is not thereal essence of the sanctuary doctrine as taughtby Seventh-day Adventists. It is what the struc-tures represent or teach about the great moralcontroversy between Christ and Satan and the planof salvation that really counts. The structureswere designed to teach us spiritual truths. Letus not miss the truths for the medium!

IV. Principles of Interpretation(General and Specific)

General Approach

The chief problem in the study of the Israel-ite sanctuary is the sparseness of available datato interpret its meaning. Old Testament writersmade no attempt to spell out its symbolism, ap-parently assuming that it was understood. Thereare, however, various emphases within the OldTestament accounts that give insights into thesignificance of the sanctuary to ancient Israel. Oneof these is provided by the movement and se-quence of events within the book of Exodus.

The first cluster of events pertains to thedeliverance of Israel from Egyptian slavery by themighty acts of God, climaxing in Moses song oftriumph (chaps. 1-15). The second cluster ofevents involves Gods gracious leading and careof Israel in the wilderness, leading at last to Sinai

and the establishment of the people as a nation incovenant relationship with Him (chaps. 16-24). Thethird and final emphasis in the book relates to thebuilding of the tabernacle as a suitable dwellingplace for God in the midst of Israel (chaps. 25-31,35-40).

When Moses ascended the mountain to re-ceive the tables of the law and the instructions tobuild the tabernacle, the watching Israelites ob-served that a great cloud of fiery glory coveredthe mountain. The glory of the Lord abode uponmount Sinai, . . . And the sight of the glory of theLord was like devouring fire on the top of the mountin the eyes of the children of Israel (Ex. 24:16-17). After the erection and dedication of the taber-nacle the same cloud moved off the heights of Sinaiand covered the tent of the congregation, and theglory of the Lord filled the tabernacle (Ex. 40:34).

This visible action indicated that the cov-enant-keeping God had entered into habitation withHis people.

The movement of the book of Exodus, like agrand orchestral symphony, comes to its finale withGod dwelling in visible union with His redeemedpeople. The migration from Egypt has moved to-ward this end. God Himself states this as the rea-son for the divine mission to rescue Israel fromslavery: I will dwell among the children of Israel,and will be their God. And they shall know that Iam the Lord their God, that brought them forth outof the land of Egypt, that I may dwell among them:I am the Lord their God (Ex. 29:45-46).

The significance of the divine purpose is fur-ther heightened when we recall that the sin ofAdam and Eve had fractured the relationship be-tween God and man. The assertion of their inde-pendence had resulted in their banishment fromEden, estrangement from God, and the dissolv-ing of their former intimate fellowship with Him.

Here the Lord is promising to dwell amongHis people again:

I will set my tabernacle among you: andmy soul shall not abhor you. And I will walkamong you, and will be your God, and ye shallbe my people. I am the Lord your God, which


brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, thatye should not be their bond-men; and I havebroken the bands of your yoke, and made yougo upright (Lev. 26:11-13).

Thus we see that first there was the miracu-lous deliverance from slavery, then the establish-ment of an intimate fellowship between God andHis redeemed ones. The visible sanctuary systemthus served to call Israels attention to Gods en-deavors to effect a reconciliation with human be-ings.

The Scriptures make it clear that God in-tended ancient Israel to catch the spiritual over-tones that accompanied His physical acts of mercy.For example, Gods gracious act in supplyingmanna was designed to teach Israel more thanthe simple fact of His care. Moses interpreted thespiritual meaning in this manner: And he humbledthee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed theewith manna, which thou knewest not, neither didthy fathers know; that he might make thee knowthat man doth not live by bread only, but by everyword that proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lorddoth man live (Deut. 8:3).

For this reason the great events of the exo-dus from EgyptGods marvelous deliverancefrom slavery were commemorated in the Israel-ite sanctuary rituals by the festivals of the Pass-over, the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and theFeast of Tabernacles (Ex. 12:24-28,34,39; Deut.16:3; Lev. 23 :40-43).

Exodus history was transformed into humanexperience again and again as generations of Is-raelites relived the events through which their fa-thers passed and contemplated their significance.Some no doubt caught the deeper import of theExodusspiritual deliverance from the slavery ofsin through union with God and the freedom thatresulted from living in harmony with His will. Thehistorical Exodus experience became the patternfor the saving acts of God. Ultimately the re-deemedhome at lastwill cause the vaults ofheaven to ring with the triumphant notes of thesong of Moses,. . . and the song of the Lamb(Rev. 15:3).

The Israelite sanctuary was intended to em-phasize visibly a thrilling truththe presence ofthe living God was among His people in a uniqueand intimate way!

Israels religious debacle at Sinai (Ex. 32-34) was partly a result of the nations desire tohave a constant visual token of the presence ofthe God whom they worshiped. The sanctuariesof Israel served to give them that assurance. Al-though God cannot be comprehended by man orconfined to man-made sanctuaries, He may besaid to dwell within such buildings by means ofthe revelations of Himself that He gives either tothe senses or the inner spirit of the worshiper, orboth. In the tabernacle with its cloud of glory, Godrevealed Himself to the worshiping Israelites bothsensibly (they could see the cloud) and spiritually(as the Spirit impressed their hearts).

And yet there was a certain incompletenessand inadequacy. Although God was present, noface-to-face communion with Israel could takeplace. There was still a barrier. God could be ap-proached by animal blood and incensebut onlythrough the mediation of a special person, thepriest. Hangings and walls excluded the commonperson from the inner apartments, and even thehigh priest was allowed to enter the Most HolyPlace but once a year.

The inadequacy of the sanctuary service toprovide free and open union with the Deity musthave suggested to the spiritual-minded Israelitethat God intended something better to come; in-deed, something better would have to come if thepresence of God was ever to be realized in a di-rect and open manner.

Specific Approach

Confusion about the purpose and meaningof the Israelite sanctuary and its significance forChristian experience has resulted from the em-ployment of wrong principles of interpretation. Aswe have noted earlier, the Old Testament writersmake no attempt to explain the sanctuary symbol-ism. Therefore, the subject has become a fruitfulfield for fertile imaginations to develop a variety offanciful concepts.


One person will argue that the sanctuary wasobviously intended to teach the incarnation of theSon of God, asserting that the holy place portraysHis humanity, and the Most Holy Place, His deity.Anotherreflecting Kellogg and A. T. Jones, whomhe influencedwill teach that the sanctuary rep-resents the Christian himself: The court stands forhis body; the holy place represents his consciousmind; and the Most Holy Place symbolized hissubconscious mind. And from this model a wholescenario of end-time events is created. Althoughthe Bible does compare the Christian to a temple,the Scriptures do not attempt to impose the sig-nificance of the sanctuary service upon the indi-vidual. Rather, this service relates to the priestlyministry of Christ in the heavenly sanctuary in thepresence of God.

Other persons assume that the sanctuaryrepresents stages of Christian experience: Thecourt stands for justification; the holy place, forsanctification; and the Most Holy Place, for per-fection. These interpretations of the sanctuarysymbolismand other ideas that could be addedhave one thing in common: no direct biblical sup-port for their suppositions. It is easy to read intosymbols a wide range of ideas. However, in orderto be sure of the true import of the sanctuary ritu-als, we must derive sound principles of interpreta-tion from the Scriptures themselves.

Satan is striving continually to bring in fan-ciful suppositions in regard to the sanctuary,degrading the wonderful representations ofGod and the ministry of Christ for our salva-tion into something that suits the carnal mind.He removes its presiding power from the heartsof believers, and supplies its place with fan-tastic theories invented to make void the truthsof the atonement, and destroy our confidencein the doctrines which we have held sacredsince the third angels message was first given.Thus he would rob us of our faith in the verymessage that has made us a separate people,and has given character and power to ourwork.8

The Central Subject of the Sanctuary Sys-tem. We have noted above that the establishmentof the sanctuary in Israel emphasized the restora-tion of the fellowship and communion between Godand His people that had been interrupted by theentrance of sin. This is a work of grace in whichthe sanctuary and its rituals were to have a teach-ing function.

The writer to the Hebrews is very forthrightabout this teaching function of the ancient taber-nacle-sanctuary. Early in his epistle he warns hisJewish-Christian hearers against following in thefootsteps of their unbelieving ancestors in the exo-dus from Egypt (Heb. 3:7-19). He continues withthese words:

Let us [Jewish-Christians] therefore fear,lest, a promise being left us of entering intohis rest, any of you should seem to come shortof it. For unto us [Jewish-Christians] was thegospel preached, as well as unto them [theJews in the exodus]: but the word preacheddid not profit them, not being mixed with faithin them that heard it (Heb. 4:1-2).

This is an important insight. The gospelthe good news of salvation from sin through a di-vine Redeemer, or in broader terms, Gods planof salvationis the same whether before or afterthe cross. It has the same God, the same morallaw (the Ten Commandments) that expresses Hiswill, the same sin problem, and the same Re-deemer, for there is none other name underheaven given among men, whereby we must besaved (Acts 4:12). The only difference betweenthe patriarchs and Israels religion and biblicalChristianity is that the former portrayed the planof salvation in symbols, whereas the latter teachesthe reality of Gods saving event in history.

Thus it is clearly evident from this statementin Hebrews that the overall subject of the Israelitesanctuary ritual is the gospel or plan of salvation.The substitutionary sacrifices of animals and themediation of their blood portrayed basic aspects

8 White, Evangelism, 225.


of Gods plan to save sinners. These two pointsare stressed in the book of Hebrews. The authorcompared (1) the blood of animal sacrificeswith the better blood of Christs sacrifice onthe cross (Heb. 9:11-14), and (2) the Leviticalpriesthood with Christs better priesthood(Heb. 8:1-2). Here are pertinent statementsfrom the pen of Ellen White on this point:

The significance of the Jewish economyis not yet fully comprehended. Truths vast andprofound are shadowed forth in its rites andsymbols. The gospel is the key that unlocksits mysteries. Through a knowledge of the planof redemption, its truths are opened to the un-derstanding.9

The types of the Jewish economy aremade plain by the gospel.10

The sanctuary in heaven. . . opens to viewthe plan of redemption, bringing us down tothe very close of time, and revealing the trium-phant issue of the contest between righteous-ness and sin.11

From the creation and fall of man to thepresent time, there has been a continual un-folding of the plan of God for the redemption,through Christ, of the fallen race. The taber-nacle and temple of God on earth were pat-terned after the original in heaven. Around thesanctuary and its solemn services mysticallygathered the grand truths which were to bedeveloped through succeeding generations.12

Two Keys to Guide in Sanctuary Interpre-tation. The question naturally arises, What rela-tionship do the sanctuary rituals have to this largesubject of the plan of salvation? The Bible sug-gests two keys that can assist us in correctly in-terpreting sanctuary symbolism.

1. The Israelite sanctuary is described as aparable. Speaking of the function of the tabernacle-temple sanctuary in pre-Christian times, the writerto the Hebrews says, Which was a figure [parabole]for the time then present. . . until the time of refor-mation [Christs first advent] (Heb. 9:9-10).

The Greek word translated in the King JamesVersion as figure is parabole from which we de-rive our English term, parable. God designed thesanctuary system to function as a great ritual par-able to illustrate the basic truths of the plan of sal-vation. Therefore, in interpreting the sanctuarysymbolism, it is important for us to understand thenature of a parable.

A parable is literally what is placed besidesomething. We place a parableperhaps astorybeside an abstract truth in order to illus-trate that truth, clarify it, and thereby fasten thattruth in the mind more effectively. Usually parablesor illustrations are told to clarify one fundamentalpoint. Unlike an allegory, the details of a parabledo not have significance. They simply round outthe story and serve to contribute to the major pointbeing made. Furthermore, the parable-illustrationmust itself be understood in terms of the truth it isdesigned to portray.

The Hebrew sanctuary parable is complex,designed to illustrate several clear-cut truths thatmake up the plan of salvation. But we must letScripture point out these truths so that we do notget lost in the myriad details of the ritual parablethat have no real significance in spiritual terms butserve only to round out the ritual story.

Since the sanctuary parable was given to il-lustrate the gospel or plan of salvation, its sym-bols must clearly then be studied in the light of theBible statements that deal with various aspects ofthat plan. Thus, the sanctuary symbolism will il-lustrate and illumine the plan; but in turn it will alsobe illumined and clarified by the truths of that planpresented throughout the Bible.

2. The Israelite sanctuary is described as ashadow-type. Gods instructions and legislationgoverning the sanctuary and its system of ritualsmay be summed up as the ceremonial law. As abody of instruction it is referred to as the law hav-ing a shadow [Gk. skia] of good things to come(Heb. 10:1). The priests in the sanctuary were saidto serve unto the example [copy] and shadow [Gk.skia] of heavenly things [that is, the heavenly sanc-tuary and the priestly ministry of Christ] (Heb. 8:5).

The term skia means a shadow or, as in thesepassages, it carries the idea of foreshadowing.

9 Ellen G. White, Christs Object Lessons (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1941), 133, italics supplied.10 Ellen G. White, Education (Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Assn., 1903), 124. Italics supplied.11 Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy, 488, italics supplied.12 Ellen G. White, The Faith I Live By (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1958), 194, italics supplied.


We generally designate these ritual shadowsas types. A dictionary defmition of type is a per-son or thing regarded as the symbol of someoneor something that is yet to appear. Types are,therefore, like prophecies. Instead of being em-bodied in words, the sanctuary shadow-types wereprophecies embodied in rituals which foreshad-owedforetoldthe coming death of Jesus andHis priestly ministry in heaven.

Here again, shadow-types can be subject to avariety of interpretations, but we may be guardedfrom misapplications of both sanctuary symbolsand types if we study them in the clear light of theplan of salvation as taught throughout the Scrip-tures. There is a two-way exchange here: Thesymbols and types help us understand salvationtruth, and conversely, salvation truth helps us un-derstand the significance of the symbols and types.If we follow this procedure, we will find that thesymbols and types of the Israelite sanctuary sys-tem do not teach anything that is not taught in theScriptures regarding the plan of salvation.

Could a person then find salvation in Christwithout a knowledge of the Hebrew sanctuary? Ofcourse. Why then study these ancient symbols?We could answer this by asking another question.Could an individual make a living with only aneighth-grade or a high-school education? Yes. Whythen should we encourage him to go to college orvocational school? Simply because further edu-cation can greatly enrich and enhance his life andhappiness. Likewise, the study of Gods salvationtruths cast in the form of parable and type cangreatly enrich our insights and understanding ofthe plan of salvation and the great God who pro-posed it at infinite cost to Himself.

A careful, reflective study of the Hebrew sanc-tuary system will lead the Christian to a more in-telligent faith and will focus his attention upon theliving Christ in heaven. In the heavenly sanctuaryhe will recognize the command center for the planof redemption. It is there that his Lord ministersthe merits of His sinless life and atoning death andguides the destiny of the church and the world.There as an anchor for his soul is Jesus Christ,his High Priest, who is able to save to the utter-

most all who come to God. He lives to make in-tercession in their behalf (Heb. 7:25).

V. Three-point Focus of theSanctuary Parable

The plan of salvation was laid by the Godheadbefore the foundation of the world (Eph. 1:3-14).When Adam and Even toppled the human familyinto the treacherous currents of sin, no callousedor surprised Godhead speculated on the pros andcons of rescue or questioned the cost. The planfor our redemption was not an afterthought, a planformulated after the fall of Adam.13 Before timebegan, the rescue operation had been carefullydevised by a loving and concerned Godhead.Grounded in grace (2 Tim. 1:9), the plan was adivine secret (Rom. 16:25; I Cor. 2:7), locked deepin the heart of the Deity until the terrible possibilityof transgression and rebellion by free moral agentsbecame a reality.

The central provision of that plan was and isthe atoning, substitutionary death of God the Sonwho by His incarnation adopted our humanity andas the God-man became the representative Headof the human family. As the second Adam (Rom.5:14, last part), He could rightfully bear the liabili-tiesthe sinsof His human children and expi-ate them by His death. Peter pointed to this provi-sion in these words:

Forasmuch as ye know that ye were notredeemed with corruptible things, as silver andgold, from your vain conversation received bytradition from your fathers; but with the pre-cious blood of Christ, as of a lamb withoutblemish and without spot: who verily was fore-ordained before the foundation of the world,but was manifest in these last times for you (1Pet. 1:18-20).

From a survey of the Scriptures we may inferthe four basic goals the plan envisions: (1) to clearthe character of God from Satans charges, (2) tosecure the loyalty of the unfallen universe to Godsauthority, (3) to accomplish the salvation of sinful

13 Ellen G. White, The Desire of Ages (Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Assn., 1940), 22.


human beings who will respond to its offer, (4) todestroy Satan, his associate evil angels, impeni-tent sinners, and all the effects of sin, thereby bring-ing moral harmony once again to the universe.

It is important to note in this brief statementabout the plan of salvation that all facets of it (andnot merely final judgment) are carried out for thesake ofthat is, for the understanding ofthecreated intelligent beings under Gods government.Being omniscient, God knows the nature of sinand rebellion against His will and what will be theresults. But He has permitted sin to rise and theplan of salvation to operate that He might drawHis creation into agreement with His judgment onsin and the principle of self-centeredness on whichit rests.

Angels desire to study intently the issues andGods resolution of those issues (see 1 Pet. 1:10-12). Principalities and powers in heavenly placesare gaining insights into the mind and wisdom ofGod as they see the gospel at work in the church(Eph. 3:8-11). They follow the career of Satan aswell (Rev. 12:9-10, 12), and they will be present atthe judgment (Dan. 7:9-10).

The sanctuary parable has three basic empha-ses that illustrate the steps the Godhead has takento resolve the sin problem so as to achieve thefour major objectives noted above. These mainthrusts of the parable are (1) substitutionary sacri-fice, (2) priestly mediation, and (3) final judgment.We now move to a discussion of these three ar-eas of concern as they relate to both the types ofthe ancient sanctuary and the Antitype or realityrealized in Jesus Christ, our Sacrifice and HighPriest in the heavenly sanctuary.

Substitutionary Sacrifice

One thing that strikes a modern reader asstrange is the Old Testaments heavy emphasisupon sacrificial blood. In addition to the publicmorning and evening ritual, other sacrifices rep-resented different emphases in the Israelites ap-proach to God, such as worship, confession of sin,dedication, cleansings from ritual defilement, andexpressions of thanksgiving. But all sacrifices hadone thing in common: the shedding of blood.

What did shed blood signify? God explainedthe matter to Israel:

The life of the flesh is in the blood: and Ihave given it to you upon the altar to make anatonement for your souls: for it is the bloodthat maketh an atonement for the soul. . . . Forit is the life of all flesh; the blood of it is for thelife thereof. . . . for the life of all flesh is theblood thereof (Lev. 17:11, 14).

The passage is clear. The blood of the sacri-fice symbolized its life. Shed blood simply meanta life givena life laid down. Since the blood ofthe sacrifice was shed and mediated by the priestin behalf of the worshiper, it is clear that God in-tended by these acts to foreshadow the substitu-tionary atoning death of the coming Redeemer.As the writer to the Hebrews affirms, Withoutshedding of blood is no remission [that is, forgive-ness] (Heb. 9:22).

Thus every sacrifice, whether offered in thepublic daily or yearly rituals or as a private offer-ing, foreshadowed Calvary and the Lamb of Godwho would take away the sin of the world (John1:29).

Every dying victim was a type of Christ,which lesson was impressed on mind and heartin the most solemn, sacred ceremony, and ex-plained definitely by the priests. Sacrifices wereexplicitly planned by God Himself to teach thisgreat and momentous truth, that through theblood of Christ alone there is forgiveness ofsins.14

The sacrifices of the ancient altar and the crossthat they foreshadowed were intended to teachGods people a number of interrelated truths aboutthe death of the Redeemer.

1. Through every dying victim the penitent sin-ner was reminded that he lived in a moral universe,that justice and judgment are foundational to thedivine government as well as mercy and truth. (SeePs. 89:14.) In the government of God, sin and re-bellion cannot be winked at or ignored. The uni-verse is secure only if God is just. The penalty forsin must be enforced. Imagine the instability of

14 Ellen G. White, Selected Messages (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1958), Book. 1, 107.


any nation whose judicial system ceased to pun-ish transgressors! The apostle Paul declares thatthe death of Christ, who bore the penalty of theworlds sin upon Himself, has shown Gods justicein dealing with the sin problem (Rom. 3:25-26).

Through disobedience Adam fell. The lawof God had been broken. The divine govern-ment had been dishonored, and justice de-manded that the penalty of transgression bepaid.15

Had God pardoned Adams sin without anatonement, sin would have been immortalized,and would have been perpetuated with a bold-ness that would have been without restraint.16

Justice demands that sin be not merelypardoned, but the death penalty must be ex-ecuted. God, in the gift of His only-begottenSon, met both these requirements. By dyingin mans stead, Christ exhausted the penaltyand provided a pardon.17

At the cross justice was satisfied.18

2. In every dying victim was seen Gods judg-ment on sin. The wages of sin is death (Rom.6:23). A holy God cannot take transgression lightly,for sin is a deep-seated rebellion against all that isgood, noble, and true. Sin must be eradicated ifthere is again to be harmony in the universe. Theprinciple of self-seeking or self-centeredness isincompatible with the outgoing principle of self-sacrificing love. Because they cannot exist in har-mony, Gods judgment on sin is separation anddeath.

3. Every dying victim foreshadowed Calvarysgreat Substitute. Christ died for our sins accord-ing to the scriptures (1 Cor. 15:3). All we likesheep have gone astray; we have turned everyone to his own way; and the Lord hath laid on himthe iniquity of us all (Isa. 53:6).

4. Every dying victim foreshadowed the greattruth that it is God, and not man, who provides theatoning sacrifice. The Godhead take their judg-ment on sin upon themselves. God hath set forth[Christ Jesus] to be a propitiation through faith in

his blood (Rom. 3:25). For he [God] hath madehim [Christ] to be sin for us, who knew no sin; thatwe might be made the righteousness of God inhim (2 Cor. 5:2 1).

Christ was treated as we deserve, that wemight be treated as He deserves. He was con-demned for our sins, in which He had no share,that we might be justified by His righteousness,in which we had no share. He suffered thedeath which was ours, that we might receivethe life which was His. With His stripes weare healed.19

5. Every dying victim illustrated the truth thatforgiveness, and the resulting reconciliation withGod, could be received by faith alone. (CompareRom. 4:4-8; Heb. 9:15.) Any spiritually minded Is-raelite knew that it was not possible for the bloodof bulls and goats to take away sins (Heb. 10:4).True forgiveness and acceptance could be hadonly through faith in what the sacrifice symbol-izedthe coming Redeemer.

A corollary to the principle of substitution taughtin every sacrifice is the transference of account-ability. The class of sacrifices commonly desig-nated sin offerings stressed this concept. (SeeLev. 4.) The penitent sinner laid his hand upon thehead of the offering and confessed his wrongs. Insome instances the blood of the sin offering wasplaced on the horns of the golden altar andsprinkled on the inner veil (Lev. 4:6-7, 17-18). Inother instances, the blood was placed on the hornsof the altar in the court, and the priest ate part ofthe flesh (Lev. 6:25-26, 30).

The following rule was established: If the bloodwas sprinkled within the sanctuary, the flesh of thesacrifice was not eaten; if the blood was not thusadministered, then a portion of the sacrificial fleshwas eaten by the priest. The participants under-stood that either rite represented a transferenceof accountability from the penitent sinner to thesanctuary and its priesthood.

On one occasion, when there had been a fail-ure to carry out the prescribed ritual of a certainsin offering, Moses asked the priests, Whereforehave ye not eaten the sin offering in the holy place,

15 Ibid., 308.16 Ellen G. White comments, The SDA Bible Commentary 1 (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1953): 1082.17 White, Selected Messages, Book 1, 340.18 Ibid., 349.19 White, The Desire of Ages, 25.


seeing it is most holy, and God hath given it you tobear the iniquity of the congregation, to makeatonement for them before the Lord? (Lev. 10:17).This indicates that sins confessed on the head ofa sin offering were understood by Moses to betransferred in figure from the penitent to the sacri-fice and in turn to the priesthood. The confessedsins of Israel were specified as being removed fromthe sanctuary on the Day of Atonement, which of-fers further evidence of this principle of transfer-ence (Lev. 16:20-22).

In this ritual parable the sanctuary assumedthe penitents guilt and accountabilityfor the timebeing at leastwhen the penitent offered a sinoffering, confessing his errors. He went away for-given, assured of Gods acceptance. So, in theantitypical experience, when a sinner is drawn inpenitence by the Holy Spirit to accept Christ ashis Saviour and Lord, Christ assumes his sins andaccountability.20 He is freely forgiven. Christ is thebelievers Surety as well as his Substitute.

The student of the Hebrew sanctuary is soonimpressed with the fact that there is a good dealof overlap in the ritual. However, each facet addsanother insight to this remarkable portrayal of theplan of salvation. We mentioned near the begin-ning of this article that the main patriarchal offer-ingthe burnt offeringwas retained as a cen-tral and foundational sacrifice in the sanctuaryservice. It was offered morning and evening onthe great altar, but it was arranged in such a man-ner as to be continuously burning 24 hours a day(Ex. 29:38-42; Lev. 6:9, 12-13).

The continuously burning sacrifice of the dailypublic offering assured the penitent Israelite of theconstant availability of Gods forgiving gracethrough the merits of the coming Redeemer. Re-gardless of timenight or dayhe might in faithlook to this sacrifice offered for him. If he weresick, lived at a distance from Jerusalem, or in aforeign land, his faith could still reach out to thepromise symbolized in the continual burnt offer-ing.

This daily public offering teaches us likewisethat forgiveness and acceptance with God throughthe merits of Christ are always availableonly aprayer away. The divine business of salvation is

never closed at five p.m. or on holidays!As the writer to the Hebrews has pointed out,

the sacrifices of the sanctuary system were re-petitive (Heb. 10:1). They could not in themselvesaccomplish anything. Like a story, this ritual par-able of redemption was told and retold year afteryear. By contrast, the Antitypethe actual aton-ing death of our Lordtook place at Calvary oncefor all time (Heb. 9:26-28; 10:10-14).

On the cross the penalty for human sin wasfully paid. Divine justice was satisfied. From a le-gal perspective, the world was restored to favorwith God (Rom. 5:18). Therefore, in one sensewe can speak of the atonement or reconciliationcompleted on the cross as foreshadowed by thesacrifices. The penitent believer can trust in thisfinished work of our Lord.

Priestly Mediation

In patriarchal worship the symbolism centeredon the sacrifice. In the Israelite sanctuary the em-phasis was extended to the priesthood and itshandling of the sacrificial blood. Why this enlargedemphasis? Why the necessity for a priest if sinwas completely atoned for in the sacrifice? Whatinsight into the plan of salvation did God thus seekto clarify?

In the religion of both patriarch and Israelite,the shedding of blood symbolized a life given, alife laid down in behalf of another. The bloodspoke of expiation and forgiveness. But anotheraspect of the process of reconciliation was accen-tuated in the office of the priest: the need for me-diation between God and man.

The ministry of a priesthood stresses the seri-ousness of sin, the sharp cleavage it has madebetween heaven and humanity, and the uglinessof the estrangement between holy Creator andsinful creature. Just as every sacrifice foreshad-owed Chriss death, so every priest foreshadowedChrists mediatorial ministry as High Priest in theheavenly sanctuary. For there is one God, andone mediator between God and men, the manChrist Jesus (1 Tim. 2:5).

Although the sanctuary was located in themidst of Israel, its arrangement excluded even the

20 Cf. White, Selected Messages, Book. 1, 392.


most spiritual Israelite from a direct approach intoGods presence. A penitent sinner might bring hissacrifice and slay it, but he could receive no for-giveness until the priest mediated in his behalf andsprinkled the blood in the appropriate place be-fore the Lord. He needed the priest to representhim to God and apply the merits of the sacrifice.

This mediatorial ministry of the priestthisapplication of sacrificial bloodwas also viewedby the Israelites as a form of atonement. And thepriest shall take of the blood of the sin offeringwith his finger, and put it upon the horns of thealtar of burnt offering, and . . . the priest shall burn[the fat] upon the altar, . . . and the priest shallmake an atonement for his sin that he hath commit-ted, and it shall be forgiven him (Lev. 4:34-35).

The English term atonement carries the ideaof a reconciliation between two estranged parties.Just as the atoning death of Christ (in a legalsense) reconciled the world to God, just so themediation, or application, of the merits of Hissinless life and substitutionary death make recon-ciliation with God, or atonement, a personal real-ity to the penitent believer.

The writer of Hebrews clearly indicates thatthe Levitical priesthood foreshadowed the priestlyministry of Jesus Christ in the presence of God.The focus is on the living Christ who is set on theright hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heav-ens; a minister of the sanctuary, and of the truetabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man(Heb. 8:1-2).

Furthermore, the sanctuary in heaven is seennot simply as the dwelling place of Deity, but asthe great center of redemptive activity because ofChrists priestly ministry. For he is able also tosave them to the uttermost that come unto Godby him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercessionfor them (Heb. 7:25). We have not an high priestwhich cannot be touched with the feelings of ourinfirmities. . . . Let us therefore come boldly untothe throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy,and find grace to help in time of need (Heb. 4:15-16).

Our Lords priestly ministry in the heavenlysanctuary can be seen more clearly by examining

the Israelite sanctuary parable that prefigured it(compare Heb. 8:4-5). On earth the priests en-gaged in two distinctive divisions of ministryadaily and a yearlyeach characterized by certainspecific rituals. The daily service and ministry re-lated to the holy place, whereas the yearly relatedto the Most Holy Place as well.

Holy Place: The priestly ministry carried on inconnection with this first apartment of the sanctu-ary (earthly or heavenly) may be characterized asa ministry of forgiveness, reconciliation, and res-toration. It was a continuous ministry. Access toGod was always available through the priest. Theodor of continuously burning incense (Ex. 30:8)arose from the golden altar. There was the never-failing light of the golden candlestick (Ex. 27:20),and the bread was always present before the Lordon the golden table (Ex. 25:30). These typical per-sons and articles foreshadowed various facets ofChrists unceasing priestly ministry in the presenceof God for us. We should survey their meaning inbrief:

The earthly priest foreshadowed the truth ofthe penitents immediate and continual access toGod through the priestly ministry of Christ (Eph.2:18; Heb. 4:14-16; 7:25; 9:24; 10:19-22). His workrepresented that of Christ, who applies the meritsof His sinless life and atoning death to those whoseek reconciliation with God (Rom. 8:34). As ourAdvocate, Jesus does not plead our innocence;rather, He pleads the benefits of His atonement (1John 2:1-2).

While probation lasts, divine forgivenessthrough Christ (typified by the ever-burning sacri-fice) is ever availableboth at the beginning ofthe Christian experience and along the way (Acts5:31; 1 John 1:7). The golden altar of incense un-derscored again the continual intercession of Christin behalf of those who are drawn to God (Heb.7:25; 9:24). The seven-branched candlestick orlampstand denotes the continual operation of theHoly Spirit who is mediated to us through Christ(Rev. 4:5; Titus 3:4-6). It is the work of the HolySpirit to bring about conviction, conversion, andtransformation of heart. It is His activity that bringsabout character growth and the restoration of the


image of God within (John 16:8; 3:3-8; Gal. 5:22-23; Col. 3:10). The bread symbolized spiritual food,which is provided through Christs mediatorial workfor the believers growth and maturation (Matt.6:11).

It will be observed that the first apartment min-istry in both the type and Antitype is primarily indi-vidual-centered. Provision is made through Christspriestly ministry for the sinners forgiveness andreconciliation to God (Heb. 7:25). For Christs sakeGod forgives the repentant sinner, imputes to himthe righteous character and obedience of His Son,pardons his sins, and records his name in the bookof life as one of His children (Eph. 4:32; 1 John1:9; 2 Cor. 5:21; Rom. 3:24; Luke 10:20). And asthe believer abides in Christ, spiritual grace ismediated to him by our Lord through the Holy Spiritso that he matures spiritually and develops thevirtues and graces that reflect the divine charac-ter (2 Pet. 3:18, Gal. 5:22-23).

It can easily be seen from this brief survey thatthe daily priestly ministry, in connection with thefirst apartment in both the type and Antitype, re-ally represents the experience of the believer interms of his justification and sanctification. This isthe objective of this facet of Christs priestly minis-try of forgiveness, reconciliation, and restoration.Though He will assume another aspect of minis-try typified by the rituals related to the SecondApartment, He never ceases the kind of ministrydiscussed above until probation closes.

Final Judgment

Most Holy Place: The yearly servicethe sec-ond distinctive division of priestly ministry in thesanctuary parableoccurred only one day eachyear. Known as the Day of Atonement (Lev. 23:27),it was a most solemn time, to be observed withfasting, prayer, and confession (Lev. 23:28-32).

The Day of Atonement ritual is the only one inthe Israelite sanctuary that directly involved theministry of the high priest in the Most Holy Place.It should be noted that this Second Apartmentministry was primarily sanctuary-centered. Andwhen he [the high priest] hath made an end ofreconciling the holy place, [in this chapter holy

place refers to the Second Apartment], and thetabernacle of the congregation [first apartment],and the altar [in the court], he shall bring the livegoat (Lev. 16:20).

The daily ritual involved the cleansing of theindividual; the yearly involved the cleansing of thesanctuary (with the individual being indirectly in-volved). The Day or Atonement ritual looked be-yond Calvary, although it was made possible byCalvary. It looked beyond the salvation of the indi-vidual to the final resolution of the sin problem;that is, it encompassed in its symbolism the finaleradication and banishment of sin and Satan fromthe universe.

The Day of Atonement was the set time forthe removal of the sins that had been figurativelytransferred from penitent sinners to the sanctuarythrough the blood or flesh of the sacrifices offeredthroughout the previous year (Lev. 16:15-22). Thisfinal disposition of sin in the sanctuary parable leftthe sanctuary and camp ritually clean and clearlyforeshadowed the final judgment. This fact is evi-dent because the final judgment, in the plan ofsalvation, eradicates sin, the devil, and all the ef-fects of transgression from the earth and the uni-verse. It may be said, therefore, that the Day ofAtonement ritual foreshadowed the final applica-tion of the merits of Christ to banish the presenceof sin for all eternity and to accomplish the full rec-onciliation of the universe into one harmoniousgovernment under God.

Final judgment completes Gods eternalpurpose: that in the dispensation of the fulnessof times he might gather together in one all thingsin Christ, both which are in heaven, and which areon earth; even in him (Eph. 1:10).

The distinctive feature of the Day of Atone-ment ritual centered on two goatsthe Lords goatand the scapegoat (the word translates the He-brew term, azazel, and was coined to refer to thegoat that escaped into the wilderness).

A special sprinkling of the blood of the Lordsgoat in the two apartments and court of the sanc-tuary led to the priestly act of transferring all thesins to the head of the live goat (scapegoat) whichwas then banished into the wilderness, with both


goat and sin forever removed from the camp (Lev.16:15-22).

As far back as the second century A.D., someChristians held that both the scapegoat and theLords goat in this ritual symbolized Christ (Epistleof Barnabas, 7:6ff.). However, three facts suggesta different identification for the scapegoat:

I. The scapegoat was not slain as a sacri-fice. It could not, therefore, have been used as ameans of bringing forgiveness. For without shed-ding of blood, there is no remission or forgive-ness of sin (Heb. 9:22).

2. The sanctuary was entirely cleansed by theblood of the Lords goat before the scapegoat wasintroduced into the ritual (Lev. 16:20).

3. The passage treats the scapegoat as apersonal being, the opposite of, and opposed to,God. The passage describing the selection ofthese goats by lot reads literally, One lot to/forYahweh and one lot to/for Azazel (Lev. 16:8).Since Yahweh is the name for a personal Being,in this case God, it is reasonable to infer that Azazelalso designates a personal being, the enemy ofGod. Therefore, in the setting of the sanctuary par-able, it is more consistent to see the Lords goatas a symbol of Christ and the scapegoat, that isAzazel, as a symbol of Satan.

Thus, the Day of Atonement ritual of the scape-goat points beyond Calvary, beyond the simple for-giveness of sin through faith in Christ. The signifi-cance of this year-end ritual was its foreshadow-ing of the final resolution of the sin problem andthe banishment of sin and Satan. The doctrinalviews of many Christians do not provide any reso-lution of the sin issue. They believe that their salva-tion is fully accomplished at the cross and that theyescape the human predicament by death, enter-ing heaven at that time by virtue of their savedimmortal souls. The popular idea is that the devilswill stoke the fires of hell and eternally torment thelost. Christ dies but Satan and sin live on!

But in the rituals of the Day of Atonement Sev-enth-day Adventists see portrayed the deliberateand rational movements of the Deity to resolvethe rebellion of sin and, in a just way, punish theoriginator and those who have joined with him. In

the final judgment foreshadowed in this particularritual, the ultimate effects of Calvary will be seen.(Compare Heb. 2:14; 1 John 3:8.)

The throne of God, represented by the sanc-tuary, and those who have placed their trust in Himthrough the merits of Christ, will be cleared. Fullaccountability for sin will be rolled back upon Sa-tan, its originator and instigator. Satan, his follow-ers, and all the effects of sin, will be banished fromthe universe by destruction. Atonement by judg-ment will, therefore, bring about a fully reconciledand harmonious universe (Eph. 1:10). This is theobjective and end result of the second and finalphase of Christs priestly ministry in the heavenlysanctuary. We may, therefore, call Christs sec-ond phase of priestly ministry (represented by theSecond Apartment, the Most Holy Place) a minis-try of judgment and vindication.

The total concept of final judgment is enfoldedwithin the typical Day of Atonement ritual just asan oak is enfolded within an acorn. This can beeasily seen by examining figure 1. The three partsof the typical sequence(1) the removal of sinfrom the sanctuary, (2) the banishment of thescapegoat to the wilderness, and (3) the cleancampare analogous to the three phases of finaljudgment as explained elsewhere in the Scriptures.

The removal of sin from the sanctuary relatesto the great preadvent judgment in heaven priorto Christs return (Dan. 7-9, 12). This investigativephase focuses on the names recorded in the bookof life just as the Day of Atonement focused onthe removal of the confessed sins of the penitentfrom the sanctuary. False believers will be siftedout; the faith of true believers and their union withChrist will be reaffirmed before the loyal universe,and the records of their sins will be blotted out.

The banishment of the scapegoat to the wil-derness is analogous to Satans millennial impris-onment on this ruined earth as a second phase offinal judgment takes place in heaven (Rev. 20:4; 1Cor. 6:1-3). We may term this aspect a reviewphase of final judgment. Such a review will ben-efit the redeemed, giving them an opportunity tounderstand more fully the issues in the great moralcontroversy that has wracked the universe for so


long. It will satisfy all their questions regarding thefairness and mercy of God.

Finally, the clean sanctuary and camp is analo-gous to the results of the executive phase of finaljudgment in which impenitent sinners will also beled to understand the issues, the rightness of God,and the true nature of their rebellion. The executivejudgment phase results in the just punishment andfinal destruction ofthe impenitent and acleansing of the earthby fire (Rev. 20:11-15; Matt. 25:31-46; 2Pet. 3:7-13).

The plan of sal-vation has been laidso carefully, so com-prehensively andfairly that the uni-verse of intelligentbe ingswhethe rloyal and unfallen, re-deemed, or lost willultimately confess inthe final judgmentthat God is right andtrue in all His deal-ings, and that Satanand his accusations and those who have joined inwith his rebellionangel or humanare wrong.For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, everyknee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall con-fess to God (Rom. 14:11).

VI. The Heavenly Sanctuary andProphecy

Through the illuminating insights of Bibleprophecy, particularly the prophecies of Daniel 7-9 and 12, those important saving acts of God reg-istered on the grid of the sanctuary parable comealive with a time dynamic.

The 70 weeks of the prophecy recorded inDaniel 9:24-27 accurately foretold the time for theappearance of the Messiah. Furthermore, thisbasic prophecy focused on two important facets

of His mission: His atoning death and His entranceinto the heavenly sanctuary in priestly ministry.(See figure 2.)

Seventy weeks are determined upon thypeople and upon thy holy city, the angel Gabrielexplained to Daniel, to finish the transgression,and to make an end of sins, and to make recon-ciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righ-

teousness, and toseal up the vision andprophecy, and toanoint the most Holy(Dan. 9:24).

Following historicistprinciples of interpre-tation in which a dayin symbolic prophecyis equated to a yearof literal time (cf.Num. 14:34; Eze.4:6), we arrive at aperiod of 490 yearsallotted to Israel (70weeks x 7 days = 490days or years). Thisperiod of Jewish his-toryboth in prepa-

ration for and in experiencing its climactic eventscould have been the nations finest hour. The timefor the arrival of the long-awaited Messiah wasbeing spelled out.

The angel continued: Know therefore andunderstand, that from the going forth of thecornmandment to restore and to build Jerusalemunto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks,and threescore and two weeks (Dan. 9:25). Count-ing this sequence of 69 weeks, or 483 years, fromthe decree of Artaxerxes I in 457 B.C. (the decreethat gave the fullest possible restoration to theJewish state, according to Ezra 7:11-26) bringsone down to A.D. 27the time of the anointing ofJesus by the Holy Spirit at His baptism and theofficial entrance upon His Messianic mission.(Compare Acts 10:38; John 1:32-34; Isa. 61:1-2;Luke 4:16-21.)


But the prophecy moved on to speak of theMessiahs death. He would be cut off, but not forhimself (Dan. 9:26). He would confirm the cov-enant made with Israel in the last prophetic week,but in the midst of the week he [would] cause thesacrifice and the oblation to cease (vs. 27).

After a short ministry of three and one-halfyears, our Lord was crucified. The great inner veilof the temple was torn in two at the moment of Hisdeath, signifying that the sacrifices of the ancientritual had met their Antitype in the Saviours aton-ing death (Matt. 27:50-51). By His supreme sacri-fice at Calvary, Christ obtained the right to makean end of sins. There He made reconciliation foriniquity and brought in everlasting righteousness(Dan. 9:24).

The 70-week prophecy also pointed to thebeginning of Christs priestly ministry as foretoldin the last phrase of verse 24: to anoint the mostHoly. The Hebrew phrase, so translated, is neverused in the Old Testament to describe a person;rather, it is consistently used in connection withthe sanctuary. Consequently, it would be more inharmony with the Scriptures to translate the phraseto read, to anoint a most holy place as the Re-vised Standard Version renders it.

When the Israelite sanctuary was first erected,it was anointed with holy oil to consecrate it forGods service. Something analogous to this ap-pears to be alluded to here. Since the items listedin verse 24 pertain largely to Christs redemptive

work on earth, it is reasonable to see in this phrasea prophetic reference to the inauguration of theheavenly sanctuary when, at His ascension, Christwas enthroned at the right hand of God as ourHigh Priest and began His intercessory ministry.Indeed, this is the subject of the book of Hebrews(Heb. 8:1-2; cf. Acts 2:33; 5:3 1; Rom. 8:34). Thus,the year of our Saviours death and resurrectionbecomes also the year when He began His highpriestly ministry in the heavenly sanctuary.

But the 70-week prophecy, which focused onthe appearance, death, and inauguration of Christspriestly ministry in heaven, is only the first part ofa longer prophecy. A careful study of Daniel 8 and9 indicates that the angel Gabriel intended his re-marks in chapter 9 to be a clarification of the un-explained time period in chapter 8: Unto two thou-sand and three hundred days; then shall the sanc-tuary be cleansed (Dan. 8:14). Starting from thesame point as the 70 weeks (457 B.C.), this longerspan reaches across many centuries to A.D. 1844.

But what does the cleansing of the sanctuarysignify? The answer is solemnly spelled out in theparallel prophecy of Daniel 7.

Although we have, for brevitys sake, ap-proached the prophecies of Daniel in reverse, it isgenerally conceded that the four main lines ofprophecychapters 2, 7, 8-9, 10-12are paralleland that each succeeding prophecy elaboratesupon the earlier ones. It may be helpful at this point,therefore, to take an overview of these chapters.


Such a survey will answer the question we havejust raised. The reader is invited to study the briefline chart that sketches the lines of prophecy inDaniel 2, 7-9. (See figure 3.)

Daniel 2 and 7. The four beasts of Daniel 7represent the same world empires denoted by thefour metals of the image in Daniel 2: Babylon,Medo-Persia, Grecia, and Rome. Both the ten toesof the image and the ten horns of the fourth beastrepresent the nations of western Europe into whichRome was divided. Two new features are addedin Daniel 7 that are not found in chapter 2. Thefirst is the rise and career of the little horn with theeyes and mouth of a man (representing the pa-pacy). The second is the scene of the preadventjudgment in heaven.

After Daniel was shown human organizationsstruggling to gain political and religious dominionon earth, the scene dramatically shifted to heaven.Daniel saw the heavenly court convene. God theFather, described as the Ancient of days sur-rounded by myriads of holy angels, sat upon a fi-ery throne. The judgment was set, and the bookswere opened (Dan. 7:10). Then the attention ofthe prophet was drawn to one like the Son of manwho (at the close of this judgment) was presentedbefore the eternal Judge to be awarded rightfulauthority over the earth and an eternal kingdom.The one like the Son of man spoken of here isnone other than Jesus Christ.

Daniel 8 and 9. The new features in Daniel 8,not mentioned in either Daniel 2 or 7, are the di-vine announcement of the time when the heav-enly court of judgment would begin its work, andthe attack of the little horn upon the heavenlyPrince, His sanctuary, and His people.

As Daniel viewed the desolating work of thelittle horn depicted in this particular vision, he heardtwo holy beings talking. One asked, How long shallbe the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, andthe transgression of desolation, to give both thesanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?(vs. 13). The second holy personage replied thatit would be 2300 days (or years), and then thesanctuary would be cleansed or restored (vs.14).This reply reveals that God has set some definite

limits to the time that inquity can prevail.It will be immediately noted that the angel

Gabriel in the subsequent verses of the chapterdoes not explain this time element of the 2300days/years to Daniel; neither does he provide astarting point. It is not until the vision of Daniel 9that Gabriel returns and supplies a beginning pointfor the 70-week prophecy that makes up the firstpart of the longer 2300-year span. We have al-ready discussed this aspect of the Daniel 8-9 vi-sions. We now briefly survey the work of the littlehorn as Daniel saw its career in the vision of chap-ter 8.

The reader will note from figure that the littlehorn of the chapter 8 vision represents Rome inboth its pagan and papal phases. However, thefurther elaboration in this vision deals more withthe latter phase. The career of this Christian apos-tasy has directly affected Christs priestly ministryin the heavenly sanctuary by interposing a humanpriesthood along with Mary and the saints and incasting down to the ground various aspects ofGods revealed truth (vss. 11-12).

The fact that the little horn of Daniel 8 repre-sents the papal phase of Rome, which functionsin the Christian Era (as well as its pagan phase,which is not so largely in view in chapter 8), pointsus beyond the temple in Jerusalem (destroyed inA.D. 70) to the heavenly sanctuary of the Chris-tian Era (Heb. 8:1-2).

In Daniel 7 the dominion of the papal horn wasbrought to an end, and the saints were vindicatedand given dominion with Christ as a result of theconvening of the preadvent judgment in heaven.In Daniel 8 the career of the little horn in its papalphase of trampling upon Gods people and down-grading the priestly ministry of Christ in the heav-enly sanctuary is brought to an end by the cleans-ing of the sanctuary, restoring the heavenly au-thority to its right ful state. Since both visions (Dan.7 and 8) cover essentially the same area, we canlogically conclude that the cleansing of the sanc-tuary in chapter 8 is the same event as thepreadvent judgment in chapter 7. (See figure 3.)

These two prophetic visions (Dan. 7, 8) makeit clear that they focus on a phase of final judg-


ment that takes place at the end of the age inheaven prior to the second coming of Christ. Inconnection with this judgment, a decision is ren-dered in favor of Gods true people (cf. Dan. 7:22,RSV). The counterfeit believer has been blottedfrom the book of life (Ex. 32:33), and the genuinebeliever has been reaffirmed, with the records ofhis sins blotted out (Rev. 3:5).

It is at this preadvent judgment that the littlehorn of Daniel 7 and 8 (analogous in part to thescapegoat in the sanctuary parable) is judged anddeposed (chaps. 7:25-26; 8:25, last part). Butthese prophecies have a cosmic dimension.Through all forms of apostasy and rebellion Sa-tan has sought to carry on his warfare against God.A verdict of condemnation upon the little horn isultimately a verdict of condemnation upon Satan,the real power behind the scenes. (Compare Gen.3:14; Rev. 12:9.) Furthermore, it is in connectionwith this heavenly sanctuary judgment that Christreceives His universaldominion and Hiskingdom made up ofthose accounted wor-thy to be in it, everyone that shall befound written in thebook (Dan. 7:13-14,22; 12:1). In the lightof Calvary and thewhole sweep of theplan of salvation,Satans charges willbe shown to be false.Gods character willstand unassailable,His government ap-proved before theloyal universe.

Thus, the prophecies of Daniel 7-9 in conjunc-tion with the sanctuary parable testify to the sol-emn fact that since 1844 the human family hasbeen living in the antitypical day of atonement pre-figured in the earthly sanctuary. Christ is perform-ing the last phase of His priestly ministry in thesanctuary of heaven, interceding for those whose

trust is rooted in him.The years of human probation are slipping

away. No one knows just when the divine voicewill say, It is enough. It is finished. But just now,while mercy lingers, a distinctive message fromheaven calls every nation, and kindred, andtongue, and people to attention: Fear God, andgive glory to him; for the hour of his judgment iscome: and worship him that made heaven, andearth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters(Rev. 14:6-7).

VII. The Sanctuary and Assurance

How does the preadvent judgmentthis atone-ment by judgementdepicted in Daniel 7-9 affectthe believer who is resting in the merits of his Lordand who believes the promise of God: As far asthe east is from the west, so far hath he removedour transgressions from us (Ps. 103:12). Does

he stand in jeopardybecause of a finaljudgment of human-kind by God? Not atall.The believer who is

in genuine union withChrist has nothing tofear from the judg-ment. He has a HighPriest who is his In-tercessor (Rom.8:34); he has a Law-yer to represent him.We have an advo-cate with the Father,Jesus Christ the righ-teous (1 John 2:1).If a genuine believer

in union with Christ has nothing to fear in the judg-ment, why is he brought into court at all? The widerpicture of the universal proportions of the greatmoral controversy helps us to understand thematter. The reason for the judgment is simply this:Salvation by faith requires an investigative judg-ment of all who profess faith in Christ.


There are only two ways that salvation can beachieved apart from human works: Either by faithor decree. Some Christians hold that salvation isobtained by decree of God. If God predestines aperson to be saved, then he cannot resist the gos-pel when it comes to him, neither can he fall awayfrom it after accepting it. Ultimately, there is noneed for a judgment for such a person, since hisdestiny is fixed before his birth. Others, who startthis process a bit later, argue that once a personaccepts Christ as his personal Saviour and Lord,he cannot fall away. Christians with this kind ofmind-set naturally find an investigative phase ofjudgment difficult to grasp and accept. For suchpersons, the concept of final judgment can meannothing more than an awards day.

However, if salvation is truly obtained by faithin the merits of Christ, the evidence for that faithand commitment must be demonstrated to an in-terested universe. Assurance must be given tounfalle

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