levels of organization - science to a...
TRANSCRIPT
HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURE IN ANIMALS
Levels of Organization
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+CELLS ! TISSUE ! SYSTEMS ! ORGANISMS
Least Complex Most Complex
+LEVEL 1!CELLS
■ basic unit of life
■ serve a specific function within the organism ■ Ex: bone cells, blood cells, nerve cells
GERM CELLS Bone CELLS CHEEK CELLS SPERM CELLS
+LEVEL 2!TISSUES
■ Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function
■ Cells work together to perform a specific activity ■ TYPES
Muscle
Connective
Epithelial
Nervous
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+ Type Example Description Function
Epithelial Skin Lining of digestive system
Thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining
internal organs Contain no blood vessels, receive
nutrients via diffusion from other tissues
Protection from dehydration Low-friction
surface Secrete, absorb
Connective Bone Tendons
Blood
Cells and fibres held together by a matrix
Support Insulation
+Type Example Description Function
Muscle Skeletal (voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac
Anchored by tendons to bones
Walls of the esophagus stomach, intestines,
bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels
Found only in the heart
Locomotion, maintain posture
Nervous Brain Nerves in sensory
organs
Long thin cells with branches
Conduct electrical impulses
Sensory Communication within the body Coordination of body functions
+LEVEL 3!ORGANS■ Tissues that work together to perform a specific
activity
■ Most organs work within a single organ system -Stomach is part of the digestive system
■ Some organs work within more than one system
eg. Pancreas is part of the digestive and endocrine system
+LEVEL 4!SYSTEMS■ Groups of two or more organs that work together
to perform a specific function for the organism
+System Organs
DIGESTIVE Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus
CIRCULATORY Heart, blood, and blood vessels
RESPIRATORY Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
NERVOUS Nerves, brain, spinal cord
URINARY Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra
REPRODUCTIVE F - ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus M - testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
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System Organs
INTEGUMENTARY Skin, hair, nails
LYMPHATIC Consists of organs, ducts, nodes transports a watery, clear fluid called lymph Defends against diseases
MUSCULAR All muscles
SKELETAL Bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons
ENDOCRINE Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenals
+LEVEL 5!ORGANISM
■ Entire living things that carry out all basic life processes. ■ Take in materials, release energy from food, release
wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce
■ Usually made up of organ systems but may be made of one cell
■ Examples ■ Bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, ■ sunflower, human
+Homework:
■ Pg 76 # 2-6