Susan Pojer / Pamela K. Montague

Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation• Produces Puritanism

• Martin Luther – Bible alone is source of God’s word

• John Calvin / Calvinism– Dominant theology in ALL colonies– Humans weak & wicked due to original sin– Predestination on eternal salvation– Good works CANNOT save the damned, but…

• Have to look for signs of conversion- VISIBLE SAINTS

• Anglicans didn’t advocate ARMINIANISM – it’s heresy- but suggested good works might get God to change mind

• Fear of James I– Married to a Catholic– No advances under him for Protestantism

except King James version of Bible

Pilgrims?Pilgrims?

vs. vs.

Puritans?Puritans?

What’s the What’s the difference?difference?What’s the What’s the difference?difference?

The PilgrimsThe Pilgrims

• Separatists who thought only“visible saints” should get church membership

• 1608 migrated to Holland (Netherlands) but…

• Form joint-stock companyjoint-stock company & migrate to America in 1620– 100 people/35 are Pilgrims - on

Mayflower; 66 days– Headed to Northern Virginia

• Landed north of their destination at Cape Cod Bay and stayed

Video

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620• WHY did the Pilgrims draw it up?– Entered into because

Pilgrims were outside control of Virginia Co.

• Early example that society should be based on rules set by its own members

• TOWN MEETINGS

• Majority rule• Select Governor

William BradfordWilliam Bradford

““Of Plymouth Of Plymouth Plantation”Plantation”

•1st 30 years of colony•Will merge with MA Bay colony (Puritans) in 1691 – becomes MA

Elected 30 times!

TisquantumTisquantuma/k/aa/k/a

SQUANTOSQUANTO

• Knew English; had traveled to England but tried to return (with John Smith) in 1614

• Kidnapped by another Englishman attempting to sell him into slavery in Spain; rescued by monks

• Finally made his way back to England & then America in 1619

• Helped Pilgrims survive after 1st hard winter (where over half died) by teaching them to cultivate maize

THE FIRST THE FIRST THANKSGIVINGTHANKSGIVING

OctoberOctober, 1621, 1621

National Holiday by National Holiday by 19421942

Presidential Turkey Pardons

Puritan MigrationPuritan

Migration

Great Migration, 1620-1650

Great Migration, 1620-1650

• 1629 Charles I dismissed Parliament & allowed persecution of Puritans

• Approx. 70,000 Puritans left England during the Great MigrationGreat Migration– 1620=1650– Most went to West Indies– Small group settles in

Salem, MA in 1629– Boston founded, 1630– 10,000 in MA by 1640

Massachusetts Bay Colony• Royal charter from MA Bay

Company• Approximately 1,000 to MA in

1630 - Boston• Come in family unitsfamily units• Create elected legislature –

General Court General Court – how is how is membership limited?membership limited?– Limited to male church members

who are “visible saints” – What do they see as the

purpose of government?• enforcing God’s law

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

“We shall be as a city on a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. . .”

“We shall be as a city on a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. . .”

Governor of Massachuse

tts

Governor of Massachuse

tts

• Social experiment to create a utopia.– To be a beacon to humanity; believed

they have covenant to build a holy society that would be a model for all mankind

• Puritans later known as the Congregational Church.Congregational Church.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

Roger Williams

“Liberty of Conscience”

Roger Williams

“Liberty of Conscience”

Anne Hutchinson

“Antinomianism”

Anne Hutchinson

“Antinomianism”Why does he become unpopular with his congregation? With landowners?Where does he go?

What is antinomianism?What ultimately happens to her?

Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

• RHODE ISLAND “SEWER”– Individualistic / Independent– Complete freedom of religion – Catholics & Jews– No oaths, no church attendance, no taxes– Universal manhood suffrage (later, require

property)

• CONNECTICUT– Founder is Rev. Thomas Hooker– 1st written Constitution – Fundamental Orders…– Many Boston Puritans

• NEW HAMPSHIRE/MAINE– Settled for fishing, trading– Maine gets absorbed by MA Bay Colony– NH becomes royal colony by 1679

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637The more English that arrive & push inland,

the less peace there is with the Indians.

First war between natives & Europeans in British North America.

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

By who?

How?

By who?

How?

First “war” between Indians and Europeans in English North America

King Phillip’s WarKing Phillip’s War1675-16761675-1676

His defeat in His defeat in 1676 is a lasting 1676 is a lasting defeat for New defeat for New England’s England’s IndiansIndians

MetacomMetacomWhat happened to him?What happened to him?

Metacom(King Phillip) forms Indian alliance and launches vicious attacks on the colonies - 52 Puritan towns attacked & 12 entirely destroyed.

NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION

• Formed by Americans, 1643– MA Bay & Connecticut

(“Puritan Club”)• For defense….against

– Indians– French, Dutch

• 1st milestone toward colonial unity!

• Broken up by Charles II– Took charter away from MA

Bay colony

D0MINION OF NEW D0MINION OF NEW ENGLANDENGLAND

• Imposed by London

• Joined NE + NY & NJ together• Sir Edmund Andros – openly

pro-Anglican• For control – enforce the Navigation

Laws– Smuggling becomes reputable in colonies

• Andros taxed w/o consent; no town meetings

• Glorious Revolution (William & Mary, 1688) brings end

• MA loses charter – royal colony– ALL male property owners now have suffrage,

not just church members

• SALUTARY NEGLECT sets in!

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Puritan Work Ethic!Puritan Work Ethic!

Diversified economyDiversified economy

Low mortality Low mortality average life average life expectancy was 70 years of age.expectancy was 70 years of age.

Emigrated in family unitsEmigrated in family units

Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage:

Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old

Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

Population Comparisons:Population Comparisons:New England v. the New England v. the

ChesapeakeChesapeake

Population Comparisons:Population Comparisons:New England v. the New England v. the

ChesapeakeChesapeake

Why is lifeexpectancyso high inNew England?

Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-1656

Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-1656

Tightly knit, town-based communities : Town meetings!Town meetings!

Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

PatriarchyPatriarchyAuthoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Women can’t inherit land – limited to domestic sphere; children to be seen, but not heard & emulate adults.

“Blue Laws” enforced.(things not allowed–usually on Sun.)

Extremely important – Extremely important – WHY?WHY?

1647 1647 MA School LawMA School Law

Towns of over 50 Towns of over 50 were required to were required to provide public provide public educationeducation

1636, Harvard College 1636, Harvard College establishedestablished

Its purpose?Its purpose?

EDUCATION

Disruptions in Disruptions in New England SocietyNew England Society

• Declining religious zeal– Thriving economy– Population dispersing away from town

to outlying farms….outside control of church

• Led to Halfway Covenant, 1662– Partial church membership, but no vote– Children can be baptized– No communion

• Salem Witchcraft Trials– 1692 - - Causes?– How did they end?– Cotton Mather?

New England Colonies, 1650

New England Colonies, 1650