• Led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, & Led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, & othersothers

• Movement to protest abuses within Movement to protest abuses within Catholic Church Catholic Church

• Movement destroyed religious unity in Movement destroyed religious unity in Europe & established many Protestant Europe & established many Protestant denominationsdenominations

• Catholic Church tried to stop spread of Catholic Church tried to stop spread of Protestant ideas by reforming itselfProtestant ideas by reforming itself

• Martin LutherMartin Luther– Believed salvation was earned by faith not Believed salvation was earned by faith not

works (prayers, sacraments, or fasting)works (prayers, sacraments, or fasting)– Issued call for reform because of sale Issued call for reform because of sale

of indulgences of indulgences• 1517- Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild St. 1517- Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild St.

Peter Peter’’s Cathedral; sold office to s Cathedral; sold office to Archbishop of Mainz & Archbishop of Mainz & permitted Johann Tetzel to sell permitted Johann Tetzel to sell indulgencesindulgences

• 10/31/1517- Luther posts 95 Theses10/31/1517- Luther posts 95 Theses

• Martin LutherMartin Luther– Wrote a series of books to explain his beliefs:Wrote a series of books to explain his beliefs:

• Salvation through faith aloneSalvation through faith alone• Religious authority comes from Bible only, not Religious authority comes from Bible only, not

popepope• Church is entire community of Christian believersChurch is entire community of Christian believers• All work is sacred; people should serve God in All work is sacred; people should serve God in

their own waytheir own way• Baptism, communion, & penance are only Baptism, communion, & penance are only

legitimate sacramentslegitimate sacraments– Luther supported consubstantiationLuther supported consubstantiation– Catholic Church supported transubstantiationCatholic Church supported transubstantiation

• Secular rulers were supreme authority in all cases Secular rulers were supreme authority in all cases except religious matters except religious matters

• Martin LutherMartin Luther– 1520- Pope Leo X orders Luther to recant or 1520- Pope Leo X orders Luther to recant or

be excommunicatedbe excommunicated– 1521- Luther ordered to appear at Diet of 1521- Luther ordered to appear at Diet of

Worms, refused to recant & is declared an Worms, refused to recant & is declared an outlaw w/ Edict of Wormsoutlaw w/ Edict of Worms• Luther goes into hiding; translates Bible into Luther goes into hiding; translates Bible into

GermanGerman

• Martin LutherMartin Luther– Supported by princes & peasantsSupported by princes & peasants

• Princes agreed with Luther or saw opportunity to Princes agreed with Luther or saw opportunity to increase their powerincrease their power

• Peasants thought LutherPeasants thought Luther’’s protest was a call for s protest was a call for freedom; 1524- German Peasant Revolt begins; freedom; 1524- German Peasant Revolt begins; Luther urges princes Luther urges princes to stop revolt (100K to stop revolt (100K killed); peasants rejected killed); peasants rejected Luther Luther’’s leaderships leadership

• John CalvinJohn Calvin– Influenced by Luther; Bible was final authority Influenced by Luther; Bible was final authority

& salvation by faith & salvation by faith – Wrote Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Institutes of the Christian Religion

(1536); explains his views(1536); explains his views• Predestination- only God knows who Predestination- only God knows who

will be saved; will be saved; ““electelect”” identified by identified by good moral life good moral life

• Theocracy- unity of church & stateTheocracy- unity of church & state– Implemented in Geneva, SwitzerlandImplemented in Geneva, Switzerland

• John CalvinJohn Calvin– Calvinism appealing because of simplicity & Calvinism appealing because of simplicity &

strict moral codestrict moral code– Ideas spread under different namesIdeas spread under different names

• Scotland- John Knox & PresbyterianismScotland- John Knox & Presbyterianism• England- PuritansEngland- Puritans• France- HuguenotsFrance- Huguenots

• Occurred for political reasons, not Occurred for political reasons, not religious onesreligious ones– Henry VIII needed a male heirHenry VIII needed a male heir

• 1536- Parliament passes Act of 1536- Parliament passes Act of SupremacySupremacy– King is head of Church of England, not pope; King is head of Church of England, not pope;

did not change Church doctrinedid not change Church doctrine– Church land was seized & given to nobles Church land was seized & given to nobles

who supported Henry VIIIwho supported Henry VIII

• Reform movement in Catholic Church to Reform movement in Catholic Church to combat Protestantismcombat Protestantism

• Began under Pope Paul IIIBegan under Pope Paul III– Published Published Index of Forbidden Index of Forbidden

Books Books– Revived Inquisition (religious Revived Inquisition (religious

court to try & torture heretics) court to try & torture heretics)

• Centerpiece of Catholic Reform was Centerpiece of Catholic Reform was Council of TrentCouncil of Trent– Salvation earned through faith & good worksSalvation earned through faith & good works– Bible, Church tradition, & Church law were Bible, Church tradition, & Church law were

equal authoritiesequal authorities– Reaffirmed sacraments, celibacy, & monastic Reaffirmed sacraments, celibacy, & monastic

lifelife– Condemned abuses w/in Condemned abuses w/in

Church (sale of indulgences Church (sale of indulgences illegal) illegal)

– Greater education for clergy Greater education for clergy – Helped establish power & Helped establish power &

influence of papacy influence of papacy

• JesuitsJesuits– Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1534)Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1534)– Spiritual soldiers of Catholic Reformation Spiritual soldiers of Catholic Reformation – Played important role in upholding Played important role in upholding

Catholic faith Catholic faith• Advisors to kingsAdvisors to kings• Educated youth in schools & universitiesEducated youth in schools & universities• Carried Christian message to New WorldCarried Christian message to New World• Used Inquisition to assure dominance Used Inquisition to assure dominance

of Catholicism of Catholicism

• Effects of Protestant ReformationEffects of Protestant Reformation– Destroyed religious unity in EuropeDestroyed religious unity in Europe– Civil authority gained authority over church Civil authority gained authority over church

authorityauthority– Growth of education & capitalismGrowth of education & capitalism– Religious warsReligious wars

• Germany- ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555); Germany- ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555); princes established religion of territoriesprinces established religion of territories

• France- Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes (limited France- Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes (limited religious toleration for Huguenots)religious toleration for Huguenots)

• Thirty Years War (1618-1648); ended with Treaty of Thirty Years War (1618-1648); ended with Treaty of WestphaliaWestphalia

– Renewed Peace of Augsburg & recognized CalvinismRenewed Peace of Augsburg & recognized Calvinism– Destroyed Germany; weakened Holy Roman EmpireDestroyed Germany; weakened Holy Roman Empire– Establishes principle of balance of power politicsEstablishes principle of balance of power politics