lecture 3- early aviation

8/7/2019 Lecture 3- Early Aviation

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AVIATION HISTORY

Lecture 3: Early Aviation

B :Zuliana Ismail 2010


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Aviation Timeline


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C ontents

1903-1914: Before WW 1(11yrs)1914-1918 (4yrs): World War 1

1919-1938 (19yrs):Golden Age1939-1945 (6yrs): World War 21945-1950 (5yrs): C old War


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Aviation Pioneer Fathers of Aviation

George C ayley

Otto Lilienthal

Wilbur & Orville Wright

Major Manufacturers

Wright Bro. C ompany

Henry & Maurice Farman

Anthony Fokker

Geoffrey de Havilland

Aircraft Inventor @ PilotLouis BlriotGlenn C urtiss

C harles LindberghAmelia Earhart


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Aviation Before World War 1

1903-1914


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1900-Count Ferdinand vonZeppelin- used an engine to flyballoons Airship or Dirigible


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Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin (1838-1917).

C ount Ferdinand von Zeppelin wasthe inventor of the rigid airship, or dirigible balloon.

Ferdinand von Zeppelin spent nearlya decade developing the dirigible.The first of many rigid dirigibles,called zeppelins in his honor, was

completed in 1900.Zeppelin airships-elongated bagsfilled with gas , fitted with engines,propellers and rudder

C ount Ferdinand von Zeppelin


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AirshipBuoyant

Force

Airship is powered by engineswhich are attached to the gondola.

Gondola is the cabin suspendedfrom an airship or balloon and can

carry passengers

Magnitudeequal

backwardmomentumCauses the

airship movesforward

Air ispushed

backward byAirships

propellers.Backward

momentumis produced.

Backward

Momentum

ForwardMomentum


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H ow Airship Works

U pward motion is based on the principle of Archimedes.When airship rises, density of air inside theairship decreases.When up thrust equal to weight of airship,airship will float in atmosphere.Descend of airship is controlled by the

release of Helium gas inside it.Direction of the airship is not dependent onthe wind but its direction was controlled byrudder.


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1st commercial air service

In 1910, a zeppelin provided the first commercialair service for passengers.It provided air service between Europe and

America in the 1920s and 1930sOne such airship was 3 times larger than a Boeing747 and cruised at 68 mph.


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Destruction of zeppelins airship

The zeppelins airship named Hindenburg explodes, May 6, 1937 at Lakehurst NavalAir Station.The H indenburg marked the end of large

scale Zeppelin travel.


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C ritical Thinking

WHY AIRSHIP C ANNOTBE C OME AN AIRLINER ?


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The Disadvantages of Airship

It is impossible to construct balloons of sufficientstrength .Thus, balloons unable to withstand routine operationunder all weather conditions.

C ritical challenge to maintain the shape of gas bags.If the bags were only partially filled, the balloonshang down loosely.Extremely difficult to control . C an be hazardousduring landing in high winds.

The large Hindenburg was equally successful until itwas destroyed by fire while attempting a landing in1937 in Lakehurst, New Jersey.


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1906: Santos-Dumont makes the first

successful European airplane flight.

14-bis, the plane in which Santos-Dumont

made his historic 1907 flight. H is plane fliesa distance of about 200 feet in Paris.


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1908: Piloting his plane, the June Bug ,Glenn Curtiss w as first American to fly adistance ov er o ne kil om eter.


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Glenn Curtiss Father of NavalAviation

C urtiss wasresponsible for the

first aircraft to take off from and land on thedecks of ships atsea .C urtiss' motives indeveloping theseaplane was to sellairplanes to the U.S.Nav .


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It took 3 7minutes for him to flyacross theEnglishC hannel in1909 .

1909: Louis Blriot becomes the firstto fly across the English C hannel.


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1909: Monoplanes Era

Monoplanes developed and used for relatively short-distance flights.


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1914: 1st scheduled air service in

Florida1 st scheduled air service was seaplane.


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Types of Airplane

A monoplane is an aircraft with one main set of wingsurfaces. Since the late 1930s it has been the"ordinary" form for a fixed wing aircraft.

A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings.The Wright brothers' Wright Flyer used a biplanedesign, as did most aircraft in the early years of aviation.

A triplane is a fixed-wing aircraft equipped with threesets of wings, each roughly the same size andmounted one above the other. The best-knowntriplane is Fokker Dr.I during WW1.


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Aviation Before WW 1: 1903-1914

190 3 : The Wright Brothers make history as the firstto fly a powered aircraft.1906: Brazilian-born Alberto Santos-Dumont makes the first successful European airplane flight.

1908: In a field near Paris, H enry Farman becomesthe first to officially fly a one-kilometer circular course, the worlds longest distance at the time.1908: Piloting his plane, the J une Bug , G lennCurtiss wins a silver trophy and national acclaim for becoming the first American to officially fly a distanceover one kilometer.1910: Zeppelin provides the first commercial air service for passengers.


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Aviation Before WW 1: 1903-1914

1909: After several failed attempts, French aviatorLo uis Blri o t b ecomes the first to fly across theEnglish Channel. Flying his Blriot XI, he covers the

23- m ile distance in 37 m inutes .191 2 : Harriet Quimby b ecomes the first w oman to flyacross the English Channel.


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WORLD WAR 11914-1918 (4yrs)


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WW1: The Era of Military Aircraft

Aircraft use for military .Increased demand for military aircrafts, morepowerful motors and larger aircrafts were

developed.Aerodynamic fuselage design; monoplane,biplane and triplane designs are allconsidered viable aircraft.


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WW 1 Era is the Key Developments

World War 1 saw the rise of the aircraft as aweapon system and the changing face of war.The aircraft changed the modern battlefield

De H avilland DH -4 biplane , a British-designed two-seater bomber mass-

produced for use in World War I.

The Sopwith Camel was one of thebest-known British fighter airplanes of World War I.


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World War One Aircrafts

During WW 1, pilots became famous for their air to air combats , the most well-known is Red Baron, who shotdown 80 planes in air to air combat with severaldifferent planes.

Fokker Dr.I replica at the ILA 2006, the "Red Baron" triplane


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Aviation During WW 1: 1914-1918

1916 : William Boeing's fascination with aviationleads to the creation of his own airplanemanufacturing business. Over the next severaldecades, the company would evolve into theworld's largest commercial airline manufacturer.

1918 : The U nited States officially establishes air mail service with flights between New York C ity,Philadelphia and Washington D. C .


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GOLDEN AGE1919-1938

AdvancementAdvancement in aircraft technology.in aircraft technology.Aviation focus onAviation focus on Airmail ServicesAirmail ServicesBuilding of the AirwaysBirth of theBirth of the AirlinesAirlinesBirth of Birth of C ommercial AviationC ommercial AviationBirth of Birth of Air Traffic C ontrolAir Traffic C ontrol

C harles LindberghC harles Lindbergh Made an Historic FlightMade an Historic FlightBirth of Birth of Instrument FlyingInstrument Flying


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Golden Age - Between Wars

Large advancement in aircraft technology.Wood and canvas converts to aluminums.Aircraft Engine development .

After WWI, experienced fighter pilots wereeager to show off their new skills.Air shows spread up around the country, withair races and acrobatic stunts.


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Air mail services

It was the Post Office and airmail deliverythat gave the commercial airlines their truestart.

In the early part of the 20th century, the PostOffice had used mostly railroads to transportmail between cities.

By 1925, only seven years after the firstofficial airmail flight, U .S. Post Officeairplanes were delivering 14 million lettersand packages a year.


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1925: Contract Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)

C ongress passes the Air Mail Act of 1925 (alsoknown as the Kelly Act), permitting thegovernment to hire private air carriers to deliver the mail.

The government contracts that weresubsequently awarded helped determine whichairlines would dominate commercial aviation -airlines including U nited Airlines, AmericanAirlines and TWA.


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Q uestion

Even during the initial stage, civil aircraftwere used for airmails. But the pilots

dared not fly at night due to obviousreasons.What were the reasons?

How did the problems solved?


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1921: Birth of Rotating Beacons

In 1921, the Army deployedrotating beacons .

The beacons, visible topilots every 10 seconds

Thus, made it possible to flythe route at night

Rotating light beacon: i n a line betweenC

olumbus andDayton, Ohio , a distance of about 80 miles.


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Building of the airways

Airmail routes become AirwaysLighted airway beaconsevery 10 miles

(1926)Intermediate Airfields - every 50 milesAirway C ommunication Stations (1928)

No AT C

I ntermediate Airfield


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Birth of theBirth of the AirlinesAirlines

1926: Ford Tri-motor: First all-metalaircraft designed for passengers


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Ford Trimotor also called as the Tin Goose .

Can carried 12/13 passengers and could fly up 6,000feet (1,829 kilometre), b ut it s climb to that altitudew as slo w & drop repeatedly b efore it reached itscruising altitude.With no air conditioning and little heating , the planew as hot in summer and cold in w inter,

With no circulation system , its environmentw

asuncomforta b le b y the smell of hot oil and metal.

Opening a w indo w w as the only w ay to escape thesmell.

1926: Fords Trimotor


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Airlines Growth

1927: Long-distance passenger craftdeveloped that had constant radiocontact with the ground.

The Lockheed Vega takes to the skies.Allan Lockheed finally finds successwith the Lockheed Aircraft C orporation.


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Six people tried to doit but all died.However, C harlesLindbergh flew soloacross the Atlanticocean successfully.His journey cover 3,610 miles (5,815km)and took about 33and 1/2 hours.

1927: Charles Lindbergh

First flying across the Atlantic ocean(New York-Paris) in using the Spirit of St. Louis


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Parts of the Spirit of the St. Louis


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Q uestion

Flying based on concept of See andAvoid and with no any help of flying

instruments, What could be the problemsfaced by Lindbergh during his historicflight (33 and hours)?


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C hallenges faced by Lindbergh

1. No sleep during flightHe had not slept in nearly twenty-four hours whenhe took off, so fighting sleep was the most difficultpart of the flight. It is difficult to keep awake on longflight . He had to put his face outside the cockpit toallow air to blast his face and eyes.

2. Bad weather Lindbergh faced many challenges includingflying over storm, fighting icing (cold), and flyingblind through fog. Due to fog also he flew in

poor visibility which very risky.


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C hallenges faced by Lindbergh

3. No radio, and no proper communication andno navigator instruments.It is difficult to know aircraft direction andhardly to know the condition of the plane. If there was a problem, it is no way to get help.

4. No proper water survival gears if ditched inthe sea might not survive.

5. The aircraft was highly unstable , requiringconstant vigilance by the pilot. Very stressfulto pilot .


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C harles Lindbergh Impact

Aviation became a more established.Aviation becomes respectable and the

popular Lindbergh goes on world tours topromote aviation and Pan-AmericanAirways.


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1929-Birth of Air Traffic C ontrol

(ATC )First airport controller (1929)

Archie League at St. LouisAirport, 1929


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1934: Amelia Earhart

and Lockheed Electra 10" mysteriouslydisappearedwhile on a "round the world flight.


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19 33 : Boeing 247 : First of the modern

airliners(Boeing 247) developed. It could carry 13passengers and travel at 155 mph.


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Donald Douglas , the first - and

youngest - aeronautical engineers inAmerica

The company's first successful aircraft, the C loudster, made its first flight onFebruary 24, 1921. Later that year, the company would change its

name to simply The Douglas Company .


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Douglas Airplane: Early C ommercial

Aviation(1933): DC-2, 12 passengers

(1935) : DC- 3 , 21 passengers

DC-3

DC- 3


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DC- 3 first aircraft to make money

In 1935, DC- 3 first aircraft to make moneycarrying passengers rather than mail.It seated 21 passengers and its 1,000

horsepower engine made it possible to flycoast to coast in 16 hours .It proved air transport could be profitable.90% of air traffic was flying on these aircraftby 1940.


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Birth of Air Traffic C ontrol

1929-1933Light gunC ontrol tower First radio-equippedcontrol tower C leveland(1930)

C levelandAirport, Ohio


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Birth of Instrument FlyingJimmy Doolittles first blind flight(September 24, 1929)

LFR (Low Frequency Radio Range) Four-C ourse Navigation System (early 30s) Firstinstrument airways. The end of see andavoid

F our-course range station


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Birth of Instrument FlyingN ew Flying Instruments developed to ena b le

flying during night and b ad w eather

Visual radi

o

directio

n finderArtificial h o rizo n (Attitude Indicat o r)Bar om etric alti m eter (Altitude Meter)


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World War 2

1939-1945


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Aviation During World War 2

19 3 6: Spitfires (fast maneuverable fighter airplanes) developed for use in WWII.194 3 : Helicopters are mass-produced for WWII.

Focke-Wulf Fw 190, Germanfighter plane of World War II.A Supermarine Spitfire was a typical

World War II fighter.


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1939: Boeing 3 14 , the largest

passenger transport of its time, carrying74 passengers and included a lounge,a dining salon, and a bridal suite. The

seats could convert into 40 bunks. Themanufacturer sold 12 planes to PanAmerican Airways, which made its first

transatlantic flight


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Q uestion

Even though aircraft flight was discoveredin early 1900s, civil aviation did not go into

the major industry until after the SecondWorld War in 1945.

WHY?


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Reasons of civil aviation did not go into the major industry until after the second world war.

Since world war one government focused only onmilitary aviation.Economy problem and no support from government

for civil aviation industry.No demand for using aircraft as main transportation.People not traveling much.Safety reason. People not confident with the safety inusing aircraft for travel.Limited numbers of available airliners, aircraftmanufacturers and pilots at that time.U ncomfortable. The available airliner services at thattime are not comfortable for passengers.


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C old War

1945 1950


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1945 1950: The C old War

Most ex-military aircraft were used in thebusiness of transporting people and goods.Many companies existed, with routes thatcrossed North America, Europe and other parts of the world.Heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes

(e.g., B-29, Lancaster, D C -3) easilyconverted into commercial aircraft


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1940s

In 1946, The DC-6 was the aircraft thatgreatly reduced traveling time with greater comfort for passengers and made air traveleconomically viable.1947: Airplanes fly faster than the speed of sound.

1947: Radar is developed to keep track of aircraft from the ground.


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1950s

Further barriers of distance were eliminated in 1948and 1952 as the first jet crossing of the Atlanticoccurred and the first nonstop flight to Australia

occurred.1950s: The airliner begins to replace other means of transportation as the primary means of long-distancetravel.

By 1952, the British state airline introduced intoservice the first jet airliner, the De Havilland C omet(the plane suffered a series of highly public failures)


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1960sIn 1967, the X-15 set the air speed record for anairplane at 4,534 mph or Mach 6.1 (7,297 km/h).1968: Aircraft are developed that can take off andland vertically, without the use of a runway (Harrier

Jump Jet.).1969: The C oncorde is developed and used as thefirst supersonic airliner. (It crosses the Atlantic Oceanin less than 3 hours.)

1969, Boeing came out with its vision for the future of air travel (Boeing 747). This plane is still one of thelargest aircraft ever to fly, and it carries millions of passengers each year.


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1970sC ommercial aviation progressed even further in 1976 as British Airways provide supersonicservice across the Atlantic ( C oncorde).A few years earlier the SR-71 Blackbird hadset the record for crossing the Atlantic inunder 2 hours.

Lockheed SR71 Blackbird


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1980s

1981: Space Shuttle is developed as areusable space ship that can land after reentry into Earths atmosphere.

lecture 3- early aviation

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