lecture1- general parasitology

LECTURE NOTES ONLECTURE NOTES ON

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY

(An introduction)

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY

(An introduction)

Parasite isAN ORGANISM LIVING : PERMANENTLY/TEMPORARILY ON OR INSIDE THE BODY HOSTWITH THE INTENTION OF : ACQUIRING PART OR ALL OF ITS

FOOD NEED GETTING A PROTECTION FROM

ITS HOST

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

PARASITE, HOST AND PARASITISMPARASITE, HOST AND PARASITISM

PARASITE :

ORGANISM WHICH ACQUIRE ITS FOOD AND PROTECTION FROM ANOTHER ORGANISM

HOST (HOSPICE):

ORGANISM HARBORING A PARASITE PARASITISM IS :

CROSS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PARASITE AND ITS HOST

PARASITE :

ORGANISM WHICH ACQUIRE ITS FOOD AND PROTECTION FROM ANOTHER ORGANISM

HOST (HOSPICE):

ORGANISM HARBORING A PARASITE PARASITISM IS :

CROSS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PARASITE AND ITS HOST

PARASITE TERMINOLOGY

PARASITE GROUPING : Obligatory ( Permanent, absolute) – cannot live

free in nature Opportunistic (Facultative) – free living but

can become parasite if there is an opportunity Spurious – by chance, very rare Endoparasite Ectoparasite


OBLIGATORY PARASITES• Organisms that cannot exist without a host.

. Organisms that take up a permanent residence in, and are completely dependent upon the host


FACULTATIVE PARASITE (opportunistic parasite)

• Organism that under favorable circumstances may live either a parasitic or free living existence .

• Parasites are capable of leading both a free and a parasitic existence

For example :- Free living amoeba (Naegleria and Acanthamoeba )


COPROZOIC ( SPURIOUS PARASITE )

Is a foreign species that has passed through the alimentary tract without infecting the host (copro : faeces; Greek)


ECTO PARASITE

- Lives on the outside (infestation)

- That are attached to the skin or that

temporarily invade the superficial

tissues of the host’s body.ENDOPARASITE

- Lives within the body of the host

( infection )

HOST Definitive Host Intermediate Host Paratenic Host Vector/Transmitter

HOST

DEFINITIVE HOST Harbors the adult or sexual stage of the

parasite The host in which the parasite reaches

sexual maturity and where the adult form of the parasite usually resides, or in which sexual stages of reproduction occur.

HOST

INTERMEDIATE HOST host where the immature form or larva form usually resides or where asexual reproduction occur

HOST

PARATENIC HOST host that harbors the parasite in an arrested state of development,however,the parasite is capable of continuing its cycle in a subsequent suitable hostVECTOR Hosts that transmit parasites to man if essential in the life cycle are biologic vectors, and if not essential are mechanical vectors

ARTHROPODA

HELMINTHS

PROTOZOA

METAZOA

ZOOPARASIT

FUNGUS

BAKTERI

PHYTOPARASIT

SPIROCHAETA DANVIRUS

PARASIT

(PARASITOLOGY)

– MYCOLOGY

– BACTERIOLOGY

– VIROLOGY

PARASITOLOGY, PARASITOLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGYBACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

ZOOPARASITE : PROTOZOA Unicellular with eucaryocytic cellular

structures Include intestinal parasites and blood and

tissue parasites All are small,invisible without a microscope All have the life cycles outside the human

host, and most can multiply in humans Infection is by ingestion, inhalation or

insect bite All have a fragile trophozoite stage and

most have a resistant cyst form

ZOOPARASITE : METAZOA

Multicellular parasite, with eucaryote cellular structures

Include Nematodes (round worms), Trematodes (flukes), cestodes (tapeworm) and Arthropods

All are large ,visible without a microscope All have life cycles outside the human host and

most cannot multiply in humans Infection is by ingestion,skin penetration or by

insect bite Eosinophilia is found in almost all helminth

infection

NUMBER OF HOST

One (Monoxenous): Enterobius vermicularis

More than one (Heteroxenous): Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma japonicum, Trichinella spiralis

One (Monoxenous): Enterobius vermicularis

More than one (Heteroxenous): Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma japonicum, Trichinella spiralis

METHOD OF PARASITE ENTRY (PORT D’ENTRÉE)

Oral route Skin penetration Insect bite Nasal Inhalation Transplacental

(Congenital)

Oral route Skin penetration Insect bite Nasal Inhalation Transplacental

(Congenital)

Transmammary Sexual Blood Transfusion Tissue Transplantation

Transmammary Sexual Blood Transfusion Tissue Transplantation

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

Source of infection (reservoir) Site/method of entry of parasite into the

host Physical changes of parasite occurring

inside the host

Source of infection (reservoir) Site/method of entry of parasite into the

host Physical changes of parasite occurring

inside the host

To study the parasite life cycle, there is need to know :

The knowledge on life cycle is needed in relation to :

Treatment Prevention Control/eradication

Treatment Prevention Control/eradication

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

Reproduction may occur two ways : Sexual

Asexual

In term of sexual organ, parasite may be : Hermaphrodite, or

Sexually separate (male and female)

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Epidemiology depends on : Source of infection Environmental condition Availability of vector transmitter (for infection

requiring a vector) Population condition (crowding, cultural habit,

level of education)

Epidemiology depends on : Source of infection Environmental condition Availability of vector transmitter (for infection

requiring a vector) Population condition (crowding, cultural habit,

level of education)


Geographical distribution of parasite : Cosmopolitan Regional Local

Geographical distribution of parasite : Cosmopolitan Regional Local

10 most important parasite of the world : Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm Plasmodium sp. (malaria) Trichuris trichiura Amoeba Filaria Schistosoma sp. Giardia lamblia Trypanosoma sp. Leishmania sp



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

CHARACTERISTIC OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITE

PARASITES HAVE GREAT ABILITY TO ADAPT

Parasite cause no tissue damageCause no clinical symptoms

host

parasiteparasite

host

Malnutrition Decrease in immunities

CHARACTERISTIC OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITE

• PATHOGEN

PARASITEPARASITE

Case Examples (of common parasites of man)

1. Filariasis/Elephantiasis2. Amoebiasis/A. dysenteria

3. Ascariasis

Primary cause of Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi Brugia timori

Filariasis

Life Cycle of B. malayi

Case of Amebic dysenteria

Etiological cause: Entamoeba histolytica

Amebiasis

Cyst forms

Trophozoite forms

Detailed parts of ProtozoaDetailed parts of Protozoa

E k to p la sm a

E n d o p la s m a

K a rio s o m

In ti

Va k u o la

NUCLEUS

Karyosome Chromatine granule

NuclearMembrane

Nucleoplasm

Etiological cause: Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascariasis

TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Name of parasite should be written in Greek or Latin words

Using Binomial Nomenclature Following the International Code

of Zoological Nomenclature Example : Ascaris lumbricoides

Name of parasite should be written in Greek or Latin words

Using Binomial Nomenclature Following the International Code

of Zoological Nomenclature Example : Ascaris lumbricoides



Once again!

Thank you

Terimakasih

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lecture1- general parasitology

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