lesson 13.2 mining more than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an...
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Lesson 13.2 Mining
More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an ounce of gold.
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What Is Mined?
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Ores: Groups of minerals that are mined so metal or metals can be removed
• Nonmetallic minerals: Minerals, including gemstones, that as a whole have valuable properties
• Fuels: Minerals that can be used to generate energy
Did You Know? About 100 minerals are considered gemstones, including diamond, topaz, and jade.
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Process of Mining and Mineral Use
Lesson 13.2 Mining
From initial exploration to disposal, mining and mineral use involve many steps.
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Mining Methods
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Surface mining
• Strip mining
• Open pit mining
• Mountaintop removal
• Solution mining
• Placer mining
• Undersea mining
• Subsurface mining
Did You Know? Some subsurface mines in South Africa extend 4 km underground.
A strip mining operation in Wyoming
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Strip Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• The practice of mining a seam of mineral, by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock
• Strip mining is only practical when the ore body is relatively near the surface.
• There are two forms of strip mining: area stripping and contour stripping.
• Area Stripping: used on fairly flat terrain to extract deposits over a large area.
• Contour Stripping: used in hilly terrain where the ore deposit usually follows the contour of the land.
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Strip Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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Subsurface Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Digging tunnels or shafts into the Earth to reach ore deposits
• Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts.
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Subsurface Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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Open Pit Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• A method of extracting ore from the Earth by its removal from a large pit
• Different than strip mining because it goes down deeper into the Earth,
Ore
Ore
Open Pit
Strip Mining
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Open Pit Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Lavender Mine, Bisbee AZ
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Mountaintop Removal
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Involves the mining of the top of a mountain.
• Entire ore bodies are extracted from a mountain, hill, or ridge by removing the land above the seams, usually through explosives.
• The land is dumped back on the ridge and compacted to reflect the original shape of the mountain
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Mountaintop Removal
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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Solution mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Used to recover minerals such as copper and uranium through boreholes drilled into a deposit
• The process initially involves drilling of holes into the ore deposit. Explosives are then used to create open pathways in the deposit for solution to penetrate.
• A solution is pumped into the deposit where it makes contact with the ore.
• The solution bearing the dissolved ore content is then pumped to the surface and processed.
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Solution mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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Placer Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• This type of mining takes valuable minerals from the sediments put down by rivers
• Rivers erode the land, taking out valuable minerals while they do so
• Sediment rich water is then placed through a filtration system, where the valuable minerals are kept and the rest put back into the river
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Placer Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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Undersea Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Large machines suck or scoop up large amounts of sand and gravel from the sea floor
• The gravel and sand is then processed to extract valuable minerals
• More concentrated mineral deposits can be found and gathered from hydrothermal vents
• It is not very cost effective, and thus has been largely unsuccessful
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Undersea Mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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Processing Ore
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain. This occurs in three stages
• Breakdown of the ore
• Separation from the ore
• Metal production
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Breakdown of Ore
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Ore is crushed and ground into tiny pieces
• Particles must be small enough to properly separate the different minerals from each other
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Separation of Ore
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Crushed ore is separated into metals and tailings
• Tailings: the waste product and unwanted particles
• Several methods of ore separation. The most common is froth flotation
• In this method, chemicals are added to the ground up ore to make the desired minerals float on top of water
• Once they float, they can be easily separated
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Metal Production
Lesson 13.2 Mining
• Once the ore has been separated, metals can be produced by smelting
• In smelting, crushed ore is put into a furnace and heated to its melting point
• Once it is melted, the impurities separate from the ore, giving the pure quantities of the metal desired
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Processing Ore
Lesson 13.2 Mining
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