lecture 6 the digital photograph_from construction to velocity
TRANSCRIPT
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THE DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPH:FROM CONSTRUCTION TO VELOCITY
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Two areas for today
What is a digital photograph?
What is new media?
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Two issues:
1. A tipping point more images seen on-screen than as prints. (An
anxiety: what is the proper production-reception-location of aphotograph: a disciplinary concern)
2. A notion of public space: where are photographs seen?
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Two questions to assume, then.
What is the material / immaterial status of the digital
photograph?
What are new medias key characteristics in relation to
photographs?
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Key definitions of new media
ContextCharacterisitcs
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Context:
- a shift from modern to postmodern culture and economies
(from the 1960s onwards)
- a tendency towardsglobalisation a shrinking of global space and adissolution of national boundaries (from state to corporation)
- a move from industrial societies to post-industrial societies, from the
factory toPost-Fordism, from assembly line to immaterial labour (defined
by communication technology and connectivity)
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Characteristics:
New media as opposed to old
A term to use rather than:
digital media / electronic media [too specific]
interactive media [too ill-defined]
computer-mediated communication / CMC [limitation to a particularmachine or practice]
Can cover: internet, virtual environments, computer assisted
representation, video games, chat-rooms, image-boards, mobile phone
apps
New media = a convergence of modes, disciplines, genres, media into
the computer.
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Key words:
Digitality
InteractivityHypertextuality
Dispersal
Virtuality
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Other keywords:
Flux / Flow / FlexibilityNetwork / Connectivity
Convergence
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DIGITALITY
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Key definitions of a digital photograph
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A rehearsal: Stephen BullsPhotography
To begin: digital photography a result of 1960s
experiments by NASA (how to send visual informationacross space)
To reflect: the first photography-academic writings
around digital photography begin in the 1990s
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A movement of positions:
1. Photography (as we know it) is dead!
Fred Ritchin / W.J.T. Mitchell (1990-1993)
2. Digital photography extends analogue photography
Photography is always a cut-up of reality / we must address how
photography is always implicated in framing the world, in the
production of a world (as much as a reproduction)
Lev Manovich / Geoffrey Batchen (1995 - )
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3. The material consequences of the digital
Manovich: the digital is the advent of the society of the screen
Elizabeth Edwards & Janice Hart:
Did we always think about photographs as pictures are they 2D or 3D
The return of the camera obscura the screen as the site of pictures in motion never
fixed, with a body in intimate relation...
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Screen viewing:
a return to the camera obscura?
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Digital photography:
What relation to the viewing body?
Print: the body moves (leans towards, handles, uses a
magnifying loop)
Screen: the image moves (the mouse and keyboard orchestrate
the shifting of the image)
Today? Does the screen get passed around (personal devices,iPods etc.)
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Steve EdwardsPhotography: A Very Short Introduction
1. Rather than light registered by chemicals it is light (input data)
transformed into code, numbers, digits. (Retains an indexical link to the
referent, but is more open to manipulation)
2. It retains no source analogue media has a physical carrier (a
negative) digital is stored data. This has consequences for storage and
circulation
3. Spaces of appearance; from print to screen, projector, world-wide-
web (access can arrive in non-linear forms)
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Steve EdwardsPhotography: A Very Short Introduction (cont.)
Two positions:
Pros:
Digital photography allows more access to users and audiences, allows a
resurgence of serious photographic publication in alternative modes
digital photography probably provides the best opportunity for the
circulation of serious photographic work since the demise of the picture
magazines
Cons:
The digital moves towards attention deficit disorder, a new form of
integrated spectacle
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Steve EdwardsPhotography: A Very Short Introduction (cont.)
Photographic truth being eroded by the digital?
(via Brecht) A picture of a factory tells us nothing, something must beconstructed
The digital in its constructive nature might allow us to see moreclearly
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Early digital photography
A question of the construction of the image
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Early digital photography
Images of O. J. Simpson from June 1994 a case of digital enhancement
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Brian Walski
2003
a case of undeclared montage
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Nancy Burson
1982
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Nancy Burson
1982
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Nancy Burson
1983-5
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The analogue: media having an analogous relation to the thing
The digital: media having a numerical relation to the thing (digits)
Digitality is a question of mathematics, not physics or chemistry
digital signifies the assignment of numerical values to phenomena
Martin Lister et al. New Media: A Critical Introduction, Routledge, 2003
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Digital as a question of manipulation:
To edit the analogue a physical outputting is necessary, then a
change is made to that
Digital media is only ever fixed when outputted into a fixed form(a print) otherwise it is always in potential flux
Fixity (analogue) Flux (digital)
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Aziz + Cucher
Chris
1994
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Aziz + Cucher
Interior no.2
1999
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Aziz + Cucher
Interior Study no.2
1999-2000
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Inez van Lamsweerde & Vinoodh Matadin
The Forest, Andy
1995
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Inez van Lamsweerde & Vinoodh Matadin
Me Kissing Vinoodh (passionately)
1999
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Inez van Lamsweerde & Vinoodh Matadin
God
2003
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Inez van Lamsweerde & Vinoodh Matadin
Lady Gaga
2011
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Nick Knight
for W magazine
2012
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Nick Knight
Devon
1997
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Andreas Gursky
Chicago, Board of Trade II
1999
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INTERACTIVITY
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Another interactive scenario:
As digital media is in permanent state of flux is is available to
intervention by users
Hence Youtube mashups, track-jacking, the re-working of
images / texts / sounds.
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Interactivity and user-generated content
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Examples of a convergence culture:
Our culture reflects the pull and tug of these two media systems: one
broadcast and commercial, the other narrowcast and grassroots
Broadcasting provides the common culture, and the Web offers more
localised channels for responding to that culture
Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, 2006
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HYPERTEXTUALITY
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A new media basic
The hyperlink.
Hyper above / beyond / outside
An old media form: footnotes, appendix, glossary
New media: Allows new forms of connectivity and foregrounds
pathways of association
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ADD BLINDSPOT
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VIRTUALITY
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