lecture 12. sport for development · human rights and humanitarianism development environment the...

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International Development and Global Sport

KNES 485Sport and Globalization:Issues of Continuity and Change,Sameness and Difference

Module 4 Topic BHaving looked at the relationship between sport and the environment as and issue that requires careful consideration, as we look to the future of the planet. Now, we turn to the role sport has, and could continue, to play within international development.

Here, the focus is less on elite sport, and more on mass participation sport, and the various benefits to general publics around the globe derived from it.

“Sport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire, it has the power to unite people in a way that little else does. . . . It is more powerful than governments in breaking down racial barriers.”

Source: Nelson Mandela at the Inaugural Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award, Monaco 2000. Monte Carlo, 25 May.

The POWER of Sport?

President Nelson Mandela and François Pienaar, captain of the South Africa Springboks, at the Rugby World Cup in Johannesburg, 1995.

This is a significant phenomenon, and something destined to become more prominent in the future, both professionally and academically. While we are looking at it from an international/global perspective, it is also becoming more evident within the US context.

Lecture Outline

I.  International Development and the UN: Promoting Sport Development and Peace

II.  Contextualizing the SDP Phenomenon: Products of Global Civil Society

III.  The SDP Landscape: Four Models of SDP Organizations

IV.   NGO/Community-Based Case Studies and Critiques: Examples from the Field

V.  Summary

I.  International Development and the UN:

Promoting Sport Development and Peace

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What is INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT?

The nurturing of development on a truly international scale, most often by developed nations:

encompassing numerous elements including economic, human, social, political, educational, and environmental development.

“international development is taken to mean the processes by which there is an attempt to improve life chances throughout the world but particularly in countries considered to be low income.”

Source: Levermore, R., & Beacom, A. (2009). Sport and International Development. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

The recipients of INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT tend to be what are referred to as lesser developed, THIRD WORLD nations, or those from the GLOBAL SOUTH (as opposed to the developed GLOBAL NORTH).

• Generally poor (material) standards of living • Limited infrastructure (including education) • Poor nutritional standards and/or limited access to clean water • Prevalence of disease/ poor health care system • Often unstable/authoritarian political systems • Significant levels of discrimination and exclusion • Low levels of trade, investment and general economic welfare.

Source: Levermore, R., & Beacom, A. (2009). Sport and International Development. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Characteristics of “Global South” Nations

One of the assumptions of INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT is that the responsibility for global well-being is in the hands of the global community.

Hence, DEVELOPED nations view INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT as an important part of their international policy.

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The United NationsIntergovernmental organization established in 1945 to create international co-operation and development. 193 member states.

Peacekeeping and security

Human rights and humanitarianism

Development

Environment

The UN has played an important role in promoting the sport and development movement:

-  2001: Appointment of Adolf Ogi (former President of Switzerland) as Special Adviser on Sport for Development and Peace.

-  2003: The United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace concluded that well designed sport-based initiatives that incorporate the best values of sport can be powerful, practical and cost-effective tools to achieve development and peace objectives.

Source: United Nations, Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace (2003).

The UN views:

“sport in a broad sense.

Incorporated into the definition of ‘sport’ are all forms of physical activity that contribute to physical fitness, mental well-being and social interaction.

These include play; recreation; organized, casual or competitive sport; and indigenous sports or games.”

Source: Report from the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace (2003). Sport for Development and Peace: Towards Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. United Nations.

Sport as a FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT:

“The right of access to and participation in sport and play has long been recognised in a number of international conventions. In 1978, UNESCO described sport and physical education as a “fundamental right for all”. But until today, the right to play and sport has too often been ignored or disrespected.”

(Source: http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sport/home/sport)

“The world of sport presents a natural partnership for the United Nations system. By its very nature sport is about participation. It is about inclusion and citizenship. Sport brings individuals and communities together, highlighting commonalties and bridging cultural or ethnic divides. Sport provides a forum to learn skills such as discipline, confidence and leadership and it teaches core principles such as tolerance, cooperation and respect. Sport teaches the value of effort and how to manage victory, as well as defeat. When these positive aspects of sport are emphasized, sport becomes a powerful vehicle through which the United Nations can work towards achieving its goals.”

Source: United Nations (2005) Common Ground: Sport as an innovative tool for Development and Peace: ECOSOC High Level Segment 2004 Ministerial Roundtable Breakfast, 30 June 2004, Summary document, prepared by UNICEF and UNFIP. New York: United Nations.

United Nations’ Commitment to SPORT

Sport Development and Peace (SDP)

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Clearly, according to the UN, DEVELOPMENT is used in the broadest sense when it comes to the potential of sport to effect change.

The UN’s Millennium Development Goals

Eight Millennium development goals (MDGs) were adopted by the UN at the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000.

The target was to achieve these goals by 2015.

Source: Report from the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace (2003). Sport for Development and Peace: Towards Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. United Nations.

Sport in the Pursuit of Millennium Development Goals

Health

EducationSustainable developmentPeaceCommunication PartnershipsHIV/AIDS

2005: The UN’s International Year of Sport and Physical Education

Source: www.un.org

UN Office of Sport Development and Peace: Sport as a Tool to Achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals

See Video Clip 1

“From a development perspective, the focus is always on mass sport and not elite sport. Sport is used to reach out to those most in need including refugees, child soldiers, victims of conflict and natural catastrophes, the impoverished, persons with disabilities, victims of racism, stigmatization and discrimination, persons living with HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.”


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The UN and Sport Development and Peace

2014 (April 4) - UN General Secretary Ban ki-Moon’s message on the first UN International Day for Sport Development and Peace.

See Video Clip 2

II.  Contextualizing the SDP Phenomenon:

Products of Global Civil Society

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The SDP community of organizations are related to:

“GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY”The global version of civil society, where intergovernmental and nongovernmental agencies fill development and welfare gaps in societies with such shortages.

Source: Giulianotti, R. (2011). Sport, peacemaking and conflict resolution: A contextual analysis and modelling of the sport, development and peace sector. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(2), 207-228.


While the emergence of the Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) sector has been influenced by the UN’s initiatives, as Giulianotti (2011) noted, it is also a result of broader shifts in the position and influence of sport within global society.


Phase 1: Sport/Global Society 1.0:Colonization and ‘Civilization’

Late 18th to mid 20th Century

The use of sport as a “civilizing agent” by COLONIAL POWERS, particularly BRITAIN.


Phase 2: Sport/Global Society 2.0:Sport, Nationalism, Post-Colonialism

and Development

1940s to the 1990s

The use of sport as a source of post-colonial struggle and expression, by newly independent nations, who were incorporated into global sport organizations.

Phase 2: Sport/Global Society 2.0:Sport, Nationalism, Post-Colonialism and Development

Iconic West Indian cricket, Viv Richards� Source: Giulianotti, R. (2011). Sport, peacemaking and conflict resolution: A contextual analysis and modelling of the sport, development and peace sector. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(2), 207-228.

Phase 3: Sport/Global Society 3.0:Sport, Development and Peace

Mid 1990s to present

Furthering of post-colonial sporting interests, and recognition of need for various forms of development within these newly established nations.

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Playing football at Amorikot community primary school, north-east Uganda Source: Giulianotti, R. (2011). Sport, peacemaking and conflict resolution: A contextual analysis and modelling of the sport, development and peace sector. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(2), 207-228.

Sport/Global Society Phase 3.1: SDP Initial Expansion

Up to UN commitment to sport in 2005

Establishment of numerous, and largely short-term SDP projects, little recognition of importance of sustainability, program monitoring, or knowledge transfer.


Sport/Global Society Phase 3.2: SDP Maturation and Development

Development of SDP organization, networks, sustainable and enduring approaches, program monitoring, and knowledge transfer.

2005 onwards Sport a “cost effective” way of helping to realise UN’s development goals.

Source: 2014 (April 4) - UN General Secretary Ban ki-Moon’s message on the first UN International Day for Sport Development and Peace.

The UN (Ban ki-Moon’s) hopes and expectations for sport:

-  Uniting groups and nations across the divide

-  Promoting good health-  Promoting UN values, equality,

mutual respect and fair play-  Driving social change-  Advancing human rights-  Eliminate barriers-  Promote growth by solidarity

Source: 2014 (April 4) - UN General Secretary Ban ki-Moon’s message on the first UN International Day for Sport Development and Peace. Source: http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sport/home/unplayers/unoffice/idsdp

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Thematic Areas

1.  Sport and Child & Youth Development

2.  Sport and Gender3.  Sport and Peace4.  Sport and Persons

with Disabilities5.  Sport and Health

•  Educational development and empowerment•  Health promotion and disease prevention•  Promotion of gender equality•  Promotion of rights and equity for the disabled•  Social integration and the development of social

capital•  Peace building and conflict prevention/

resolution•  Post-disaster/trauma relief and normalisation of

life•  Economic development/poverty alleviation


Sport’s Perceived Benefits for SDP Programs

III.  The SDP Landscape: Four Models of SDP Organizations

Source: http://www.sportanddev.org

The SDP Global Landscape

Source: Levermore, R., & Beacom, A. (2009). Sport and Development: Mapping the Field. In R. Levermore & A. Beacom (Eds.), (pp. 1-25). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

According to an analysis of the sportanddeve.org database:

52% of all SDP programs are located in Sub-Saharan Africa.(18% in East Africa; 14% in West Africa; 20% in Southern Africa)

51% of all SDP schemes are dedicated to children and young people.

Most schemes are “sport plus oriented”(15% sport instructors; 9% disabled population; 10% girls and women; 10% refugees)

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Model of SDP Organizations within Global Civil Society 1. NEOLIBERAL

Transnational corporations (TNCs), corporate social responsibility (CSR)

(e.g. Nike, Coca-Cola)

2. STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTAL

National governmental agencies and inter-governmental organisations, sport federations

(e.g. UK Sport, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, FIFA, IOC)�

3. DEVELOPMENTAL INTERVENTIONIST

Mainstream non-governmental and community-based organisations

(e.g. streetfootballworld, Right to Play)�

4. SOCIAL JUSTICE

New social movements and radical NGOs

(e.g. Clean Clothes Campaign, Nike Watch)�

Source: Giulianotti, R. (2010). The Sport, Development and Peace Sector: A Model of Four Social Policy Domains. Journal of Social Policy, 40(04), 757-776.

1. NEOLIBERAL SDP ORGANIZATIONS/PROGRAMS


Much transnational corporations (TNCs) involvement in sport for development programs is motivated by the need to counter the criticisms leveled at them for being GLOBALLY EXPLOITATIVE INSTITUTIONS.

Hence, these programs are viewed as being a marker/indication of:

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

The Adidas Fund

“The adidas Fund drives positive social change by supporting organisations that connect children through programmes and coaches that use sport to teach, amongst others, self-confidence, respect and teamwork that can break down barriers and allow people to live healthier, happier lives.”

Source: http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/community-engagement/projects/#/adidas-fund/

Adidas Fund Activities

Source: http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/community-engagement/projects/#/adidas-fund/

Adidas Ginga Social

See Video Clip 3Source: http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/community-engagement/projects/#/adidas-brazil-and-the-ginga-social-project/

“adidas supports specific projects in Brazil in cooperation with local partners. One of them is the:

Ginga Social project. Ginga Social is the result of a cooperation between adidas Brazil and the Brazilian non-governmental organisation Gol de Letra. Ginga Social is a sport-based after-school programme implemented in five Brazilian cities.

In each of the five cities (Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, São Paulo, Salvador and Porto Alegre), adidas partners with a local organisation to offer various team and individual sports, always based on the local demand. Futsal, volleyball, athletics, basketball, judo, jiu-jitsu, dance and capoeira are the most common ones, always complemented by activities transferring life skills and social values. The local project team is trained and monitored by Gol de Letra directly. As part of the programme, sports facilities are refurbished and extended according to local needs.”

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Source: http://sustainability.lululemon.com/giving-communities/

Lululemon: Yoga Africa Project

See Video Clip 4“Stretching Boundaries”

2. STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTAL SDP ORGANIZATIONS/PROGRAMS


National and international governmental institutions that run SDP programs, including nation-states, intergovernmental organizations such as the UN/UNICEF, or specific sport federations.

Source: www. www.unicef.org/sports/

Team UNICEF (The United Nations Children's Fund )

“Team UNICEF is built upon a deep-seated understanding that play has the power to transform and improve the lives of children.”

Source: www. www.unicef.org/sports/ Source: www. www.unicef.org/sports/

“All children have the right to recreation and play”

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Source: www. www.unicef.org/sports/

“All children have the right to recreation and play” UNICEF’s 2014 (in conjunction with the Cartoon Network) Vamos Jogar (Let’s Play)

See Video Clip 5

�“Inclusive play means everyone's a winner when no one is left out.”

Source: www.countryoffice.unfpa.org/afghanistan/2014/

“In this partnership UNFPA and the cricket board will work together towards youth empowerment in Afghanistan, organize joint advocacy campaigns, events and materials to challenge gender norms and values that adversely affect women's and girl's rights, and advocate for keeping girls in school and in sports, for the health of young mothers and for the prevention of child marriage. Under this MoU we will also be delivering basic life skills training to young male and female cricket players”

August 24, 2014

Source: www.countryoffice.unfpa.org/afghanistan/2014/

"Cricket in Afghanistan is a comprehensive platform for both social and development activities. UNFPA in Afghanistan, among other activities is working for Afghan youth, both boys and girls. I believe their partnership with ACB will be very effective for their interventions in Afghanistan.”

Soft Power’s Power of Influence/Persuasion

“ the ability to get others to want the outcome you want because of your cultural or ideological appeal” (p. 11).

“A country may obtain the outcomes it wants in world politics because other countries — admiring values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness — want to follow it” (p. 5).

Source: Nye, J. S. (2004). The benefit of soft power. HBS Working Knowledge.

“This work has contributed, through public diplomacy, towards an increase in the UK’s ability to influence, together with a great deal of international goodwill towards the UK.”

The implementation of wide-ranging international sport programs and schemes in developing nations.

Partner DevelopmentProgramme

Source: UK Sport International - http://www.uksport.gov.uk/uk-sport-international.

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See Video Clip 6

Amy Wambach and USAID’s support for sport and development programs for women and girls around the world.

3. DEVELOPMENTAL INTERVENTION SDP ORGANIZATIONS/PROGRAMS


Mainstream nongovernment organizations and community-based organizations.

Very diverse, but tend to advocate sporting interventions with the aim of addressing locally identified issues.

Either sport-specific or generalist (sport being one of numerous interventionist strands)

FIFA: Football for Hope

“Football has become a vital instrument for hundreds of social development programmes run by private and community-based organisation around the world. These programmes are providing children and young people with valuable tools that make a difference to their lives, while contributing to positive social development on a global scale by addressing the most pressing issues in each community.”

Source: http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/socialresponsibility/footballforhope/index.html

Source: FIFA. Football for Hope brochure.

Examples of these programs will be discussed in the following section:

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4. SOCIAL JUSTICE SDP ORGANIZATIONS/PROGRAMS


Social justice movements in the Global North (developed world) have developed over the past few decades.

Many of these are interested in highlighting the exploitative elements of the global sport industry, in a manner designed to alleviate local conditions.

IV.   NGO/Community-Based Case Studies and Critiques:

Examples from the Field

See Video Clip 7

“Right to Play”

Source: www.righttoplay.com

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See Video Clip 8

“The Magic Bus”

Source: www.magicbus.org

See Video Clip 9

“Moving the Goalposts”: Kilifi, Kenya

Source: http://www.mtgk.org

See Video Clip 10

“Football 4 Peace International”

Source: www.football4peace.eu

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See Video Clip 11

“Skateistan”: Afghanistan

Source: www.skateistan.org

The Critiques?

Despite being motivated by the best of intentions, SDP programs in general (and some specific ones in particular) have been criticized by academics, including:

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Among the criticisms leveled at SDP include the following:

1. Inflated Claims of SDP’s impact

Overblown statements of purpose and claims to the impact the programs will have.

Lack of HUMILITY and REALISM.

2. Lack of clear definition and parameters for SDP organizations

There is a lack of common agreement about what SDP can and should do, how it can realize its goals, and how these goals can be measured.

“Gauging the impact of sport and development is challenging, in part because it is difficult to pin down exactly what to call it, let alone what it means and how many people it is helping.”

Source: Tannenwald, D. (2013, May 2). The power to change the world? The role of sport in development. Kennedy School Review: Harvard Kennedy School's Public Policy Journal.

3. Absence of Strategic Steps

Often a failure to demonstrate the small, incremental steps that could lead to broader community/societal change.

UpstreamTransformations Societal Level HARDEST

MidstreamTransformations Community Level HARDER

DownstreamTransformations Individual Level HARD

SDP Impacts?

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4. A Sporting Band-Aid?

To some, the involvement in SDP programs covers up the more pressing problem's effecting people's lives in developing societies (i.e. poverty, violence, poor education, gender inequality)

According to this line of though, more focus should be spent on addressing these problems directly.

5. Benefits for Girls and Women?

Some question the benefits for girls and women of using a male dominated cultural form (sport).

6. Questioning CSR?

The sincerity and longevity of some celebrity-based/corporate responsibility projects has been questioned.

Wondering whether they are involved to benefit populations, or to further their socially aware and involved brand identities.

7. Reinforcing Global Hierarchies

There is a concern among some that developed/developing, Global North-Global South hierarchies are reinforced by some SDP programs.

This is derived from the fact that some SDP programs bring leaders from the developed world to impose developed world sports and values, with little or no input from the local population.

V.  Summary

Sport Development and Peace programs are an important part of the contemporary global landscape, involving:

- Inter-governmental organizations- National governments- Non-governmental organizations- Community-based organizations- Corporate interests- Well-known Athletes/Celebrities

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Clearly, SDP programs have the potential to make a positive impact on global society. However, it would appear they need to be devised, organized, and delivered in a considered way. “to realize the power of

sport, the sport and development movement needs to soften its rallying cry.”

Source: Tannenwald, D. (2013, May 2). The power to change the world? The role of sport in development. Kennedy School Review: Harvard Kennedy School's Public Policy Journal.

Source: Sugden, J. (2006). Teaching and Playing Sport for Conflict Resolution and Co-Existence in Israel. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(2), 221-240.

“if projects such as this are locally grounded, carefully thought out, and professionally managed they can make a modest contribution to wider efforts to promote conflict resolution and peaceful co-existence.”

Perhaps Sugden (F4P) said it best:

Now move on to the required readings, online discussion, and topic assignment for this topic…

lecture 12. sport for development · human rights and humanitarianism development environment the...

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