learning and environment. factors in the environment community family school peers
TRANSCRIPT
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Learning and Environment
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Factors in the Environment
• Community
• Family
• School
• Peers
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Community
• Economics
• Crime
• School Support
• Exposure to Violence
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Poverty
• Lifting children out of poverty can diminish some psychiatric symptoms.
• Decline in rates of deviant and aggressive behaviors linked to rise in incomes.
E. Jane Costello.
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Poverty
• Moving out of poverty
– Decrease in frequency of psychiatric symptoms
– Little effect anxiety and depression observed
– Mediated by one factor: level of parental supervision
– Strongest for behavioral symptoms (CD, ODD)
• Adding to the income of never-poor families had no effect on frequency of psychiatric symptoms
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Family
• SES• Family Size• Parent Education• Parent
Psychopathology• Siblings• Alcohol / Drug Use• Abuse
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Family• Maltreatment Types
– Physical Maltreatment (punishment, abuse, family violence)
– Sexual Abuse– Psychological Maltreatment
(Neglect, emotional abuse, poor caretaking)
• Predictive of other maltreatment
• Negative family background strong predictors of:
– level of physical abuse– psychological maltreatment– neglect– witnessing family violence
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Adjustment
• The nature of the family environment contributed to adjustment (positive or maladjustment)
– Insecurity– Fragmentation– Poor parental relationships during childhood– Alcohol / drug abuse– Parent psychopathology
• Specific maltreating behaviors have an immediate impact on children’s well-being
• Chronic aspects of the dysfunctional environment (e.g., parental attitudes and family dynamics) associated with the long-term adjustment problems of adults.
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Negative/Positive Parenting
• Ineffective or uncaring parenting was a powerful predictor of adult failure (Doll and Lyon, 1998)
• Differentiation among positive parenting, parental involvement, poor monitoring and supervision, inconsistent discipline and corporal punishment
– The negative, but not the positive, scales were found to be predictive of behavior problems in children
– Positive parenting not evaluated as a moderator between negative parenting and behavior problems (Frick, 1994; Shelton et al., 1996)
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Schools
• Quality• Approach to Troubling
Behavior• High Suspension /
Low Suspension
• Academic Opportunities
• Level of Engagement• Available Services
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Reading and EBD
• Well documented link between reading problems, conduct disorders, and delinquency problems, (Hinshaw & Hinshaw, 1992; Kazdin, 1987)
• 71% of children with EBD experience clinically significant language deficits (Benner, Nelson, Epstein, 2002)
• 57% of students with language deficits experience EBD (Benner, Nelson, Epstein, 2002)
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PBIS
• Utilize three-tiered system– School-wide– Classroom– Individual
• Based on sound hypothetical interventions
• Spurious findings on effectiveness– Why???????
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Peers
• Availability of Positive Peer Interactions
• Adequate Supervision of Peer Relations
• Exposure to Deviant Peers
• Reliance on Friendships
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Peers and Internalization
• 305 adolescents with no mutual friends, non-deviant friends, or deviant friends at age 13
• Adolescents with deviant friends
– More delinquent than the other 2 groups– Similar levels of depression as friendless youth– Less lonely than friendless youth
• Friendships with deviant peers may protect against complete isolation / loneliness
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Risk Factors
• Cumulative risk factors– Increase in juvenile court petitions – Decrease in high school or GED completion– Increased risk of delinquency– Increased psychopathology– Increased Risk of incarceration– Increased risk of unemployment– Increased risk of substance abuse
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Protective Factors
• Preschool intervention• Parent participation in early school experiences• Ability to be task oriented• Increased Supervision• Academic Success• Nurturing home environment• Positive school environment
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Other Adults Home
Parents
Teachers
SchoolStaff
Individual
Peers
Siblings
Other AdultsCommunity
BEHAVIOR