Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 38

1. Lesson 38 Vocabulary2. Infinitives Review (same as material on infinitives

covered in Lesson 32)

Lesson 38 Vocabulary

claudō, claudere, clausī, clausus

to shut, close

crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētus

to grow, increase

frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus

to break

īnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus

to draw up, pile up; equip

iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctus

to join

lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautus

to wash

lūdō, lūdere, lūsī, lūsus

to play; mock

premō, premere, pressī, pressus

to press; crush, overpower

probō, probāre, probāvī, probātus

to prove; approve of

recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus

to accept, receive; take back

remittō, remittere, remīsī, remissus

to send back, let go back

removeō, removēre, remōvī, remōtus

to move back

trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus

to draw, drag

valeō, valēre, valuī, valitus

to be well, be strong

valē (pl.: valēte)

goodbye, farewell

Infinitives: Forms & Translations

Infinitives: Basics• infinitives are abstract verbal nouns that are translated

using “to ____” in English

• verbal qualities: tense & voice– present active & passive– perfect active & passive– future active (& passive)

• noun qualities: gender, number, and sometimes case– gender: neuter– number: singular– case: nom. or acc.

Present Infinitives• Present Active Infinitive:

– Form: same as 2nd PP (ending in –re)– Translation: to _______

• Present Passive Infinitive:– Form:

• For conj. 1, 2, & 4, replace –e on act. infin. w/ –ī• laudāre à laudārī / tenēre à tenērī / audīre à audīrī• For conj. 3 (incl. 3 –io), replace –ere on act. infin. w/ –ī• ducere à ducī / capere à capī

– Translation: to be ______ed

Perfect Infinitives• Perfect Active Infinitive:

– Form: perf. stem + –isse• laudāre à laudāvisse• capere à cēpisse

– Translation: to have _______ed• Perfect Passive Infinitive:

– Form: 4th PP + esse [form of PPP must agree w/ subj. of MV]• laudāre à laudātus, -a, -um esse• capere à captus, -a, -um esse

– Translation: to have been ______ed

Future Infinitives• Future Active Infinitive:

– Form: drop –us from 4th PP & add –ūrus, -a, -um + esse[participle form must agree w/ subj. of MV]• laudāre à laudātūrus, -a, -um esse• capere à captus, -a, -um esse

– Translation: to be about to _______• Future Passive Infinitive:

– Form: neut. sg. nom. form of PPP/4th PP (–um) + īrī• laudāre à laudātum īrī• capere à captum īrī

– Translation: to be about to be ______ed– **This is VERY rare, but you should know it exists and how to

form and translate it

Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateForm all infinitives & provide translations for the

following verbs:

• ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: to put, place

• terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten

• pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight

• cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus: to desire

• impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus: to hinder

Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateActive Passive

Present

Perfect

Future

ponō, ponere, posuī, positusActive Passive

Presentponere

--to place

ponī--

to be placed

Perfectposuisse

--to have placed

positus, -a, -um esse--

to have been placed

Futurepositūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to place

positum īrī--

to be about to be placed

terreō, terrēre, terruī, territusActive Passive

Presentterrēre

--to frighten

terrērī--

to be frightened

Perfectterruisse

--to have frightened

territus, -a, -um esse--

to have been frightened

Futureterritūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to frighten

territum īrī--

to be about to be frightened

pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātusActive Passive

Presentpugnāre

--to fight

pugnārī--

to be fought

Perfectpugnāvisse

--to have fought

pugnātus, -a, -um esse--

to have been fought

Futurepugnātūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to fight

pugnātum īrī--

to be about to be fought

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītusActive Passive

Presentcupere

--to desire

cupī--

to be desired

Perfectcupīvisse

--to have desired

cupītus, -a, -um esse--

to have been desired

Futurecupītūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to desire

cupītum īrī--

to be about to be desired

impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītusActive Passive

Presentimpedīre

--to hinder

impedīrī--

to be hindered

Perfectimpedīvisse

--to have hindered

impedītus, -a, -um esse--

to have been hindered

Futureimpeditūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to hinder

impedītum īrī--

to be about to be hindered

Infinitives Review

Infinitives: Types/Uses

Infinitives: Types/Uses

• There are FIVE different “types” or “uses” of the infinitive:– complementary– subjective– objective– indirect statement– historical

• we will cover complementary, subjective, and objective in this chapter and will return to indirect statement later

Complementary Infinitives

• some verbs cannot stand alone and make sense, and thus require an infinitive to fill out their meaning

• these infinitives are called complementary infinitives(<compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to fill out)

Complementary Infinitives

• some verbs that take complementary infins.:

– possum, posse, potuī, –––: to be able, can

– dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus: to ought (not when it means “to owe”)

– constituō, constituere, constituī, constitutus: to decide (notwhen it means “to establish” or “to set up”)

– dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus: to hesitate (not when it means “to doubt”)

Complementary Infinitivese.g.:

• Cōnsul legēs bōnās facere constituit.

• The consul decided to make good laws.

• Puella intrāre domum antīquum dubitat.

• The girl hesitates to enter the ancient house.

• Pecūnia servīs ab agricolā darī dēbet.

• Money ought to be given to the slaves by the farmer.

Subjective Infinitives

• infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence

• these are called subjective infinitives

• subjective infinitives commonly accompany:

– 3rd person forms of sum, esse (especially est)

– impersonal verbs

• these are verbs that have no ‘person’ as the subject

• they appear only in the 3rd SG, with the subject “it”

Subjective Infinitives – Examples

• Errāre est hūmānum.

• To err is human.

• Licetne mihi īre ad latrīnam?

• Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom?

• Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.

• Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things.

Common Impersonal Verbs

• impersonal verbs take objects in either the dative or accusative; you must memorize which take which:

• decet (+ acc.): it is proper, it suits

• iuvat (+ acc.), libet (+ dat.), placet (+ dat.): it is pleasing

• licet (+ dat.): it is permitted/allowed

• necesse est (+ dat.): it is necessary

• oportet (+ acc.): it is necessary, it ought/must

• opus est (+ dat.): there is (a) need

Objective Infinitives

• infinitives can also be the direct object of a verb in a sentence

• these are called objective infinitives

• an obj. infin. will usually have a subject accusative:

– Mīlitēs coēgērunt agricolam vīllam relinquere.

– The soldiers compelled the farmer to leave the farmhouse.

– the infin. + subj. acc. is called an infinitive phrase

– think of these like the M.V. having 2 objects (one noun/pronoun and one infinitive)

Objective Infinitives

• the following verbs commonly take an objective infinitive, sometimes with a subject accusative:

– cōgō, cogere, coēgī, coāctus: to compel

– iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order (must take a subj. acc.)

– prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent

– sinō, sinere, sīvī, situs: to allow

– vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus: to forbid

Objective Infinitives – Examples

• Caesar mīlitēs oppugnāre castra iusserat.

• Caesar had ordered the soldiers to attack the camp.

• Cōnsul senātōrēs facere legēs bonās coēgit.

• The consul compelled the senators to make good laws.

• Amō ambulāre et currere.

• I love to walk and (to) run.

• Tē natāre docēbō.

• I shall teach you to swim.