learning teppo räisänen teraisan/ [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Stimulus Treshold
Human senses are used a lot for filtering of information
E.g hearing during sleeping Normal signals are filtered Abnormal sounds invoke actions
If filtering would not be applied, human brains would overload with information
Stimulus Treshold
Signals that are observed are ones that are interesting are signals of danger
One can learn to filter even repetitive signals of danger (’false alarms’) E.g alarm sounds used in Harrisburg
nuclear facility
Attention Filtering of signals can be either
conscious or subconscious ’Attention’ is used to refer
conscious efforts Observing faint signals can be
achieved by concenrating Weak sounds Small visual objects
Attention
One’s current state of attention is largely dependent of one’s mental state A Motivated person reacts to faint
signals Unmotivated or tired persons needs
strong signals to surpass stimulus treshold
Coffee, smoke
Memory
Ability to use memory and recall are essential
Even most simple routines require use or memory
Memory is divided into Long term memory Short term memory
Memory Long term memory has a immense
capacity Humans do, however, forget things
Recapitulation vs. forgetfulness According to some theory we don’t
actually forget anything Fetching information from long
term memory can be a slow process
Memory
Short term memory has a small capacity Capacities are individual qualities 7 +/- 2 rule Some individuals may have a
considerably larger capacity
Reasoning
Humans gather information using their senses filter information learn skills and absorb information have memory and ability to recall
In addition we need to be able to adapt to new kinds of situations
Reasoning We use various problem-solving
methods Solutions of problems are based on
earlier experiences and knowledge Reasoning can be divided into
deductive reasoning inductive reasoning abductive reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is based on premises
Observations are applied to premises, which leads to conclusions
E.g. ”During winter it’s cold outside”, ”If it is cold outside, I won’t go outside” => ”It’s winter, so I won’t go outside”
Deductive Reasoning
Deducive logic does not apply well in all situations
For example interpretations of concepts may vary: What is a ’winter’? How ’cold’ is defined?
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive logic is based on generalizations of individual obser-vations
E.g. ”Each of 100 elephants observed have trunks” => ”All elephants have trunks”
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning often leads to wrong conclusions, if fully applied
Elephant #101 may not have a trunk
Often we’ll still get results that are of accectable reliability
Abductive Reasoning Abductive logic is based on
cause/effect thinking E.g. ”If one does not eat healthy
food, one will become ill” => ”One is ill, therefore one has not eaten healthy food”
Users of applications often make wrong assumptions about program’s actions
Learning And Unlearning
Learning of skills and absorption of information have differences Skills are learned and unlearned
slowly Information is learned and unlearned
quickly Can you think of any examples?
Learning And Unlearning
There are many pedagocic theories and viewpoints to learning, e.g. Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism
Knowledge of theoretical background is very useful when designing UIs
Learning And Unlearning
Learnability is one of fundamental aspects of usability
UI should be as intuitive as possible Even the most intuitive UI requires
some earlier learning from the user UIs become much more intuitive,
when graphical UIs were introduced
Learning And Unlearning
Learning model can be formulated as Experimentation Feedback Forming of conceptual model
For applications to be as learnable as possible, they should follow the same conceptual model
Repetition
Repetition is necessary for permanent learning results
Trough repetition we learn phone numbers passwords many unnecessary things
Learner Types
Learning is effective if more than one senses can be used
Use of senses in learning is an individual quality: Visual learners Auditive learners Kinestetic learners
Learner Types
According to studies most people of western cultures seem to be visual learners
Pure types are very rare Use of senses is of course also
dependent on the task of learning
Learner Types
There are also other kinds of categories of learners, e.g.: holistic vs. serialistic learners introvert vs. extrovert types
Existence of different learner types should be considered when designing any kind of product
Special Groups
There are also groups of individuals, which have special requirements for learning the elderly children disabled persons
Special Groups
In future a growing part of software users will be aged persons
The problem in designing is often to find suitable persons for testing
There exists applications, which simulate environments of disabled persons
Learning type test
Let’s do a learning type test