human qualities teppo räisänen teraisan/ [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
A Human Being A human being is a
psychofysiological entity Humans use their senses to find
information about the surrounding world
Human senses have abilities and limitations
Humans are very different from machines
A Human Being
Cognitive psychology Senses Mechanisms of reasoning
Physical qualities of humans are part of genetical heritage
Besides genetics there are cultural factors affecting our behaviour
Cultural Factors
Beliefs Language Art Attitudes Tools Buildings User Interfaces
Cultural Evolution
Cultural evolution is a much faster process than genetical evolution
We have learned, eg. Respond on SMS-arrival signals Not to pay attention to Web
advertisements
Physical Qualities of Humans We are usually from 1,5 meters to
2 meters tall Young humans are much smaller
than adults We have hands capable of precise
movements and adjustments Child’s coordination of movements
is not as good as adult’s
Embedded Systems
Embedded systems utilize microprocessors Cars Microwave ovens Many industrial tools
Embedded systems have user interfaces very different from computer’s UI
Sense of Sight
Sight is the most important of our senses
User Interfaces are largely dependent on visual information they produce
They are two kinds of specialized cells in human’s eyes responsible for creating visual sensations
Sense of Sight Humans are not very good at
seeing in darkened environments Differences between shades of
blue color are more difficult to observe for humans
For older persons distiction between shades of blue becomes even more difficult
Sense of Sight
Ganglion cells in the eyes are largely responsible for shapes and movements X type ganglion cells are located
around the center of visual field => Shape recognition
Y type ganglion cells are located around edges of visual field => Movement recognition
Sense of Sight
Because of our two eyes and their placement our sense of sight is three-dimensional It is possible to evaluate distances
between objects We also interpret two-dimensional
pictures as three-dimensional, if there’s a clue of 3D in a picture
Gestalt Laws Seeing is a very complicated
process Besides sensing light and
movement there’s a need for interpreting an observation
Interpreting is partly innate and partly learned
Gestalt laws are essential to user interface design
Gestalt Laws
Gestalt laws define how humans group observed shapes
UI design should always follow these laws of natural observation
Gestalt Laws: Closeness
Shapes close to each other are observed as grouped
Gestalt Laws: Similarity
Objects of similar qualities are observed as grouped
Gestalt Laws: Connections
Objects that are connected are observed as grouped
Gestalt Laws: Closure
If an area is closed inside borders, objects inside borders are observed as grouped
Process of Reading Reading is normally based on
recognition of words, not individual letters Hlleo wlrod
Eg. Use of CAPITAL LETTERS distracts reading, because we have learned to recognize words written in small letters
If a word is meant to be read as letters, it should be written used capital letters (PHP, ASAP)
Hearing
Humans are able to recognize vibrations of air molecules
We are also able to make assumptions about Distance of the source of the sound Direction of the source of the sound Movement of the source of the sound
Hearing
Hearing is very important in communications between humans, since speech is a central way or communicating
Humans can make conscious efforts to distinct faint sounds amongst loud ones
Hearing Hearing has traditionally been
overlooked in UI design Alarm sounds Sounds to reinforce visual information
Sounds can be seen as disturbing others
Sounds may not be heard, when working in noisy conditions
Hearing
Some UIs like telephone are based solely on auditive information
Use of audio signals is recommendable especially when user performs tasks, which require his/her complete visual attention (eg. Outlook’s ’Incoming message’)
Other Senses Human beings have reasonably
developed senses of smelling and touching
Importance of aforementioned senses are often neglected in UI design
Also it is not easy to produce smells, although there have been some experiments
Other Senses
UI design leans heavily on our ability to remember and recognize things
Human beings have a very good memory of smells
Therefore use of smell can be considered as a possibility for UI designers
Other Senses
Haptical information is often crucial Sensations of hot and cold Sensations of pain
For example when typing with a keyboard a sense of key hitting the bottom sends us information of a succesful operation Compare to touch-screen phone