lecture 1-introduction to aviation history
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture 1: Introduction
AVIATION HISTORY
By: Zuliana Ismail, 2010
Lesson Timeline AVH 1103 – Aviation History
3 Credit hoursSemester Timeline
Week 1-6: Lecture Week 7&8: Mid term test & public Speaking
Week 9-14: Lecture Week 17: Final Exam
Results
Attendance: 5%Mid Term Test: 10%Public Speaking: 10%Assignment: 15%Final Exam: 60%TOTAL: 100%
Standard Grading Scale for University/College
Mark Grade Grade Points
(80–100) A 4.00
(75-79) A- 3.67
(70-74) B+ 3.33
(65-69) B 3.00
(60-64) B- 2.67
(55-59) C+ 2.33
(50-54) C 2.00
(45-49) C- 1.33
(40-44) D 1.00
(0-39) F 0.00
GPA Calculation
Credit Hours Grade Grade Points
3 B (3.00) 9.00
3 B (3.00) 9.00
4 B (3.00) 12.00
4 B (3.00) 12.00
Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00
References
Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through email)
Books AMC Text Book Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC
Library) Internet:Suggested Websites:http://www.century-of-flight.net/
http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/
AVH Course Outlines
Chapter 1: The early attempt to fly Chapter 2: Early Aviation Chapter 3: Theory of Flight Chapter 4: Flight Instruments Chapter 5: Flight Environments Chapter 6: Military Aviation Chapter 7: Commercial Aviation
(Airliners) Chapter 8: Space Exploration
Aviation Timeline
9
INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION
What is Aviation ??
What is Aviation ??
By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers
to any vehicle capable of flight.
Aircraft Categories
Heavier than Air (HTA)-Airplane A landplane is the airplane
that can operate only on land surface
A seaplane is a fixed-wing aircraft which can only take off and landing on water.
An amphibian is an aircraft that can take off and land on either land or water.
Heavier than Air (HTA)-Helicopter/Gyrocopter & Glider
Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)
Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air
Aircraft can either be lighter-than-air or heavier-than-air.
Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships
Heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.
Heavier-Than-Air(HTA)
LIFT is produced by a reaction between wings and motion through the air
Three categories of HTA aircraft are Airplane, Helicopter and Glider.
An AIRPLANE is a heavier-than-air craft that is PROPELLED BY AN ENGINE and uses FIXED WINGS TO GENERATE LIFT.
A HELICOPTER also PROPELLED BY AN ENGINE but uses ROTATING WINGS(BLADES) TO GENERATE LIFT.
A GLIDER is a heavier-than-air craft that is NOT SUPPORTED BY ENGINE POWER. Its propulsion through the air is derived from GRAVITY & AERODYNAMIC FORCES.
Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)
LIFTING CAPABILITIES depends on being inflated (or expand) with a gas that is lighter than the air in which it is supported.
For example, BALLOONS and AIRSHIPS. Their structure when filled with a sufficient
volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats.
Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.
The Early Attempts to Fly
Introduction
For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting
imagined how it must be to take to the air.
That dream and imagination is now reality.
In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth-covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international
airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?
First Attempts Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C.
Many believed flying was for the mythical gods Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully
Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C. Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist
First recorded scientific study of aeronautics Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical
flight Drew sketches and plans to construct flying
machines
First Attempts, 1500 Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect,
painter…. In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of
birds ..and then drawings of flying machines with flapping wings.
Finally, by copying the wings of a bird Da Vinci invented the “Flapping-Wing Aircraft” to enable human to fly.
Critical Thinking
However, all attempts to fly using this type of machine failed. WHY HUMAN CAN’T
FLY LIKE A BIRD ??
God’s Will
If god wanted us to fly then he would have created us that way.
Human can’t fly like a bird because…..
Structure of a bird’s muscles are different compare to human. Human’s muscles are too weak to flap the large surfaces needed to obtain flight.
Bird’s bones are hollow and light compare to human. Human’s bones are far too heavy to make them rise in the air.
Physiological capabilities of birds can never be matched by human beings. Human heart beat rate must have to go up to 800 heart beats per minute in order to be able to achieve flight.
Second Attempts at Flight
By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments.
Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments
The first successful human flight1783: Montgolfier Brothers
Inventors of the first practical balloon
1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise
1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes
November 1783: first human flight.
However, balloon lack of directional control
Critical Thinking
HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY??
Glider Flight
1800- 1896: Men try to invent GLIDER…
Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.
George Cayley’s First Successful Glider (1804)
Had body, tail and wing Understood that lift results from pressure difference
across wing surfaces Had the idea to warp wings for roll control Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at
that time
Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s)
Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights Control depended upon movements of his body.
To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator.
Died in a glider accident in 1896
The Powered Flight1843: William S. Henson, 1st plane with an engine Grew up in the age of steam. They had
witnessed the use of steam in powering trains.
He designed his own steam engine for airplane.
After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.
1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a
steam powered model plane. First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896 Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his
plane to crash