latin i lesson 01
TRANSCRIPT
LATIN I /INTRO TO
LATINA study of the Latin language and the
history, culture and geography of Ancient
Rome
Latin’s a dead language.It’s very plain to see.First it killed the Romans,And now it’s killing me!
WHY TAKE LATIN?• It makes learning other languages easier• Knowing Latin word roots will improve your
English vocabulary (and SAT scores)• It improves your logic/problem-solving skills• You don’t have to speak it well – it’s all on
paper• You want to be a lawyer/doctor • You can tell your sister to get a life (“Fac ut
vivas!”) and she won’t be able to tell your mom what you just said
• It’s cool!
WHERE DO I SEE LATIN TODAY?
habeas corpus
nolo con-
tendere
in loco parentis
pro bonosub
poena
modus operandi
in ab-sentia
de jure
Legal
You have the body
I do not wish to contend
In place of a parent
For the good
Under penalty
Method of operating
In absence
From the law
WHERE DO I SEE LATIN TODAY?
• Medical phrases– NPO is short for “nihil per os” which means
nothing through the mouth
• Medical conditions– Cerebellum, lacrimal, pulmonary
• Body parts– Bicep is the muscle with “two heads”, tricep
is the muscle with “three heads”– Adductor muscles pull to the center,
abductor muscles pull away from the center
WHERE DO I SEE LATIN TODAY?
WHERE DO I SEE LATIN TODAY?
• Planets– Jupiter, Venus, Mercury
• Moons– Io, Europa, Callisto
• Constellations– Pegasus, Andromeda, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor
• Astrology– Taurus (bull), Gemini (twins), Sagittarius
(archer)
WHERE DID LATIN COME FROM?
• To sound impressive/snooty: A descendant of the Ancient Proto-Indo-European language.
• Or, to sound normal: It evolved from the languages spoken by the tribes that lived in Latium, an area in western central Italy.
WHERE DID LATIN GO?
• Ummm…it died.– Medieval Latin is still used by the Catholic church.
• BUT…it still has lots of kids. There are 20+ Romance languages. The big 6 are: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, Catalan.
• Wait! What happened to English? Why am I taking this class if English didn’t come from Latin?– English is a Germanic language, which is sort of a
cousin Latin. English and Latin are still very heavily connected.
IS LATIN HARD?• No! The hardest parts are:– Understanding the concepts of declining nouns
and conjugating verbs.– Memorizing, memorizing, memorizing…
• Some Latin is ridiculously easy. Can you guess what these words mean?– Dictator– Gloria– Rosa– Elephantus– Intelligentia
THE LATIN LANGUAGE
Latin uses (basically) the same alphabet as we do.
Latin has the same parts of speech as English.
Noun VerbAdjective AdverbPronoun PrepositionConjunction Interjection
Latin is an inflected language – which means word order is not as important as the form of the words.
WORD ORDERAlways two there are
Much to learn you still
have¸ my old padawan.
Save them we must.
Hard to see¸ the dark side
is
When 900 years old you reach¸ look as good you
will not
Go into exile I must¸ failed
I have
In English word order matters – with a few special exceptions:• Poetry• 900 year old Jedi
masters
TYPICAL CLASS STRUCTURE
• Review prior week’s exercises• New grammar lesson• New vocabulary words• Translation practice• Latin Phrases• Geography• History• Culture• Mythology• Homework assigned (start working on
together, if time)
OKAY, SO IF I SUFFER THROUGH THIS CLASS THEN
I’M DONE WITH FOREIGN LANGUAGES? PLEASE?Well, not exactly. Talk to your parents about how
many hours you need for credit on your transcript.Ideas for more hours:•Memorize vocabulary•Study aspect of Roman life•Report/Project for class•More translation practice•Study ancient history•Lapbooks•National essay writing contests
LET’S GET STARTED!
• Nouns– First declension, feminine nouns– Singular and plural– Nominative and accusative
• Verbs– First conjugation, 3rd person, present
active indicative– Singular and plural
LATIN ALPHABET
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
i
repres
ents
both i
and j
y and z occur
only in words
borrowed from Greek
As the i represented both the vowel i and the consonant j, the v represented both the vowel u
and the consonant v; but for some reason it’s more
acceptable to use u and v so we’ll make it easy and let you
have both.
PRONUNCIATIONFirst, you must decide which
pronunciation we want:• As if it were English• “Church Latin”• As the ancient Romans did
PRONUNCIATIONBut how can we know how the ancient Romans spoke Latin? They didn’t leave us YouTube videos to listen to. And, remember, it’s dead!•Ancient grammar books•Languages derived from Latin•Spelling errors•Transcriptions into other alphabets (e.g., Greek)
PRONUNCIATION - VOWELS
•Dinah, ago
a•p
et, let
e
•pin, it
i
•dog, off
o
•put, book
u
Short Long•f
ather, bother
a•t
hey, lay
e
•machine, weeds
i
•clover, boat
o
•rude, moose
u
PRONUNCIATION - DIPTHONGS•a
i as in aisle; carae, saepe
ae
•ou as in house; aurua
au
•ei as in reign; deinde
ei
•In between e-u and eu as in feud; heu
eu
•oi as in oil; poena
oe
•u and i in one syllable; like muy; cuius, huius, huic, hui, cui
ui
All other consecutive vowels are pronounced as separate syllables: debeo, habeat, audio
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTS
BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY
•Same as b in English; if followed by s or t, then same as p in English
•Bella, bene, urbs, obtineo
b
•Same as hard c in English (the 2nd c in circus); Always a hard c
•Amicus, decorus, cum
c
•Same as d in English
•Dementis, crudele, deus
d
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTS
BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY
•Same as f in English
•Femina, familia, fides
f
•Same as hard g in English (the 1st g in garbage); always a hard g
•Frigidus, gladius, gloria
g
•Same as h in English, but less heavily aspirated
•Hic, haec, hoc
h
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTS
BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY
•Same as hard y in English
•Jacio, Juppiter
i (j)
•Same as k in English; rarely used
•Kalends
k
•Same as l in English
•Laboro, liber, puella
l
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTS
BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY
•Same as m in English
•Mater, familia, impero
m
•Same as n in English
•In, nauta, non
n
•Same as p in English
•Pater, puella
p
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTS
BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY
•Same as q(u) in English
•Equus, quantus
q(u)
•Same as r in English
•Rosa, decorus, curro
r
•Always a sibilant s as hiss in English
•Dementis, soror, deus
s
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTS
BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY
•Same as t in English (as in tell, not butter)
•Terra, nauta, tum
t
•Same as w in English
•Valeo, venio, avis
v
•Same as ks in English (like ax, not exit)
•Audax, dexter, expello
x
PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANTAL BLENDS
•An aspirated k; like “park here”
•Charta
ch
•An aspirated p; like “top hat”
•Philosophia
ph
•An aspirated t; like “hot head”
•Theatrum
th
•Same as gw in English
•Lingua
gu
ACCENTUATION AND ACCENT MARKS
Next week…
NOUNSIn Latin, the form of the noun changes
to indicate:• Number – singular or plural (like
adding –s or –es in English, but a little more complicated)
• Case – function in the sentence. This is rare in English, except with personal pronouns:
Subjective
I you he she they
Objective
me you him her them
Possessive
my your his her their
NOUNSEvery Latin noun is one of 3 genders:• Masculine• Feminine• NeuterDifferent genders follow different
patterns of word endings to indicate case and number.
NOUNSEvery Latin noun is in one of five
declensions. A declension is like a word family. The nouns in a declension follow the same pattern of word endings to indicate case and number.
Consider English – some words need +s to form the plural and others need +es. There are rules to govern which words need which endings.
NOUNSFor vocabulary you must memorize the nominative singular, genitive singular, gender, and meaning.puella, puellae, F, girlFirst declension nouns end in –a for nominative singular and –ae for genitive singular. 95% of first declension nouns are feminine.
NOUNSThe stem of a noun is the word without its case ending.
puell / a(stem) (nominative singular ending)puell / ae(stem) (genitive singular ending)
NOUNSThere are 5 (actually 7-8) cases in Latin:• Nominative – subject • Genitive – possession • Dative – indirect object• Accusative – direct object • AblativeToday we will learn nominative and
accusative.
NOUNS• Nominative Case– Subject• The king ruled his subjects.• The people obeyed the king.
– Predicative Nominative (follows a linking verb)• Tom is a farmer.• The escaped prisoner is a woman.
NOUNS• Accusative Case– Direct Object of a verb• The king ruled his subjects.• The people obeyed the king.
– Object of certain prepositions (in a few weeks…)
NOUNSFirst Declension Noun Endings
Singular Plural
Nominative -a -ae
Accusative -am -as
NOUNS
Puella, puellae, F, girlStem = puell
Singular Plural
Nominative -a -ae
Accusative -am as
Singular Plural
Nominative puella puellae
Accusative puellam puellas
NOUNSTranslate girl/girls into Latin in the following sentences.Sentence Function Case &
NumberTranslation
The girl carries her books.
Subject Nom Sing Puella
The girls love their grandmother.
Subject Nom Pl Puellae
The teacher praises the girls.
Direct object
Acc Pl Puellas
The dog bit the girl. Direct object
Acc Sing puellam
The girl is happy. Subject Nom Sing puella
The winner is a girl. Predicative nominative
Nom Sing puella
VERBSVerbs change to reflect the following:• Person: 1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it, they)• Number: Singular or plural• Tense: There are 6, but for now think present, past, and future• Voice
– Active: Subject performs the verb action. (The girl kicks the ball.)– Passive: Subject receives the verb action. (The ball is kicked by the
girl.)
• Mood: Worry about this later. 95% of first year Latin is Indicative mood.
There are 4 conjugation (families) of verbs in Latin. Each has its own pattern of indicators for Person, Number, Tense, Voice, and Mood
VERBSFour principal parts of a verb
voco•1st person singular, present active indicative•I call, I am calling
vocare•Present active infinitive•To call
vocavi•1st person singular, perfect active indicative•I have called
vocatus•Perfect passive participle•Having been called
VERBSFor vocabulary you must memorize the four principal parts and the meaning.First conjugation nouns end in –o for the first principal part and –are for the second principal part.Most first conjugation verbs are regular, so you only need to memorize the first two principal parts if the last two follow the pattern.
VERBSThe stem of a verb is the infinitive with the –re dropped.voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus, to call voca / re(stem)(Note: This is the present stem and is used for the first 3 tenses. When we get to the other tenses, we’ll talk about the other stem.)
VERBS
Singular Plural1st Person -o *** (next week)2nd Person (next week) (next week)3rd Person -t -nt
Endings for 1st Conjugation Verbs
***The final “a” disappears!
VERBSSingular Plural
1st Person I call, am calling We call, are calling
2nd Person You (sing) call, are calling
You (pl) “y’all” call, are calling
3rd Person He/she/it calls, is calling They call, are calling
Singular Plural
1st Person voca + o = voco (next week)
2nd Person (next week) (next week)
3rd Person voca + t = vocat Voca + nt = vocant
Present Active Indicative of voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus: to call
VERBSThere does not have to be a subject to agree with
the verb. It can be assumed.Vocat.
He is calling. (or she or it; use context if possible to figure it out)However, there can be a subject. In that case, the subject and verb must agree in number.Puella vocat.
The girl is calling.Puellae vocant.
The girls are calling.
VOCABULARYNouns• discipula, discipulae, F: female student• femina, feminae, F: woman• filia, filiae, F: daughter• magistra, magistrae, F: female teacher• puella, puellae, F: girl• regina, reginae, F: queen• serva, servae, F: female servant/slave
VOCABULARYVerbs• ambulo (1): walk• amo (1): love• laudo (1): praise• porto (1): carry• voco (1): call
VOCABULARY• Et: and• Non: not• Sed: but