law enforcement best practice flow diagram for timber · law enforcement best practice flow diagram...

Law Enforcement Best Practice Flow Diagram for Timber

The best practice flow diagram has been developed in order to lead law enforcement officials through the steps that should be completed when dealing with a load or shipment containing timber that is passing through a checkpoint, such as an international border crossing. The flow diagram represents the ideal case, however reality may dictate that actual processes need to differ to fit local conditions.

The particular law enforcement personnel involved in undertaking each step may change depending on jurisdiction. If the inspection takes place at an international border crossing these personnel will likely all form part of a coordinated border management program (CBM). For example, customs may inspect shipments with police taking over cases that become criminal investigations; in other circumstances customs may only deal with document checking and other agencies undertake physical inspections.

The flow diagram is designed to cover the general principles of dealing with timber at checkpoints and users should consider how each recommended step fits into their own organizational structure and division of responsibilities. In cases where there is any contradiction between the recommendations presented here and any local or national requirements, law enforcement officers must comply with the requirements of their jurisdiction.

The flow diagram is separated into three colour-coded, distinct sections:

Administrative verification: refers to the document checking that must be completed prior to any physical examination or sampling of a timber load.

Physical verification: refers to the process of checking whether the physical materials present in the shipment are consistent with the documentation and that all required documentation has been provided given the physical nature of the shipment.

Investigation: an investigation will begin if and when any inconsistencies or concerns are raised as part of the physical verification.

Bold and underlined phrases indicate links to supporting documentation, available through the dynamic e-version of the flow diagram. Phrases in italics are further explained in the glossary.

INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM ON COMBATING WILDLIFE CRIME

1. Risk analysis/profiling (Doc.I) and selection for administrative examination

* Consider:- Region or country of origin/transit- Time of day/day of the week and port of entry used- Scientific vs. common names used- Previous compliance history (importer, exporter, transporter, logging company)- Description vs. Harmonized Systems (HS) code- Declared contents value vs. cost of transportation - Random administrative examination

2. Administrative examination

* Examine available documents (e.g. permits/certificates, invoices, customs, transport documents) and consider:

- Are any documents missing?- Are all documents authentic?- Are all CITES permits/certificates valid and authentic (Doc.II)?- Is all information consistent between documents? e.g. names, valuations (declared value vs. transportation costs, dutiable vs. insured values), etc.

* Consider known smuggling patterns (Doc.III)* Notify all concerned authorities if any documents are falsely declared

3. Physical examination

* Observe claimed identification on declaration, consider synonyms and common names.* Undertake Rapid Field Identification of the timber (Doc.IV)* Use all tools and support available * Take notes, photographs and preserve the scene* Consider other evidence which could indicate probable origin of shipment e.g. newspapers in the container from a particular country* If insects are found, consider consultation with quarantine experts who may be able to provide location information based on insect identification

4. Did the results of the physical examination

indicate sufficient grounds to seize the shipment?

Go to box 8

3.1 Was rapid field identification successful

and sufficient to determine if controlled?

3.2 Define forensic questions that require answering to determine if timber is controlled

* Points to prove (Doc.V)- Genus- Species- Provenance (origin)- Age or individual

No

3.3 Is furtherexpert forensic identification

warranted and are sufficient funds available to

cover analyses?

3.5 Document the decision making process

* Proceed according to declared species* Consider required improvements to facilitate identification in future

Administrative Verification

Physical Verification

Investigation

LEGEND

2.1 Wereissues raised

through administrative examination or is random

physical examinationrequired?

Release if no other issues

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Go to box 5

No

3.4 Obtain expert forensic identification (Doc.VI)

* Communicate with service provider (Doc.VII) * Detain shipment if required and consider logistics* Take appropriate samples* Submit for analysis and receive identification result

Release

Bold and underlined text indicates links to reference material

Text in italics are further explained in the Glossary

5. What kind of speciesdoes the shipment contain?

6. CITES species (Doc.VIII)

* Check:- CITES appendices, annotations (Doc.IX) and exemptions

(Doc.X)- Relevant HS

codes (Doc.XI)

7. Non-CITES species

* Check control in country of origin, consider:

- Logging and export bans (Doc.XII)

- Producer country legislation/requirements (WEB 1*)

7.1 Is species controlled in country of origin?

6.1 Is a CITES permit/ certificate needed?

6.2 Check CITES permit/certificate requirements

* Appendix I (Doc.XIII): Import & export permit/re-export certificate * Appendix II (Doc.XIV): Export permit/re-export certificate* Appendix III (Doc.XV): Export permit or certificate of origin

Yes

Release if no other issues

No

7.2 Has authorizationbeen provided by the country

of origin?

Yes

No

Yes

6.3 Has a valid permit/certificate been provided?

Yes

8. Open an investigation

* Consider logistics (Doc.XVI)* Seize shipment* Conduct investigation according to best-practice (Doc.XVII) and comply with all local requirements* Notify all concerned authorities if any documents are falsely declared

No No

8.2 Define forensic questions

* Points to prove (Doc.V)- Genus- Species- Provenance (origin)- Age or individual

8.1 Does caserequire expert forensic

identification of timber or other materials?

8.3 Obtain expert forensic identification (Doc.VI)

* Communicate with service provider (Doc.VII)* Take samples (Doc.XVIII)

- Timber- Other material e.g.

foliage, insects, soil, mould* Submit for analysis and receive identification result

Proceed with investigation

Yes

No

CITES Non-CITES

Glossary

Expert forensic identification: Scientific identification undertaken by experts according to strict standards; required for court proceedings; often a lengthy process; not always required to establish grounds for further investigation (see rapid field identification).

Rapid field identification: Tools and identification techniques available to non-experts; used to quickly establish a legal basis for intervention (e.g. seizure, provision of charging documents etc.); less accurate than expert forensic identification but adequate to establish grounds for further investigation.

WEB 1*:http://www.timbertradeportal.com/

http://www.timbertradeportal.com/http://www.timbertradeportal.com/

DOC I: COMMON RISK INDICATORS FOR ILLEGAL LOGGINGClaimed load/goods: • Known to be used as cover loads for smuggled goods (e.g. waste paper, scrap plastic,

tea, coffee beans, charcoal, foodstuffs, handicrafts, used tyres) • Suitable for smuggling and load density not susceptible to control without considerable

delay (unloading takes a lot of time). • Heavier weight than is normal for the declared commodities • High shipping costs for declared low value consignment

Routing: • Loads/goods coming from high risk countries of origin or of transit, for further

information see WCO resources listed in the introduction, also www.forestlegality.org/risk-tool and www.timbertradeportal.com

• Use of unusual or new routing (in order to avoid customs intervention, criminals can use unusual routes and change them regularly)

Importer/ Exporter • Fictitious names / Incomplete details (name/address) • First time import • History of import (e.g. changes in business type) • Identity hijacking of well-known importer/exporter • Use of a new or first time use of a shipping agent • Shipment is inconsistent with the importers declared business • Fraudulent use of genuine company details • Unsubstantiated requests for urgent clearance through border controls

Certain industries/users are high risk for certain timber species, for example: • Antique restoration • Ships and yachts • Musical instruments • Furniture • Flooring • Perfumery • Wood carving • Health medications

DOC I COMMON RISK INDICATORS

DOC II: CITES PERMIT AUTHENTIFICATION This excerpt is from:

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/ports/downloads/cites.pdf

Verify the CITES Document Is Authentic and Acceptable Compare the CITES document accompanying the shipment to the CITES Standard CITES Form below.

NOTICE

Do not accept a CITES Permit or CITES Certificate that is altered, modified, or crossed-out unless the modification or crossing out has been authenticated by the stamp and signature of the authority issuing the document.

If you are presented with an altered or questionable CITES document, then place the shipment on HOLD and contact a PPQ Regional Botanist through proper channels for assistance.

Table 2-7 Instructions for CITES Permit or Certificate Validation

Standardized Block No.

Instructions

The heading Standardized Block No. above refers to the block location on a Standard CITES Form. The block numbers may vary according to the difference in format used by each country

NOTICE

A CITES document must be written in one of the three working languages of the Convention (English, French, or Spanish) or must include a full translation into one of the three working languages. If the following information is not accurate and complete, then do not accept.

1 Permit Number and Type of CITES Document

1. VERIFY the CITES document has a permit number or certificate number (the unique control number that identifies the document)

2. VERIFY the type of CITES document presented (Export Permit/Certificate, Certificate of Origin, Re-export Certificate, or Other) corresponds with the category of trade

3. If the CITES document is marked "Other", then the document must indicate the type of certificate such as: "Certificate of Artificial Propagation" (for plantation-grown trees); "Certificate of Origin"; or "Pre-Convention Certificate”


Table 2-7 Instructions for CITES Permit or Certificate Validation (continued)

Standardized Block No. Instructions

2 Expiration Date VERIFY the CITES document has not expired. The validity of a CITES document

expires at midnight (local time at the place of presentation) on the date indicated on the document. All activities, including but not limited to transport and presentation for import must be completed before that time

NOTICE

A CITES Import Permit and a CITES Certificate of Origin may be valid for no more than 12 months from the issuance date.

A CITES Export Permit or a CITES Re-export Certificate may be valid for no longer than 6 months from the issuance date. However, the conditions in 50 CFR §23.73(c)(2) and Conference Resolution 12.3 (Rev. CoP 15), Permits and Certificates Section XI are met, then the CITES Management Authority in the country of import may extend the validity of a CITES Export Permit or CITES Re-export Certificate beyond the 6 months for timber species.

CITES “OTHER” documents state the period of validity. See 50 CFR §23.54 for more information on CITES document expiration period

3 & 4 Name and Address of

Importer and Exporter

1. VERIFY that the complete name and address, including country, of the

importer and exporter are on the CITES document; and match the information on the accompanying shipping documents

2. VERIFY that the CITES document designates a U.S. consignee. If the shipment is in-transit to another country, then see page 3-70

NOTICE

Although 50 CFR 23.73(c)(1) and Conference Resolution 12.3 (Rev. CoP 15), Permits and Certificates Section XI accommodate for rerouting and a change of destination, this is intended for the sale of logs, lumber, or veneer of CITES Appendix II or Appendix III timber species while a shipment is in transit. The resolution does not apply to U.S. company utilizing a CITES document issued to a foreign affiliate’s address.

5 Special Conditions VERIFY that the permittee complies with all the conditions on the CITES document

5a Purpose of Transaction 1. VERIFY the purpose of transaction identified either by a written description or by one of the codes in 50CFR §23.23(d) which reflects the nature of the transaction. Most transactions will be commercial with a transaction code T

2. VERIFY the transaction code is compatible with the source code recorded in Block 10

EXAMPLE An export permit authorizing commercial trade (purpose of transaction code T) for a wild-collected Appendix I specimen (source code W) would not be valid, except for pre-Convention specimens.

5b Security Stamp Number or Security Number

VERIFY the number listed in Block 5b (on the document) matches the number of the security stamp affixed in Block 13. Some countries may choose to use security paper in lieu of a stamp; the security number found on the face of the document should also be recorded in Block 5b

http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2007/octqtr/pdf/50cfr23.23.pdf

Table 2-7 Instructions for CITES Permit or Certificate Validation (continued)

Standardized Block No.

Instructions

6 Name, Address, National Seal/Stamp and Country of Management Authority

VERIFY the name and address of the issuing Management Authority’s name and address. Check CITES National Contacts (a directory of names and addresses of all the management authorities) to confirm the name and address matches the name and address listed in this block

7 & 8 Scientific name (genus and species) and common name

1. VERIFY by review of the shipping documents and later by inspection of the commodity, that the scientific name of the commodity recorded on the CITES document matches the scientific name listed in Table 2-3

2. Under certain circumstances, higher taxon names in lieu of the species name may be permitted for Pre-Convention specimens (see 50CFR 23.23.(c)(13). CONTACT your PPQ Botanist1 or National CITES Specialist2 through channels

9 Description of the specimens

VERIFY by review of the shipping documents and later by inspection of the commodity, that the description of the article matches the items being imported

10 Appendix Number and Source

1. VERIFY the CITES Appendix number (of the species being imported) listed and found in Table 2-3 agrees with the Appendix number listed on the CITES document

2. VERIFY the source code for the specimen is correct (see Figure 2-8 on page 2-106)

11 Quantity (including unit) VERIFY the quantity entered agrees with the quantity declared on the accompanying shipping documents (see Step 8: Verify the Quantities Are Authorized) and by inspection of the commodity (see Step 9: Inspect the Shipment)

13 Permit/certificate issued by

Place/Date/Security Stamp, Signature, and Official Seal

1. VERIFY the following are present: location (city, town, etc.) of the issuing office; date the document was issued; if used, a security stamp; original handwritten signature of a person authorized to sign for the Management Authority; and the embossed seal or ink stamp of the issuing Management Authority

2. VERIFY the date of issuance is either on or prior to the date of lading (date of export). This information can be found on the bill of lading or air waybill

3. If presented with a retrospectively-issued 3 CITES document, then do not accept. CONTACT your PPQ Botanist1 or National CITES Specialist2 (see Retrospective CITES Documents on page 2-108)

14 Export Endorsement 1. VERIFY the quantity of specimens actually exported or re-exported is recorded in the same unit of measure as listed in Block 11, Quantity (standard CITES Permit or Certificate)

2. VERIFY the validating stamp or seal and the signature of the inspecting authority at the time of export

3. If presented with a CITES document that lacks the export endorsement, then do not accept. CONTACT a PPQ Botanist1 or National CITES Specialist2

15 Bill of Lading/Air waybill Number

1. VERIFY the number in this block matches the number of the bill of lading or air waybill accompanying the shipment

2. If a bill of lading or air waybill was not available at the time of export or re-export validation, then the number is not required to be recorded on the CITES document

1 CBP and PPQ: To locate the name, phone number, and address of the PPQ Botanist that services your port, see the Lists

of PPQ Identifiers and National Specialists.

2 National CITES Specialist is Timothy Torbett. National CITES Coordinator is John Veremis. E-mail [email protected] or [email protected].

3 A retrospectively-issued CITES document is one that was issued after the date the shipment was exported (date of lading).

http://www.cites.org/cms/index.php/component/cp

http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2007/octqtr/pdf/50cfr23.23.pdf

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP16)

https://cites.org/eng/res/12/12-03R16.php

Parties state, on each of their permits and certificates, the purpose of the transaction using the following codes: T Commercial Z Zoo G Botanical garden Q Circus or travelling exhibition Resolution Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP16) – 4 S Scientific H Hunting trophy P Personal M Medical (including biomedical research) E Educational N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation L Law enforcement / judicial / forensic; The following codes be used to indicate the source of the specimens: W Specimens taken from the wild; X Specimens taken in “the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any State”; R Ranched specimens: specimens of animals reared in a controlled environment, taken as eggs or juveniles from the wild, where they would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood; D Appendix-I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes in operations included in the Secretariat's Register, in accordance with Resolution Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP15), and Appendix-I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes, as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 4, of the Convention; A Plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 (specimens of species included in Appendix I that have been propagated artificially for non- commercial purposes and specimens of species included in Appendices II and III); C Animals bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5; F Animals born in captivity (F1 or subsequent generations) that do not fulfil the definition of ‘bred in captivity’ in Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof; U Source unknown (must be justified); I Confiscated or seized specimens; O Pre-Convention specimens;


Link to RESOLUTION CONF. 12.3 (Rev CoP 16) Permit explanation + example

https://cites.org/sites/default/files/document/E-Res-12-03R16.pdf

Link to FOREIGN CONTACT INFO https://cites.org/eng/cms/index.php/component/cp


http://www.cites.org/eng/cms/index.php/component/cp

DOC III: WILDLIFE SMUGGLING PATTERNS (MODUS OPERANDI)

See also:

Interpol: Wildlife SmugglingConcealment (case study handbook)Restricted publication: http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Environmental-crime/Resources

Example illegal timber trading modus operandi: • Counterfeited or fraudulent use of certification, e.g. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

and Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) • Counterfeited or fraudulent use of CITES export permit system • Fraud in customs declarations, e.g. in relation to using different Harmonized System

(HS) codes, especially codes with a lower rate of customs import duty • Illegal timber hidden in a shipment of legal timber, e.g. CITES listed ramin (Gonystylus

spp.) within a shipment of non-CITES listed meranti (Shorea spp.) • Mislabelled packaging • Timber species identifying features concealed by painting, varnishing or staining. • Poorly packed load with in the container • Use of incorrect tradenames • Use of incorrect scientific names • Use of incorrect country of origin • Use of incorrect CITES appendix • Use of incomplete information • CITES permit not endorsed at export • CITES permit used after validity date expired. • Shipments weight is greater than declared • Incorrect use of weight conversion codes (e.g. weight declared in kilograms on invoice,

CITES permit in m3) • Lack of required official documentation • Timber processed to end product and declared as product not timber, e.g. billiard cues

made of CITES listed ramin (Gonystylus spp.) • Abuse of CITES annotation, i.e. claiming non-annotated CITES timber products as

annotated products • Use of fictitious address/fictitious name • Use of permit issues by incorrect authority • Fraudulent use of timber concession information • Shipment of timber is used as a cover load for concealing narcotics or cigarettes • Pallets or packing material made from restricted timber species

http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Environmental-crime/Resources

DOC III WILDLIFE SMUGGLING TECH

DOC IV: RAPID FIELD WOOD/TIMBER IDENTIFICATION

Environment Canada USDA Wiedenhoeft CAFTA Tropical woods CITES I-II-III Timber Identification of Centralhttp://publications.gc.ca/site/ https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/ American Woodseng/9.819974/publication.html plants/manuals/ports/downloads/cites.pdf http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/

pdf2011/fpl_2011_wiedenhoeft009.pdf

TRAFFIC EAST ASIA- CITES and TimberTAIPEI www.kew.org/data/CITES_User_http://www.traffic.org/identification Guides/CITES-and-Timber.pdf

African Timber IdentificationGuide

Guatemala Species ID Manual http://www.itto.int/files/user/cites/ guatemala/Manual de identificación de especies forestales CITES_ Guatemala2.pdf

http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.819974/publication.html




http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2011/fpl_2011_wiedenhoeft009.pdf


http://www.kew.org/data/CITES_User_Guides/CITES-and-Timber.pdf

http://www.traffic.org/identification






http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjwo9_ooKLKAhWJqh4KHdazC3sQFgg1MAQ&url=http://www.traffic.org/forestry-reports/traffic_pub_forestry16.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEffLMx4cRDOJXvAeWU-Q-Tm8doFw

http://www.itto.int/files/user/cites/guatemala/Manual de identificación de especies forestales CITES_Guatemala2.pdf

http://www.itto.int/files/user/cites/guatemala/Manual de identificación de especies forestales CITES_Guatemala2.pdf

ftp://delta-intkey.com/citesw/en/intro.htm https://www.prota4u.org/database/search.asp

www.wood-database.com/

CITES Wiki Identification Manualhttp://citeswiki.unep-wcmc.org/IdentificationManual/tabid/56/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Link to additional resources to assist rapid field identification of timber and timber products

http://delta-intkey.com/citesw/en/index.htm

https://www.prota4u.org/database/search.asp

http://www.wood-database.com/

http://citeswiki.unep-wcmc.org/IdentificationManual/tabid/56/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://delta-intkey.com/citesw/en/index.htm

http://www.wood-database.com/

http://citeswiki.unep-wcmc.org/IdentificationManual/tabid/56/language/en-US/Default.aspx

https://www.prota4u.org/database/search.asp

DOC IV ID GUIDES

©®

A strategic alliance of

IUCN

AFRICAN TIMBERIDENTIFICATION GUIDE

AFRICAN TIMBERIDENTIFICATION GUIDE

Compiled by: TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa

Acknowledgements:

Several government organizations and institutions are thanked for making this manual possible. Funding for this document was provided to WWF Tanzania Country Office (TCO) and TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa-East Africa Office (TESA-EA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations through the European Union via the African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (ACP FLEGT) Support Programme.

The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Isaac Malugu of the WWF TCO for his commitment and support to this project. Mr. Adam Kijazi of WWF TCO is also thanked for his encouragement and assistance.

TESA-EA would like to thank Tess Rayner of TESA’s Regional Office for her design and content of these ID sheets. Jumapili Chenga of TESA-EA is acknowledged for his translation of the English text to Kiswahili, many of the species’ photographs, and overall coordination of this project. Thanks are extended to Stephanie Dyer of Timber information Services, Hilton, South Africa for her technical review of this work. General review of content and layout were provided by David Newton and Julie Thomson of TESA. Shanny Pelle, also of TESA-EA is acknowledged for her assistance to Mr. Chenga on this project.

Special thanks to Mr. Arjanson Mloge of the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) agency of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism for reviewing the Kiswahili translations and undertaking the field trainings.

Produced by TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa in collaboration with WWF Tanzania Country Office 2013.

Growth rings

A new layer of wood is deposited over the previous year’s growth, increasing the girth and the height of the tree. The rings can also be used to determine age of the tree.

Growth rings

SOURCE: Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa

Sapwood & Heartwood

• Young trees (saplings): re wood por involved in tr water & nutrients) upwards from roots to tops of trees. This wood is called sapwood (transport-) cells are shaped to

• As stem of tree increases in diameter, it no longer needs re trunk to conduct sap. Cells nearest the pith, cease to conduct sap, and as these cells shut down, they become blocked with extr (resins, gums, tannins, waxes, crystals and other extr (resins, gums, tannins, waxes, crystals and other deposits). This part of the stem is transformed into heartwood.

• Inclusions (e es) in cells give the heartwood colour. Heartwood is usually darker in colour than sapwood. Some woods do not have pigmented extr their heartwood and the sap- and heartwood are not dis


SAPWOOD

HEARTWOOD

Sapwood & Heartwood


Softwood (Douglas fir) Hardwood (West Indian Cedar)

HardwoodNOTE: These photos were taken under a microscope


How to sample wood for identification

Depends on material to be identified, eg.

• Valuable furniture piece or small item: sample minimum thickness = 5mm

• Logs: remove 100mm from end of log (complete or part of disk containing heartwood)containing heartwood)

• Sawn timber: 100mm from one board (must contain heartwood)

• If submitted for identification, number material with relevant reference number (to be used in correspondence) and provide as much detail as possible, for example: species of timber given on delivery documents, origin and destination, etc.

• If possible, keep a duplicate sample of material submitted for identification.


Sampling methods

Using a chainsaw:

Using a mallet & chisel:

SOURCE: TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa

POD MAHOGANYAfzelia quanzensis

AFRICAN BLACKWOODDalbergia melanoxylon

PANGA PANGAa stuhlmannii

KIAATPterocarpus angolensis

Kiaat PHOTO: G. Nichols

PHOTO: http://wood-wise.co.za

PHOTO:http://www.thewoodmarket.com/temp/memberdata/mtreepict2.html

PHOTO: Tom Milliken

PHOTO: Terry Andrews

PHOTO: www.mpingoconservation.org

PHOTO: P. Poilecot - CIRAD


MKURUTI / BAPHIA / CAMWOODBaphia kirkii

PAU ROSA / MSEKESEKE Bobgunnia madagascariensis(= Swartzia madagascariensis)

MISSANDAErythrophleum africanum

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PHOTO: www.mpingoconservation.org PHOTO: John Kabubu, WWF

PHOTO: www.alibaba.com PHOTO: http://chinaworldwe.com

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PANGA PANGAill a stuhlmannii


END-/CROSS GRAIN IDENTIFICATION

NOTE: These photos were taken under a microscope

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Low magnification Low magnification

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SOURCE: A.Campbell and P.E.Gasson, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew

SOURCE: A.Campbell and P.E.Gasson, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew

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BAPHIA/CAMWOODBaphia kirkii

PAU ROSABobgunnia madagascariensis

MISSANDAErythrophleum africanum

No Image Available

MICROSCOPIC END-/CROSS GRAIN IDENTIFICATIONNOTE: These photos were taken under a microscope

MUWA/MNONDOJulbernardia globiflora

WILD KAPOK / EAST AFRICAN BOMBAXBombax rhodognaphalon

No Image Available

Source: Dr HG Richter - h p //delta-intkey.comSource InsideWood- h p //bio.kuleuven.be/sys/iawa

H.G. Richter, Wood iology, University of Hamburg

Source InsideWood - h p //bio.kuleuven.be/sys/iawaContributor Alice Campbell and Peter Gasson, Royal

otanic Gardens - Kew

POD MAHOGANY (Afzelia quanzensis)

Geographic Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Common Names: South Africa: afzelia, chemnen, mahogany bean, pod / red / African / Rhodesian mahoganyMozambique: Chamfuta, Mussacossa, Chanfuta, Matende, Mecombe, Moco, Mugengema, Megengema, Muoco, Mussocossa

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Mozambique: Chamfuta, Mussacossa, Chanfuta, Matende, Mecombe, Moco, Mugengema, Megengema, Muoco, MussocossaTanzania: Mkora, mambakofi, mbambakofi, mbarika, mbembakofi, mkomge, mkongo, mkumbakusi

Other: Tongan: mupapa; Lozi: mwande; Lunda: mwala; Nyanja: mkolando, mpapa; Zulu: iNkehli, umHlavusi, umShamfuthi; Bemba: mupapa; Afrikaans: peulmahonie

Trade names: afzelia, CHAMFUTI, lucky bean tree, mahogany bean

Functional uses: Food: leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Fodder: The bark and leaves are eaten by elephants, and the leaves are browsed by eland and grey duiker. Dropped flowers also are eaten by game. Timber: Sapwood is pale brown, and heartwood is dark reddish-brown with paler patches. It can be used for construction of doors, door and window frames, sills, heavy duty flooring, stairs, shutters, counter tops, decking, general outdoor joinery, furniture, wagons, railway sleepers, turnery, containers for chemicals (resistant to acids), construction, marine and harbour work, musical instruments and in boat building. Medicine: Roots provide medicine against gonorrhoea, chest pains, kidney problems, bilharzia, eye problems and snakebite. They are chewed as an aphrodisiac. A mixture of pounded bark and python fat is applied on eczematous spots of the skin, and a small piece of bark is applied to an aching tooth. Other products: Seeds are sold as curios or strung into necklaces.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. World of Agroforestry - http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=151

PHOTO: Olivier Maurin, University of Johannesburg

Heartwood colour: yellowish-brown when freshly sawn, but darkens to dark reddish-brown on exposure

Sapwood colour: yellow to grey (distinguishable from heartwood)Sapwood width: 25–100 mm

Bark description: greyish-brown, characteristically flaking in roundish woody scales, leaving pale patches

POD MAHOGANY - Afzelia quanzensis

Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Texture: courseGrain: Interlocked, rarely straightTexture: Coarse and evenOdour: YesLustre: mediumOther: Presence of Afzelin (yellow dye) may stain fabrics in moist conditions.


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Diameter: 900mm

PHOTO: www.alibaba.com

CROSS-SECTION

Note: these structures are only visible on an exposed end-grain cut made with a sharp knife (Stanley knife is suitable) and viewed with a 5-10X ag i a o hand lens.)

End-/Cross grain identification

Pores are visible as small holes. Some pores contain white or yellow inclusions visible in cross section

The pores are surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma tissue to form eye-like structures

Parenchyma tissue is also present as lines that demarcate growth rings

may stain fabrics in moist conditions.

Lines that run from pith (centre of log) to bark are visible – these are called rays.

Source: Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa

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Recently harvested Pod Mahogany (Afzelia quanzensis) stumps

ALL PHOTOS: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

AFRICAN BLACKWOOD (Dalbergia melanoxylon)

Geographic Location: Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic; Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Common Names: South Africa: African blackwood, African ebony, African ironwood, blackwood, blackwood dalbergia, zebrawood; masambeetTanzania: Mugembe, Mpingo, Kikwaju, Poyi; Mozambique: Grenadillo, Ampivi, Chiruite, Mepingue, Pingue, Pau preto, Mpivi, N’micoZimbabwe: Mukulete Uganda: Mufunjo Sudan: Babanus

Other: Tongan: chinsale, mukelete, musonkomo; Lozi: mukelete; Luganda: motangu; Lunda: kafundula; Ndebele: umbambangwe;

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Other: Tongan: chinsale, mukelete, musonkomo; Lozi: mukelete; Luganda: motangu; Lunda: kafundula; Ndebele: umbambangwe; Nyanja: kasalusalu, mfwankomo, mkelete, mkumudwe, msalu, pulupulu; Shona: murwiti; Tigrigna: zebe; Tswana: mokelete; Zulu: umPhingo; Afrikaans: driedoring ebbehout, sebrahout, swartdriedoring, driedoringhout; Amharic: zobbi; Hausa: tabum; Senegal: Senegal ebony

Trade Names: AFRICAN BLACKWOOD, African ebony, mugembe, poyi

Functional uses: Fodder: The pods and leaves can be used as animal fodder. Apiculture: Like other members of the genus Dalbergia, its honey is dark amber and strong flavoured. Fuel: The calorific value of the wood is more than 49 000 kcal/kg. Heat generation is so high that fires of D. melanoxylon have been reported to melt cooking utensils. Timber: The sapwood is white or yellowish-white, often 12 cm wide, and sharply differentiated. The heartwood is purplish black, sometimes darker towards the outside, with light streaks and not always uniform in colour. Products made from the timber include industrial flooring, furniture and cabinet work, carvings, turnery and marquetry to produce sculptures, musical instruments, ornaments, inlays, chess pieces, walking sticks, bearings, jewellery, pattern-making, toys, tool handles, sports goods and many other products. The main industrial use, long supporting an export trade from East Africa and Mozambique, is the manufacture of musical instruments, especially woodwinds. Medicine: The roots are used in traditional medicines to treat abdominal pain, diarrhoea and syphilis; the wood smoke is inhaled to treat headaches and bronchitis.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information, Services, Hilton, South Africa2. World of Agroforestry - http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=643

PHOTO: P. Poilecot, CIRAD

AFRICAN BLACKWOOD – Dalbergia melanoxylon

Heartwood colour: Black. Heartwood colour sometimes purple-brown with black streaks

Sapwood colour: Yellow

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Sapwood width: 25 – 50 mmDiameter: 120 – 500 mmAverage: 200 mm

SIDE GRAIN PHOTO: www.blackwoodconservation.org CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: www.blackwoodconservation.org

Average: 200 mm

Note: these structures are only visible on an exposed end-grain cut made with a sharp knife (Stanley knife is suitable) and viewed with a 5-10X magnification hand lens.


Pores are visible as very small holes, varying in size.

Light-coloured parenchyma tissue is visible around the pores but more characteristic as very fine, wavy lines and also present as lines that demarcate growth rings.



Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: StraightTexture: FineLustre: LowOther: The species has been highly prized, particularly for timber and carvings. The small, slow-growing tree is irregularly shaped and recovery of large, straight pieces of wood is not possible.

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PANGA PANGA (Mille a stuhlmannii)

Geographic Location: Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Mozambique and East Africa

Common Names: South Africa: Panga-panga; Partridge wood; Patryshout; Large-leaved umzimbeet; Grootblaaromsambeet; Mozambique: Chicussua, Jambire, Messara, Mungoma, Namucosa, PanguineTanzania: Mpangapanga, mpande

Other: Kushela, Pangire; Shona: mutsara; French: Jambrie, Messara

PHOTO: Tom Milliken PHOTO: www.mpingoconservation.org SOURCE: http://www.phi-audio.com/products_materials.htm

Other: Kushela, Pangire; Shona: mutsara; French: Jambrie, Messara

Note: The wood of Wenge (Millettia laurentii) from Central Africa closely resembles that of Millettia stuhlmannii and is used for similar purposes. It differs in its often slightly darker colour and lack of yellowish white resin

Trade names: Panga-panga

Functional uses: The wood is highly valued for light and heavy flooring and for furniture. It is popular in the veneer industry, where it is used for decorative furniture and interior trim. It is also used for joinery, panelling, cabinet work, doors, staircases, window frames, carving, turnery, sleepers, decking and musical instruments. It is suitable for heavy construction, ship and boat building, mine props, railway sleepers, vehicle bodies, implements, toys, novelties, precision equipment, boxes and crates, but for many of these purposes it is no longer used because of its high price. In traditional medicine a root decoction is drunk to treat stomach-ache. Poles planted during the rainy season serve as a live fence.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Protabase - http://database.prota.org

PANGA PANGA - ill a stuhlmannii


Heartwood colour: Yellowish-brown to dark brown to black-brown with lighter colouredstriping, caused by parenchyma tissue.

Sapwood colour: Yellowish-white

Bark description: Yellow- or greenish-grey and smooth

Sapwood width: 25 – 50 mm

Diameter 400-500mm / 600-900mm

Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: Straight to interlockedTexture: Fine and evenOther: The timber is hard-wearing, resists abrasion, and tensile- and cleavage

CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: www.mpingoconservation.org

abrasion, and tensile- and cleavage properties are very high.


Note: these structures are only visible on an exposed end-grain cut made with a sharp knife (Stanley knife is suitable) and viewed with a 5-10X magnification hand lens.)

Pores are visible as small holes. These are often filled with yellow inclusions

The pores are surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma tissue arranged in wavy bands, wider than those of Dalbergiamelanoxylon. These bands are responsible for the striping in the wood and is visible on all sections or planes.

Parenchyma tissue is also present as lines that demarcate growth rings, but these are not clearly visible



SIDE GRAIN SOURCE: http://www.phi-audio.com/products_materials.htm

PHOTO: A. Campbell & P.E. Gasson, RBG, Kew

KIAAT (Pterocarpus angolensis)

Geographic Location: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe,Tanzania

Common Names: South Africa: Kiaat, African teak, Bloodwood, Rhodesian teak, Sealing-wax tree, Transvaal teak, Wild teak, Paddle-wood, Brown African padauk; Umbila, greinhout, kehatenhout, kiaat, lakboom, mulombwaTanzania: Mtumbati, mninga, mninga jangwaMozambique: Ambila, Gulombila, Imbila, Mebila, MuculambiraZimbabwe: Muninga, Mukwa Namibia: Dolfhout, Dolfkiaat Angola: Mutete

(Mwera): mtumbati (Lunda): mukula; (Lozi): mukwa, mulombe; (Ndebele): umvagazi; (Nyanja): mlombe, mlombwa; (Shona): kiaat, mubvamaropa,

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(Mwera): mtumbati (Lunda): mukula; (Lozi): mukwa, mulombe; (Ndebele): umvagazi; (Nyanja): mlombe, mlombwa; (Shona): kiaat, mubvamaropa, mukwa; (Tongan): mukula; (Tswana): mokwa, morotomadi; (Zulu): inDlandlovu, inGozina, umbila, umVangazi; (Bemba): mulombwa;

Trade names: Kiaat, Muninga, also known as Mukwa though this can mean other species of Pterocarpus too, BloodwoodFunctional uses: Fodder: Elephant and kudu browse the leaves. Apiculture: Popular with beekeepers, as it is good source of pollen for honeybees. Timber: Furniture; paneling; shelving; joinery; doors and window frames; domestic and industrial flooring; veneer & plywood; boat-building; turnery; rail carriage construction; carving; musical instruments; mining; vehicle bodies; sleepers; toys. It is locally used for dishes, mortars and drums, and is one of the few woods favoured for canoe paddles and game and fish spears. Tannin or dyestuff: The red gummy sap contains 77% tannin. When cut, it exudes a red, sticky and bloodlike sap; this leaves a permanent stain on cloth and therefore makes it an effective dye. Medicine: The bark has several uses; heated in water and mixed with figs it is massaged on the breast to stimulate lactation; a cold infusion from the bark alone provides a remedy for nettle rash. A decoction of the bark is also taken orally for piles, and a cold infusion made from the bark is taken to relieve stomach disorders, headaches, blood in the urine, earache and mouth ulcers. Bark or roots, boiled with fresh meat, is used as a preliminary accelerator in the treatment of gonorrhea. A decoction of the root is believed to be a cure for malaria and blackwater fever. An infusion made from the roots is taken orally for the treatment of diarrhoea, bilharzia and abdominal pains. Roots are burnt and the ashes drunk in water to treat asthma and tuberculosis. Corneal ulcers are bathed in an eyewash obtained when roots of the tree are 1st cleaned and then left to soak in water for 6 hours. In the follow-up treatment of this ailment, flowers are placed in boiling water over which the patient holds the face, allowing the steam to fill the eyes; dropping sap into the eyes treats cataracts and sore eyes. The bark is boiled and the resulting red fluid is used in treating skin lesions and ringworm. Ripe seeds are burnt and the ashes applied to inflamed areas of the skin and to bleeding gums. The sap is reputed to heal sores, including ringworm sores and stab wounds, and to treat various other ailments.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. World of Agroforestry - http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1382


KIAAT - Pterocarpus angolensis

CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: www.fabinet.up.ac.za

Heartwood colour: Yellowish-/Reddish-brown to dark brown (with golden and darker markings)

Sapwood colour: White / Yellowish

Bark description: The bark is rough, reticulate and fissured, exuding a blood red sticky sap when the tree is injured or felled, giving the species the name “bloodwood”.


Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: Straight to interlockedTexture: Coarse and unevenLustre: NoOdour: freshly sawn wood has a characteristic odourIrritant Properties: Dry sawdust may cause nasal

Diameter: 300-600mmKipenyo: 300 – 400mm

PHOTO: John Kabubu, WWF

Note: Small white flecks occassionally occur in some logs

CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: www.fabinet.up.ac.za Irritant Properties: Dry sawdust may cause nasal irritation and asthma.Other: Small, white spots may occur irregularly – these are caused by a natural component of the wood and have no effect on quality. Wood from Zimbabwe and Namibia is lighter in weight and softer than elsewhere –known as Dolfhout or Dolfkiaat.

Source: Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, S.A


Pores (vessels) are visible as small holes. These vary greatly in size.


The pores surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma tissue arranged in wavy bands of different widths.Parenchyma tissue is also present as lines that demarcate growth rings.

Straight lines that run from pith (centre of log) to bark are visible – these are called rays

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KIAAT - Pterocarpus angolensis

Immature Kiaat (P. angolensis) stumps PHOTOS (above) J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

PHOTO: www.wag-malawi.org/nav/news/2005_htmlPHOTO: http://chinaworldwe.com

www.wood168.net/timbertechPHOTO: www.wood168.net

BAPHIA / CAMWOOD (Baphia kirkii)

Geographic Location: Coastal regions of Tanzania and southern Mozambique

Common Names: English: Baphia, CamwoodPortuguese: GevireKiSwahili: Mkuruti

Trade names: Mkuruti, Mkarankanga

Functional uses: Timber: The wood (trade names: baphia, camwood) is used for furniture (especially table and counter tops), heavy duty flooring and turnery. In tropical Africa it is used for construction of local houses and in boat building, but also for tool handles, pestles, stools and carvings, as firewood and in charcoal production. Baphia kirkii is planted as an avenue and ornamental shade tree. Medicine: A root decoction is drunk to treat

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firewood and in charcoal production. Baphia kirkii is planted as an avenue and ornamental shade tree. Medicine: A root decoction is drunk to treat epilepsy.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 2007. Baphia kirkii Baker. [Internet] Record from Protabase. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors).

PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Baphia%20kirkii_En.htm

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Heartwood colour: Purplish brown and contains red gum

Sapwood colour: Yellowish white

Bark description: The bark is grey-brown

Sapwood width: up to 20mm

Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: Straight or slightly wavyTexture: Fine and evenLustre: NoCROSS-SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Diameter: up to 900mm

Lustre: NoOdour: the wood has a peppery scentOther: The bole is usually irregular with deep fluting at the butt. The wood is very durable and only rarely attached by termites and marine borers. Sapwood is not susceptible to Lyctus borer (powder post beetle) attack.

SIDE GRAIN PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFICPHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Grain: Straight or slightly wavy

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 2007. Baphia kirkii Baker. [Internet] Record from Protabase. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors).

PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Baphia%20kirkii_En.htm

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Cross-section of a mature trunk PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Longitudinal section PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Longitudinal section PHOTOS (Above): J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Bark PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

PAU ROSA (Bobgunnia madagascariensis)

Synonym: Swartzia madagascariensis

Geographic Location: Botswana, Central African Republic, DRC, Gambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Tanzania,

Common Names: South Africa: Slangboon, Snake bean, IronheartTanzania: Msekeseke, Charcoal TreeMozambique: Pau rosa, Pau ferro, Cimbe, Mussacuasso, Naquata, Nhaquata, Mhaquata, Mushakashela, Charcoal TreeOther: (French): Petit Dim

Trade names: Pau Rosa; Kasanda; Msekeseke

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Functional uses: Timber: The wood is used traditionally for poles and posts for houses, fences and kraals, and is sought after for cabinet work, musical instruments, novelties, tool handles and for carving utensils such as pestles. It is suitable for heavy construction and flooring, joinery, mine props, ship building, railway sleepers, furniture, sporting goods, toys, vats, agricultural implements, turnery and veneer. For carving it is used as a substitute for African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.). The wood is an excellent slow-burning firewood, and it is so popular for charcoal making that it is called ‘charcoal tree’ in parts of coastal Tanzania and Mozambique. Tanin/Dyestuff: Powdered heartwood soaked in hot water produces a reddish dye. In Malawi the bark was formerly used to make bark-cloth and it provides fibre used for various purposes. Apiculture: When flowering the plants provide nectar for honey bees. Other: The fruits yield a glue used to fix axe and hoe handles.Medicine: Various parts of the tree are used in traditional medicine. A decoction of the fruits has been used to induce vomiting to remove poison from the stomach, and to treat bilharzia, leprosy and ear-ache. Roots are used to induce abortion, counteract venomous stings and bites, kill or expel intestinal worms and treat leprosy. A warm root infusion is used to treat venereal diseases and dysentery. Chopped roots are shaken in water which is then used to treat cataract of the eye. Roots can be taken raw as sexual stimulant. Leaves are chewed to relieve headache and used as cough medicine. A bark decoction is drunk to slow down heart palpitations in cases of extreme fatigue and to treat leprosy. A warm infusion of bark along with that of Diospyros lycioides Desf. is used to clean cuts. The bark has been used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery and as febrifuge.

The harvesting of the trees for timber, firewood and charcoal, and roots and fruits for medicinal purposes is widespread throughout its range and this may make it locally vulnerable. The demand for these products is likely to increase further. The situation may be aggravated by the facts that the species grows very slowly and is difficult to cultivate, whereas procedures for its wide-scale propagation are lacking.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Mojeremane, W., 2012. Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens,

R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afriquetropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. . Accessed 16 January 2013

PHOTO: J. Chenga , TRAFFIC

PAUROSA (Bobgunnia (Swartzia) madagascariensis)

Heartwood colour: Dark reddish-brown / purplish with bands varying in colour from yellow to dark brown. Clearly demarcated from the sapwood

Sapwood colour: White / Yellowish

Bark description: The bark is dark grey / grey-black, rough and deeply fissured or furrowed and ridged, flaking off in irregular pieces


Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: Straight to wavy or interlockedTexture: Medium to fine and evenLustre: NoOdour: None

Diameter: 400-600mm

Note: Small white flecks occassionally occur in some logs, due to the presence of gum or other deposits in the pores

SOURCE: http://delta-intkey.com - Dr HG Richer

Odour: NoneOther: The reddish brown wood sometimes develops a purplish black heart that is very decorative. Growth rings form variable bands in a zigzag arrangement which makes the heartwood very decorative. The inner bark is yellowish-white and exudes a crimson-black mucilage. Bole rarely straight, usually short and low-branched. The wood is very durable.

Source: Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, S.Africa


Pores (vessels) are visible as small holes.


The pores surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma tissue arranged in wavy bands of different widths.

Parenchyma tissue is also present as wavy lines that demarcate growth rings

Straight lines that run from pith (centre of log) to bark are visible –these are called rays

Grain: Straight to wavy or interlocked

SIDE GRAIN PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

PAUROSA (Bobgunnia (Swartzia) madagascariensis)

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PHOTO: Royal Museum for Central Africa Belgium –http://africamuseum.be

PAUROSA (Bobgunnia madagascariensis)

CROSS - SECTION

BARK REMOVEDSLASH

PHOTO: Plantation Sawmilling & Boards cc - www.plantsaw.co.za

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LONGITUDINAL CUT


ORDEAL TREE (Erythrophleum africanum)

Geographic Location: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe,; Senegal, Sudan. Much of tropical Africa, through Central Africa and Southern Africa.

Common Names: South Africa: Ordeal Tree; African Blackwood; Oordeelboom (Afrikaans)Mozambique: Incalaze; Muacari; Mucarati; Munchachipa; Mucarale; Mucarara; UhacareZambia: Kayimbi; Mukoso; Kabulwebulwe; Mubako; Museshe; Kalunguti; KawidziZimbabwe: Mushati; Umbako; UmsenyaBotswana: Mmako; Mobaku; Mokongochi; Mopombo; Ununza; Namibia: Mupako, Ordeal Tree; Ambokiaat; Qarati; Mubako

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Namibia: Mupako, Ordeal Tree; Ambokiaat; Qarati; Mubako

Trade names: Missanda

Functional uses: Timber: The timber of Erythrophleum africanum and several other Erythrophleum species is marketed under the trade name ‘missanda’. It is used for furniture, heavy and light construction, posts, poles and tool handles. The wood is used as firewood and to make good-quality charcoal, useful in iron working. Cuttings are used to establish living fences. Other: The gum from the bark is used to make baskets water proof and to fix arrow heads and hoe and axe handles. In Zambia the foliage is reportedly used as a fodder but sources from several other countries report that it is toxic and that cattle are kept away from it. Medicine: In Ghana a mouth wash for relieving toothache is made from the bark of Erythrophleum africanum. In Zimbabwe an infusion of the bark is drunk to treat stomach-ache or dysmenorrhoea. The bark steeped in water is applied externally and internally to cure cardiac diseases and epilepsy. In Namibia the powdered root bark mixed with urine is applied to the skin to treat leprosy. A hot water extract from pounded roots is drunk to induce vomiting in case of poisoning and as a cure for insanity. Inhaling the smoke of burning leaves is said to relieve pain. A paste of root bark is applied to the skin to cure scabies. The bark has been used as an ordeal poison in Tanzania, Malawi and Zimbabwe.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Kawanga, V., 2006. Erythrophleum africanum (Welw. ex Benth.) Harms. [Internet] Record from Protabase. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-

Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. < http://database.prota.org/search.htm>. Accessed : 16 January 2013

BARK PHOTO:J. Chenga, TRAFFIC


CROSS - SECTION PHOTO: Plantation Sawmilling & Boards - www.plantsaw.co.za

Kipenyo: 1200 mm

Bark description: The bark is rough and grey to blackish

Heartwood colour: Redishbrown

Sapwood colour: WhiteSapwood with: 40mm

CROSS- SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: Straight to interlockedTexture: Fine and evenLustre: MediumOdour: NoneOther: The wood is heavy, hard and very durable and is resistant to termites, powder-post beetles and marine borers

Grain: Straight to interlocked


Fine lines that run from pith (centre of log) to bark are visible – these are called rays

SOURCE: InsideWood- Contributor H.G. Richter, Wood Biology, University of Hamburg

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marine borers.

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Parenchyma tissue is also present as lines that demarcate growth rings.


The pores are surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma tissue, which is also arranged in wavy bands of different widths.

Pores are visible as small holes. These vary greatly in size. Some pores are visible as yellowish dots due to the presence of gum or deposits


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BARK PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

CROSS - SECTION PHOTO (ABOVE) : J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

SIDE GRAIN PHOTO (ABOVE): Plantation Sawmilling & Boards cc - www.plantsaw.co.za/timber/missanda


ALL PHOTOS: Plantation Sawmilling & Boards -www.plantsaw.co.za

MUWA/MNONDO (Julbernardia globiflora

Synonyms: Brachystegia globiflora

Geographic Location: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Common Names: Tanzania: Mwongo; Myombo; Mchenga; Mgombo; Msima; MwongoMozambique / Zambia / Zimbabwe: Mnondo; Munhondo; Munondo; Mutondo; Mpasa; Katondomumba; Mwanza; Kabunga;

Kamponi; Mumba; SandweOther: (Ndebele): Umtshonkwe; (Matum): mtondolo; (Nyam): muwa, muba, mgombo

Trade names: Muwa; Mnondo, Mtondolo

Functional uses: Timber: The wood is used for heavy construction; industrial flooring; mining (general); sleepers; fuelwood; tool handles. The inner bark is an important local source of string and rope used for tying, e.g. in construction. The wood is used for poles, tool handles, mortars, yokes, harnesses and

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an important local source of string and rope used for tying, e.g. in construction. The wood is used for poles, tool handles, mortars, yokes, harnesses and canoes. It is also suitable for railway sleepers, mine props, construction, flooring, shipbuilding, vehicle bodies, furniture, sporting goods, interior trim and joinery. The wood is widely used as fuelwood and for making charcoal. Other: The bark is also used for making beehives, stitched canoes, bins and sacks. In Tanzania the bark is used to roll rings to carry baskets on the head. Larger pieces of bark are used in Tanzania for making containers, seats and doors. In Zimbabwe the bark fibre is used for making the warm and pliable ‘gudza’ cloth, which is made into garments and household items, such as storage bags and beer strainers. In Burundi fibre from the root is made into fishing lines. In Tanzania the large pieces of bark used for containers or used as doors are traditionally harvested by men. They select old trees with straight boles and few branches and use long knives to cut the shape of the demanded piece and tear it off slowly from the stem. Smaller pieces of bark and strings are harvested traditionally by women and children. They often do not use tools or use small knives to tear off long bark strips. Sometimes they use long knives to cut off larger pieces of bark to be used as seats, lids for pots and other household items. Poles are obtained by pruning the tree.Tannin/Dyestuff: The bark yields a tannin used for dyeing. Apiculture: The tree provides fodder, and it is an important early-season browse plant in southern Zimbabwe. It is a bee forage, yielding honey of very high-quality, and an important food plant for edible caterpillars. Medicine: In Zimbabwe and Tanzania decoctions of the bark are dropped into the eye against conjunctivitis, and in Zimbabwe a bark infusion is used as a wash to contract the vaginal canal. Bark fibres are chewed in case of constipation, and tannin from the bark has been used as a laxative. Stem pieces are ground and smoked for the treatment of leprosy. In case of snakebite, the leaves of Julbernardia globiflora are rubbed into scarifications around the wound after the poison has been sucked out. Infusions of the bark or root have been drunk as ordeal poisons in Zambia, and also in Zimbabwe the tree is used for trial by ordeal. In veterinary medicine in Zimbabwe an infusion of the bark is instilled against diarrhoea in cattle.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Jimu, L., 2010. Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin. [Internet] Record from Protabase. Brink, M. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. (Editors). PROTA

(Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.http://database.prota.org/search.htm. 3. Makonda, F.B.S and Kitojo, D.H. (2011) Utilization Potential of Lesser-known Timber Species from Rufiji and Kilwa Village Land Forest

Reserves, Tanzania. Final Consultancy Report Submitted to WWF Tanzania Country Office February, 2011



Heartwood colour: Dark reddish-brown and clearly demarcated from the sapwood.

Sapwood colour: Pink or pale yellowish-brown

Bark description: Bark is rough and grey.


Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: Strongly interlocked to irregularTexture: Medium to coarse Lustre: HighOther: Tree may contain ring shake (length-wise cracks formed in the stem following the shape of the growth rings. The bark yields a tannin used for dyeing. The heartwood is durable, but susceptible

Diameter: up to 900mmBARK PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

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dyeing. The heartwood is durable, but susceptible to attaches by pinhole borers, marine borers and termites. The sapwood is liable to powder post beetle attack.



Pores are visible as small holes. These vary greatly in size.


The pores are surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma tissue that also forms bands connecting pores and pore groups.Parenchyma tissue is also present as

lines that demarcate growth rings.

Narrow lines that run from pith (centre of log) to bark are visible – these are called rays

Source: InsideWood - h p //bio.kuleuven.be/sys/iawa Contributor Alice Campbell and Peter Gasson, Royal otanic Gardens - Kew

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BARK PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFICCROSS-SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

BARK PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFICCROSS-SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

CROSS-SECTION PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC SIDE GRAIN PHOTO: WWF Tanzania Report

WILD KAPOK / EAST AFRICAN BOMBAX(Bombax rhodognaphalon)

Synonym: Rhodognaphalon schumannianum

Geographic Location: Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania

Common Names: English: East African Bombax; Wild Kapok Tree; East African Cotton Tree; Fleece FruitKiSwahili: Msufi mwitu; Msufi pori; Mkaranga mti; Matengo; Mwera; Mng’uma; Ngindo; Mwale; Nyakyusa; Mfuma; Msyavala;

Sambaa; Other: (Cameroon): Buma; (Gabon): Ogumalanga; (Liberia): Basa ju-eh

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PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC PHOTO: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

Other: (Cameroon): Buma; (Gabon): Ogumalanga; (Liberia): Basa ju-eh

Trade names: Wild Kapok Tree; East African Bombax

Functional uses: Timber: The wood is locally used for roofing, doors, panelling and cheap plywood for packing cases. The bole is traditionally used for dugout canoes. The wood is suitable for low-grade furniture, sporting goods, matches, hardboard, particle board and wood-wool. It is also suitable for pulping and for charcoal making.Food: The roasted seeds are eaten like groundnuts, and they are pounded and cooked with vegetables or meat. Other: Floss from the fruit has been used for stuffing pillows, cushions and mattresses. Bombax rhodognaphalon is used as a shade and wayside tree.Tannin/Dyestuff: The bark yields a red-brown dye and fibre for rope making. Medicine: The roots are used to treat asthma, coughs and diarrhoea, the bark is a traditional medicine against diarrhoea and malaria, and the leaves are used in cleansing rituals.

Sources: 1. Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services, Hilton, South Africa 2. Brink, M., 2008. Rhodognaphalon schumannianum A.Robyns. [Internet] Record from Protabase. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink,

M. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. < http://database.prota.org/search.htm>.

WILD KAPOK / EAST AFRICAN BOMBAX(Rhodognaphalon schumannianum / Bombax rhodognaphalon)


Heartwood colour: Pale to dark pinkish brown with diffuse dark bands. It is indistinctly demarcated from the sapwood when freshly cut, but on drying the sapwood becomes cream-coloured

Sapwood colour: On drying becomes cream-coloured

Bark description: The bark is smooth and greenish-yellow. On older trees, the bark is sometimes scaly and grey. Sapwood width: 75 mm

Diameter: up to 1500 mm

NOTE: This photo is of an old trunk and the colours are no longer as visible

Hardwood/Softwood: Hardwood Grain: StraightTexture: Medium to moderately coarseLustre: NoOdour: NoOther: Black gum veins are sometimes present in wood. Rapid extraction and conversion is necessary to prevent deterioration from stain, decay and insect attack. The wood is non-durable.



PHOTO: Drew Avery -www.everystockphoto.com


WILD KAPOK / EAST AFRICAN BOMBAXBombax rhodognaphalon (= Rhodognaphalon schumannianum)


PICHA: Drew Avery -www.everystockphoto.com

FALSE MARULALannea schweinfurthii (=Lannea stuhlmannii)

PHOTO: BT Wursten www.mozambiqueflora.com PHOTO: BT Wursten www.mozambiqueflora.com

PHOTOS (above): B. Wursten www.zimbabweflora.co.zw

PHOTO: BT Wursten www.mozambiqueflora.com

PHOTO: BT Wursten www.mozambiqueflora.com

FALSE MARULALannea schweinfurthii (=Lannea stuhlmannii)

BARK CROSS-CUT CROSS- and LONGITUDINAL CUT LONGITUDINAL CUT

ALL PHOTOS: J. Chenga, TRAFFIC

LONGITUDINAL CUT

CROSS-CUT

PALLETS

©®

A strategic alliance of

IUCN

For information contact:TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa – East Africa Programme Officec/o WWF Tanzania Country Office350 Regent Estate, MikocheniP.O. Box 105985Tel/Fax: +255 22 270 16 76Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.

Resources to assist rapid-field identification of timber and timber products Initial proficiency with rapid-field identification of timber should be attained through training by professional wood anatomists. This document is intended to provide references for resources that may assist with the ongoing work of trained field identifiers of timber and timber products. Anyone trained in the rapid identification of timber may find these useful, including but not limited to front-line law enforcement agencies, customs, competent authorities, management authorities, foresters, scientists, certification bodies, auditors and the general public. The resources are organized into (a) manuals, books and publications; (b) interactive reference databases; (c) posters; (d) websites; and (e) a list of curated wood collections and wood anatomy contacts. This document is not exhaustive and is intended only to indicate potentially useful resources, not to endorse any particular product or to recommend the use of these resources to the exclusion of others. Manuals, books and publications Coradin, V. T. R., J. A. A. Camargos, L. F. Marques, and E. R. Silva-Junior. Madeiras similares ao mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King): chave ilustrada para identificaçãoanatômica em campo (2009). Brasília: Serviço Florestal Brasileiro/LPF. 28 p.il color. In Portuguese. Chalk, L. Identification of Hardwoods: A Lens Key. Forest Products Research Bulletin No. 25 (1952). 334-334. In English. Dyer, S. A description of the macroscopic characteristics of a number of well-known indigenous and exotic timber species in South Africa and a key to their identification (1989). South African Forestry Research Institute, Forestry Branch, Department of Environment Affairs. In English. Groves, M. and C. Rutherford. CITES and Timber: A guide to CITES-listed tree species (2015). Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at www.kew.org/data/CITES_User_Guides/CITES-and- Timber.pdf. Ilic, J. The CSIRO macro key for hardwood identification (1990). CSIRO, Highett, Victoria, Australia. In English. Ilic, J. CSIRO Atlas of hardwoods (1991). CSIRO, Springer-Verlag. In English. Miller, R., and A. Wiedenhoeft. CITES Identification Guide - Tropical Woods: Guide to the identification of tropical woods controlled under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2002). An Initiative of Environment Canada. In English, French, Spanish, Polish and Chinese. Chinese version available at www.traffic.org/forestry-reports/traffic_ pub_forestry16.pdf. Mississippi State University. Basic guide to identification of hardwoods and softwoods using anatomical characteristics (2010). Available at msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2606.pdf. Ruffinatto, F., A. Crivellaro and A.C. Wiedenhoeft. Review of macroscopic features for hardwood and softwood identification and a proposal for a new character list. IAWA Journal 36 (2015), 208-241. Ruffinatto, F., A. Crivellaro and A.C. Wiedenhoeft. Aula magna - Lista dei caratteri macroscopici per l’identificazione dei legni. Supplemento a Sherwood – Foresteed Alberi Oggi n. 216 (2015). In Italian. Safdari, V., M. Ahmed, J. Palmer and M.B. Baig. Identification of Iranian commercial wood with hand lens. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40, no. 5 (2008): 1851-1864. In English. Wiedenhoeft, A. C. Identificación de las especies maderables de Centroamerica (2011). Forest Products Society. In Spanish and English. Wiedenhoeft A.C. and Kretschmann D.E. Species identification and design value estimation of wooden members in covered bridges. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-228 (2014). Madison, WI: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Interactive reference databases Forest Products Laboratory of Brazilian Forest Service and Amazon Scientific Research Institute - Sinchi. Electronic identification key of commercially representative Amazonian timber species (2014). GIZ, OTCA. Version 1.0. In English, Portuguese and Spanish. Coradin, V. T. R., J. A. A. Camargos, T. C. M. Pastore, and A. G. Christo. Brazilian commercial timbers: interactive identification key based on general and macroscopic features. Serviço Florestal Brasileiro, Laboratório de Produtos Florestais: Brazil. In English and Portuguese. Available at www.florestal.gov.br/informacoes-

http://www.kew.org/data/CITES_User_Guides/CITES-and-

http://www.kew.org/data/CITES_User_Guides/CITES-and-

http://www.florestal.gov.br/informacoes-

florestais/laboratorio-de-produtos- florestais/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&catid=109&id=955. Richter, H.G., Gembruch, K., and Koch, G. CITESwoodID: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval (2014 onwards). Version: 16th May 2014. In English, German, Spanish and French. Available at delta-intkey.com/citesw. Richter, H., and M. Oelker. 2002 onwards. macroHOLZdata, Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 2014. In English and German. Available for purchase from the Thünen Institute www.ti.bund.de/en/hf/. Posters Groves, M. Ramin ... is it in the frame? (2003). Poster for use by United Kingdom Customs and Excise, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In English. White, L., A. Fraser, M. Mustard, M. Groves, P. Gasson, and N. McGough.. Out of Africa... Pericopsis elata (2003a). Poster for use by United Kingdom Customs and Excise, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In English. White, L., M. Mustard, M. Groves, P. Gasson, and N. McGough. Coming to a port near you ... Swietenia macrophylla (2003b). Poster for use by United Kingdom Customs and Excise, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In English. Hinds, P., Stumped? (2011). Poster on colour correct examples of various commercial woods. Available for purchase at www.woodposter.com. The Wood Database Store. Periodic table of wood (accessed 2016). Poster featuring118 high-resolution wood pictures arranged geographically; includes common name and average dried weight. Available for purchase at www.cafepress.com/wooddbstore.630934941. Websites CITES Wiki Identification Manual. Website providing descriptions of CITES species to aid in identification. Available in English, French and Spanish citeswiki.unepwcmc.org/IdentificationManual/tabid/56/language/en-US/Default.aspx CITESwoodID. Website providing descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information on CITES wood species and various lookalike species. Available in English, German, Spanish and French delta- intkey.com/citesw The Gymnosperm Database. Website providing information on the classification, description, ecology and uses of gymnosperms (group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales). In English. Available at www.conifers.org Hobbit House Wood ID Site. Website to help with colour matching of wood as well as basic guides to macroscopic wood anatomy www.hobbithouseinc.com/personal/woodpics Identificação Anatômica de Madeiras. Video on wood identification. In Portuguese. Available from www.youtube.com/watch?v=94QP-zc05kg The International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA). Website of the society containing links to relevant information associated with the study of wood anatomy. May assist in locating an expert that can undertake wood identification services. Available at iawa-website.org The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Lesser Used Species Atlas. Website designed to inform on the properties, uses and availability of lesser-used tropical timber species. In English, French, Spanish and Portugese. Avai