lecture19
TRANSCRIPT
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Design and Implementation of VLSI Systems(EN01600)
Lecture 19: Combinational Circuit Design (1/3)
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Circuit Families
1.Static CMOS2.Ratioed Circuits3.Cascode Voltage Switch Logic4.Dynamic Circuits5.Pass-transistor Circuits
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
1. Static CMOS
• Start with network of AND / OR gates• Convert to NAND / NOR + inverters• Push bubbles around to simplify logic
– Remember DeMorgan’s Law
Y Y
Y
D
Y
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Compound gates
• Logical Effort of compound gates
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Input ordering delay effect
– Calculate parasitic delay for Y falling• If A arrives latest? 2• If B arrives latest? 2.33
6C
2C2
2
22
B
Ax
Y
If input arrival time is known–Connect latest input to inner terminal
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Asymmetric gates
• Asymmetric gates favor one input over another• Ex: suppose input A of a NAND gate is most critical
– Use smaller transistor on A (less capacitance)– Boost size of noncritical input– So total resistance is same
• gA = 10/9
• gB = 2
• gavg = (gA + gB)/2 = 14/9
• Asymmetric gate approaches g = 1 on critical input• But total logical effort goes up
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Symmetric gates
• Inputs can be made perfectly symmetric
A
B
Y2
1
1
2
1
1
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Skewed gates
• Skewed gates favor one transition over another• Ex: suppose rising output of inverter is most critical
– Downsize noncritical nMOS transistor
• Calculate logical effort by comparing to unskewed inverter with same effective resistance on that edge.– gu = 2.5 / 3 = 5/6– gd = 2.5 / 1.5 = 5/3
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Hi- and Lo-Skew
• Definition: Logical effort of a skewed gate for a particular transition is the ratio of the input capacitance of the skewed gate to the input capacitance of an unskewed inverter with equal drive for the same transition.
• Skewed gates reduce size of noncritical transistors– HI-skew gates favor rising output (small nMOS)– LO-skew gates favor falling output (small pMOS)
• Logical effort is smaller for favored direction• But larger for the other direction
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Catalog of skewed gates
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
What is the P/N ratio that gives the least delay?
• We have selected P/N ratio for unit rise and fall resistance ( = 2-3 for an inverter).
• Alternative: choose ratio for least average delay
• By sacrificing rise delay, pMOS transistors can be downsized to reduced input capacitance, average delay, and total area
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S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Beware of PMOS
• pMOS is the enemy!– High input and diffusion capacitance for a given current
• Can we take the pMOS capacitance off the input?– Various circuit families try to do this…
B
A
11
4
4
Y