LATIN I /INTRO TO

LATINA study of the Latin language and the

history, culture and geography of Ancient

Rome

NOUN ENDINGSNoun endings vary to indicate:• Number – singular or plural• Case – function in the sentence.The pattern of endings is determined

by:• Gender – Masculine, Feminine,

Neuter• Declension – 1st through 5th

NOUN STEMThe stem of a noun is the word without its case ending.

puell / a(stem) (nominative singular ending)puell / ae(stem) (genitive singular ending)

CASES• Nominative – subject and predicative

nominative • Genitive – possession • Dative – indirect object• Accusative – direct object

(also with some prepositions)

• Ablative – from/with/in or by(with or without

prepositions)

LATER

LATER

GENITIVE – POSSESSION (ENGLISH)

The daughter of the queen calls a servant.

The queen’s daughter calls a servant.

Nom

Gen

Gen

Acc

Acc

Nom

DATIVE – INDIRECT OBJECT (ENGLISH)

The poet gives roses to the girl.

The poet gives the girl roses.

Nom

Dat

Acc

Acc

Dat

Nom

ABLATIVE – MEANS OR INSTRUMENT (ENGLISH)

The sailors fight by means of feathers.

The sailors fight with feathers.

Nom

Abl

Abl

Nom

1ST DECL ENDINGS

Singular Plural

Nominative

-a -ae

Genitive -ae -ārum

Dative -ae -īs

Accusative

-am -ās

Ablative -ā -īs

PUELLA DECLINED

puella, puellae, F, girl Stem = puell

Singular PluralNominative

puella puellae

Genitive puellae puellārumDative puellae puellīsAccusative puellam puellās Ablative puellā puellīs

AAAACKKKK!!!!!!!!

Some of these endings are the exact same!

Singular PluralNominative

puella puellae

Genitive puellae puellārumDative puellae puellīsAccusative puellam puellās Ablative puellā puellīs

HOW DO I KNOW WHICH CASE & NUMBER IT IS?

What are these words?

bow

read

wind

fishCONTEXT

VERBS CHANGE TO REFLECT THE FOLLOWING:

•Person•Number•Tense•Voice•Mood

1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it, they)

Singular or plural

For now think present, past, and futureActive: Subject performs the verb action. (The girl kicks the ball.)Passive: Subject receives the verb action. (The ball is kicked by the girl.)

Worry about this later. 95% of first year Latin is Indicative mood.

VERBSThere are 4 conjugations (families) of verbs in Latin. Each has its own pattern of indicators for Person, Number, Tense, Voice, and Mood.

VERBSFour principal parts of a verb

vocō

• 1st person singular, present active indicative

• I call, I am calling

vocāre

• Present active infinitive

• To call

vocāvī

• 1st person singular, perfect active indicative

• I have called

vocātus

• Perfect passive participle

• Having been called

VERBSFor vocabulary you must memorize the four principal parts and the meaning.First conjugation nouns end in –ō

for the first principal part and –āre for the second principal part.Most first conjugation verbs are regular, so you only need to memorize the first two principal parts if the last two follow the pattern.

VERBSThe stem of a verb is the infinitive with the –re dropped.vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus (1): to call vocā / re(stem)

(Note: This is the present stem and is used for the first 3 tenses. When we get to the other tenses, we’ll talk about the other stem.)

VERBS

Singular Plural1st Person -ō *** -mus2nd Person -s -tis3rd Person -t -nt

Endings for 1st Conjugation Verbs

***The final “a” disappears!

VERBSSingular Plural

1st Person

I call, am calling We call, are calling

2nd Person

You (sing) call, are calling

You (pl) “y’all” call, are calling

3rd Person

He/she/it calls, is calling

They call, are callingSingular Plural

1st Person

vocā + ō = vocō vocā + mus = vocāmus

2nd Person

vocā + s = vocās vocā + tis = vocātis

3rd Person

vocā + t = vocat vocā + nt = vocant

Present Active Indicative of vocō, vocāre, vocāvi, vocātus: to call

VERBSThere does not have to be a subject to agree with the verb. It can be assumed.Vocat.

He is calling. (or she or it; use context if possible to figure it out)However, there can be a subject. In that case, the subject and verb must agree in number.Puella vocat.

The girl is calling.Puellae vocant.

The girls are calling.

VOCABULARY REVIEW

• discipula, discipulae, F

• femina, feminae, F• filia, filiae, F• magistra, magistrae,

F• puella, puellae, F• regina, reginae, F• serva, servae, F

female studentwomandaughterfemale teachergirlqueenfemale

servant/ slave

MORE VOCAB REVIEW • ambulō (1)

• amō (1)• laudō (1)• portō (1)• vocō (1)• et• non• sed

walklovepraisecarrycallandnotbut

NEW VOCABULARY

• agricola, agricolae, M• incola, incolae, M/F• nauta, nautae, M• poeta, poetae, M• scriba, scribae, M

farmerinhabitant

sailorpoetscribe

NEW VOCABULARY

• cena, cenae, F• corōna, corōnae, F• familia, familiae, F• flamma, flammae,

F• insula, insulae, F• pinna, pinnae, F

(or penna)

dinnercrownfamilyflameislandfeather

NEW VOCABULARY

• clamō (1)• coronō (1)• dō, dare, dedī,

datus (1)• optō (1)• parō (1)• pugnō (1)

shoutcrowngivechoosepreparefight

Irregular!

GENITIVE – POSSESSION (LATIN)

The daughter of the queen calls a servant.

The queen’s daughter calls a servant.

Nom

Gen

Gen

Acc

Acc

Nom

reginae

reginae

vocat

DATIVE – INDIRECT OBJECT (LATIN)

The poet gives a gift to the girl.

The poet gives the girl a gift.

Nom

Dat

Acc

Acc

Dat

Nom

puellae

puellae

dat

ABLATIVE – MEANS OR INSTRUMENT (LATIN)

The sailors fight by means of feathers.

The sailors fight with feathers.

Nom

Abl

Abl

Nom

pinnīs

pinnīs

pugnant

TRANSLATION PRACTICE

An inhabitant gives the crown to the queen.

incola dō corōna reginaIncola dat coronam reginae.The island’s inhabitants crown the

queen. insula incola corōnō reginaIncolae insulae coronant reginam.