applied parasitology

8/19/2019 Applied parasitology

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Applied Protozoology

and Parasitologyselected pages

Pisa 2014

overview

“The study of parasitic phenomena have not only

of practical, but of the greatest theoretical interest” W.M. Schimkevich 1!"!


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(Leishmania tropica)


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#he vectors are Glossina spp. $lies


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%idden parasitological world

Fasciola hepatica

Leishmania sp.

Trypanosoma sp.

Giardia lamblia

Trichomonas sp.

Plasmodium sp.

Ascaris lumbricoides


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A &eneral m'ltit'de o$ parasite systems

ectoparasits

hyperparasites

Endoparasites

External environment A

B

Host organism B

B

C

Localization inside of the host C

Free living stages of parasites D

D

D


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(. )e'ckart *1!+", made the $irst attempt to de$ine animal parasites

and to en'merate the properties which disting'ish them $rom $ree-

living organisms. Parasite / he stated / n the wide and tr'e senseo$ this term are all those creat'res which $ind their no'rishment and

haitat on other living organismsto the parasites elong not only

intestinal worms and $orms related to them 't also creat'res related

to some $ree-living animals $rom which they di$$er only in their mode

o$ $eedingany organism $eeding at the e3pense o$ another living

organism witho't killing it as a predator wo'ld is a parasite.

)e'ckart5s words s'ggest that parasitism is as it were a type o$

predation determinated mainly y the comparative sizes o$ the

predator and its prey. #he li$e on or within the ody o$ another

animal is $or )e'ckart a secondary $eat're y no means oligatory

on all parasites. )ater on M. 6a'llery *1"22, de$ines parasitism asthe normal and oligatory condition o$ li$e $or an organism which

$eeds on another organism the host witho't destroying it as

predators do their prey


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A.


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Since the mode o$ $eeding did not s'$$ice to de$ine the parasite

some a'thors attempted to clari$y the concept y adding another

disting'ishing $eat're / the harm$'l e$$ect o$ the parasite on the host*Minchin 1"127 8oell 1"1"7 9holodkovsky 1"217 Skryain 1"2:,.

#hey considered parasitims to e a type o$ iological relationship

etween two organism in which one o$ them *the parasite, lives

temporarily or permanently on the ody or within the organs and

tiss'es o$ the other *the host, $eeding at its e3pense and o$$eringno ene$it in ret'rn. #his de$inition takes into acco'nt the spatial

*'t not ecological, relationship the mode o$ $eeding and the

'nilateral character o$ the gain which is otained y one memer

o$ the association at the e3pense o$ the other. ;arying physiological

conditions mean that a parasite can have considerale pathogenic

e$$ects in some circ'mstances while appearing completely harmless

in other. #he pathogenicity o$ the parasite there$ore is not

determinate y its own properties alone 't y their relationship

with those o$ ody o$ the host.


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Parasites are those animals which 'se other living animalsas their environment and so'rce o$ $ood at the same time

shi$ted to their hosts partly or completely the task

o$ reg'lation their relationships with the e3ternal

environment. n the main there$ore parasitism is anecological concept. 6onse


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he three ma!or gro"ps of organisms no# recognized as falling #ithin

the scope of parasitology are protozoa$ helminths$ and arthropods%

hey vary greatly in many &iological characteristics% 'rotozoa are

"nicell"lar organisms that are microscopic in size and that share #ith

other micro(organisms s"ch as &acteria and vir"ses the capa&ility ofdividing and m"ltiplying #ithin their mammalian or other) host% *n

contrast$ #orms are multicellular + all ad"lts can &e seen &y the na,ed

eye and may reach h"ge dimensions - for example$ some

tape#orms may reach ./m in length% F"rthermore$ #orms generally

cannot m"ltiply #ithin the mammalian host$ re(expos"re m"st occ"r%he third gro"p of zooparasites$ the arthropods$ represent a

heterogeneo"s collection of vectors of disease or they themselves

may parasitize mammalian hosts ca"sing varying degrees of

discomfort or disease% 0ecently the term microparasites has &een

introd"ced to incl"de vir"ses$ &acteria$ and protozoa% hey are smallin size$ have high rates of direct reprod"ction #ithin the host$ and

res"lt typically in a short d"ration of infection% 1acroparasites$ on the

other hand$ incl"de #orms and arthropods$ are larger$ have m"ch

longer generation time as m"ltiplication in the host "s"ally does not

occ"r$ and prod"ce infections that tend to &e prolonged%


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&ro'p o$ organisms ?'mer o$

species

Presence o$

parasites

@@


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@


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B / mat're trophozoites

$orm which enter

the intestinal wall andthen to organs *liver,

precyst

in'clear cyst

metacyst


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)i$e cycles o$ Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and rhodesiense

ca'ses o$ sleeping sickness

8isease in West and =ast A$rica

ransformation into

epimastigote forms have

active mitochondrion 2(3)

1etacyclic trypo(

masigote stage forms

in the salivary glands$

*nfectio"s for man 4)

rypomastigote

diploid form

5) has no

cytochromes


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.%.) amastigotes

after 56h and

transformation into

slender &lood forms#ith s"rface coat .(7)

8t"mpy stages

#hich can

develop in tsetse fly

9)

8tages .%.(7 have no

:re&s cycle and

cytochromes


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Chelicerata 1andi&"lata


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Triatoma sordida

Rhodnius prolius

Panstrongylus megistus

!tomoys sp.

8i$$erent vectors $rom 8ipthera and %emipthera


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;ampire at> "esmodus rotundus

%orse$ly; Tabanus sp%

%orse$ly> Tabanus magnum

(at $lea#rypanosoma5s vectors

8i$$erent ;ectors


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#rigin of parasites'arasites originated from their free(living ancestors+ they evolved along

#ith their hosts% Conse


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se3'al part

ase3'al part

in$ectio's stage

in$ectio's stage


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Parasitology is the st'dy o$ parasites their hosts and the

relationships etween them. As a iological discipline the

scope o$ P. is not determined y organism orenvironment 't y their way o$ li$e. t means it $orms a

synthesis o$ other disciplines and draws on techni


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$ost%parasite relationship=ntry o$ a speci$ic parasite into a speci$ic host is called

in$ection. he o"tcome of s"ch a process determines the s"rvival

of the parasite and occ"rrence of "nto#ard effects$ s"ch as

disease% Parasites invade their hosts thro'gh skin or m'co'smemranes or y ingestion or they may e transmitted

thro'gh the placenta $rom the mother d'ring irth or y lood

trans$'sion *also via vectors,. =n entry into the host$ parasites

may die or &e ,illed$ or may go thro"gh the host "nchanged+ in &oth

cases no ma!or pathological conse


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#he host in t'rn attempts to reCect the $oreign invader 'sing

a m'ltiplicity o$ imm'nological and non-imm'nological

mechanism. A &y(prod"ct of some of these host responses is a

chain of imm"nopathological reactions that "ltimately res"lts inillness%

he host>parasite relationship is a dynamic process+ the host

"ses several nat"ral innate) and ac


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Medical parasitologyDne o$ the largest $ields in parasitology medical

parasitology is the s'Cect which deals with the parasitesthat in$ect man the diseases ca'sed y them clinical

pict're and the response generated y man against them.

t5s also concerned with the vario's methods o$ their

diagnosis treatment and $inally their prevention and

control. A parasite is an organism that live on or withinanother organism called the host. #here incl'de organisms

s'ch as>

Plasmodium spp. the protozoan parasite which ca'ses

malaria. #he $o'r species o$ malarias parasites in$ective toh'mans. Leishmania donovani the kinetoplastid protozoan

which ca'ses leishmaniasis. M'lticell'lar organismss'ch as !chistosoma spp. Fasciolla spp. Taenia spp. which

ca'ses helminthosis or ?ematoda - $illariosis.


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(ing $orms o$ P& malaria and P& falciparum

sporozoit o$ P&falciparum


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)i$e cycle o$ 'chinococcus granulosis

and '& multilocularis

Ad'lt worms lives in the small intestine

=ggs containing in$ectio's oncosphaera released in the $eces o$ the host7

eggs ingested y intermediate host

or man where oncosph. migrate via

lood to many organs. 6ysts $ormed

mostly in the liver and l'ngE n cyst5s

caps'les protoscolices are $ormed. #he last one can in$ect the $inal host.


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%'man $ilarial worm uchereria bancrofti *4-10 cm,

and sickness prod'ced y it / $ilariasis *elephant disease,.

Flockade o$ lymph stream.


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;eterinary and ichthyo- parasitology#he st'dy o$ parasites that ca'se economical losses in

agric'lt're or a


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Directions of studies: Protozoology Parasitology Cytology


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Directions of studies: Protozoology, Parasitology, Cytology,

Embryology


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Microscopes made in taly at the end o$ HH-eginning o$ HH cent'ries


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@"m&er of


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Phylogeny

o$ ='karyota

species


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*S'perclass,

*class,


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applied parasitology

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