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Landmarks in LiègeEditor: Paul Muljadi

ContentsArticles

Liège 1Cointe Observatory 10Collège en Isle (Liège) 11Collège Saint-Servais (Liège) 12Cornillon Abbey 12Curtius Museum 13Liège Airport 14Liège Cathedral 18Liège Science Park 19Liège-Guillemins railway station 20Meuse (river) 24Pont de Wandre 30Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège) 31Royal Conservatory of Liège 33St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 34St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège 35University of Liège 38

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 42Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 43

Article LicensesLicense 45

Liège 1

Liège

Liège

FlagCoat of arms

Liège

Location in Belgium

Coordinates: 50°38′N 05°34′E

Country Belgium

Region Wallonia

Community French Community

Province Liège

Arrondissement Liège

Government

 • Mayor Willy Demeyer (PS)

 • Governing party/ies PS – cdH

Area

 • Total 69.39 km2 (26.8 sq mi)

Liège 2

Population (1 January 2010)[1]

 • Total 192504

• Density 2774.2/km2 (7185.2/sq mi)

Demographics

 • Foreigners 16.05% (7 January 2005)

Postal codes 4000–4032

Area codes 04

Website www.liege.be [2]

Liège (French pronunciation: [ljɛːʒ]; Dutch: Luik, Dutch pronunciation: [lœyk] ( listen); Walloon: Lidje; German: Lüttich;Latin: Leodium; Luxembourgish: Leck; until 17 September 1946[3] [4] [5] the city's name was written Liége, with theacute accent instead of a grave accent) is a major city and municipality of Belgium located in the province of Liège,of which it is the economic capital, in Wallonia, the French-speaking region of Belgium.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse River, near Belgium's eastern borders with the Netherlands andGermany, where the Meuse meets the Ourthe. It is in the former sillon industriel, the industrial backbone ofWallonia. The Liège municipality includes the former communes of Angleur, Bressoux, Chênée, Glain, Grivegnée,Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre.The city is the principal economic and cultural centre of Wallonia. Liège is, with 194,054 inhabitants as of 1 May2009, the second most populous city in Wallonia, after Charleroi.[6] The metropolitan area, including the outercommuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km2 and has a total population of 749,110 as of 1 January 2008.[6] [7] Thisincludes a total of 52 municipalities, a.o. Herstal and Seraing, and ranks as the third most populous in Belgium, afterBrussels and Antwerp.[7]

EtymologyLiège's Latin form, Leodium, has the Germanic word leod, meaning "people", as its origin. Compare archaic Dutchlui(den), lieden ("people"), Old English lēod (English lede "people"), Modern German Leute ("people"), Norwegiandialectal lyd ("people"). Also related are Russian люди (ljúdi) and Hindi loagh, both meaning "people".

History

Liège in 1650

Early Middle Ages

Although settlements already existed in Roman times,the first references to Liège are from 558, when it wasknown as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambertof Maastricht is credited with completing theChristianization of the region, indicating that up to theearly 8th-century the religious practices of antiquityhad survived in some form. Christian conversion maystill not have been quite universal, since Lambert wasmurdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyrfor his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his

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successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the truenucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, whichmaintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liègeto perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. Thecity was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally partof the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.

Late Middle Ages and RenaissanceThe strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It wasfortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. In 1345, the citizens of Liègerebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near thecity. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole politicalcontrol of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and eachguild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The systemspread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.[8]

After a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novelQuentin Durward, King Louis XI of France and Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy captured and largely destroyedthe city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack. Liège was technically stillpart of the Holy Roman Empire. After 1477, the city came under the rule of the Habsburgs and, after 1555, underSpanish sovereignty, although its immediate rule remained in the hands of its prince-bishops. The reign of Erard dela Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the Renaissance Liégeoise. During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese ofLiège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century the prince-bishops came fromthe Bavarian family Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy RomanEmpire as well.

18th century to World War I

Liège in 1649

The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from theBavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704during the War of the Spanish Succession. In themiddle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the Frenchencyclopedists began to be received at Liège; Bishopde Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagationand thus prepared the way for the RevolutionLiégeoise, which burst upon the episcopal city on 18August 1789. In the course of the 1794 campaigns ofthe French Revolution, the French army took the cityand imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying

the cathedral of Saint Lambert. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordatco-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Viennaawarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the BelgianRevolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège.After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's firstlarge-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt.[9] No lessthan 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest,[10] while strike spread through the whole sillonindustriel.

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Centre of Liège in 1770

Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri AlexisBrialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts wasconstructed around the city to provide defence in depth.This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able toquickly pass through the Meuse valley and theArdennes en route to France. The German invasion onAugust 5, 1914 soon reached Liège, which wasdefended by 30,000 troops under General GérardLeman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held offan attacking force of about 100,000 men but werepulverised into submission by a five-day bombardmentby the Germans' 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defensetunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to thesurrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days ofdelay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The citywas subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for itsresistance in 1914.

World War II to the presentThe Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help ofthe sympathising population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. TheGerman occupiers were expelled by the Allies of World War II in September 1944 but Liège was subsequentlysubjected to intense aerial bombardment, with more than 1,500 V1 and V2 missiles landing in the city between itsliberation and the end of the war.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw king Leopold III as collaborating with theGermans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strikeagainst Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège".[11] The strike ultimately led to Leopold'sabdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry,producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike,disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest wasso intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance.Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during sevenhours of street battles."[12]

Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy PrimeMinister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was relatedto a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death.Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within theEuropean Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built,and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as one Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, was reported as having attacked people waiting at the bus stop shortly before 1:30 PM CET. Four fatalities were reported, including the attacker who shot

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himself, and 64 people injured, among them a two-years-old child with life-threatening injuries.[13] Police reportedthat the situation was "under control" by 2:50 PM.[14] [15]

Climate

Climate data for Liege

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 3.3(38)

5.6(42)

8.9(48)

13.9(57)

17.8(64)

20.6(69)

21.7(71)

21.7(71)

18.9(66)

12.8(55)

8.9(48)

5(41)

13.24(55.8)

Average low °C (°F) -1.7(29)

-0.6(31)

1.7(35)

5(41)

8.3(47)

11.7(53)

13.3(56)

13.3(56)

10.6(51)

6.7(44)

3.3(38)

0.6(33)

6.02(42.8)

Precipitation mm (inches) 36(1.4)

41(1.6)

46(1.8)

36(1.4)

41(1.6)

66(2.6)

74(2.9)

64(2.5)

61(2.4)

64(2.5)

43(1.7)

58(2.3)

627(24.7)

Source: Weatherbase [16]

DemographicsAs of January 1, 2008, the municipality of Liège has a total population of 190,102.[6] The metropolitan area hasabout 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speakingminorities.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 students attending more than 24 schools. TheUniversity of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.

Main sights

The stairway of the Montagne de Bueren.

• The 16th century palace of the Prince-Bishops of Liège is built onthe Place St Lambert, where the old St. Lambert's Cathedral used tostand before the French Revolution. An archeological display, theArcheoforum, can be visited under the Place St Lambert.

• The perron on the nearby Place du Marché was once the symbol ofjustice in the Prince-Bishopric and is now the symbol of the city. Itstands in front of the 17th century city hall.

• The present Liège Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Paul, contains atreasury and Saint Lambert’s tomb. It is one of the original sevencollegiate churches, which include the German-Romanesque StBartholomew's Church (Saint Barthélémy) and the church of StMartin.

• The church of Saint-James (Saint-Jacques) is probably the mostbeautiful medieval church in Liège. It is built in the so-calledFlamboyant-Gothic style, while the porch is early Renaissance. Thestatues are by Liège sculptor Jean DelCour. Saint-Jacques alsocontains 29 spectacular 14th century misericords.

• The main museums in Liège are: MAMAC (Museum of Modern & Contemporary Art), Museum of Walloon Life,and Museum of Walloon Art & Religious Art (Mosan art). The Curtius Museum is an elegantly furnishedmansion from the 17th century along the Meuse River, due to reopen in March 2009 as the expanded GrandCurtius museum housing the collections of the archaeology, decorative arts, religious art and Mosan art museums.

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• Other sites of interest include the historical city centre (the Carré), the Hors-Château area, the Outremeuse area,the parks and boulevards along the Meuse river, the Citadel, the 400 steps stairway "Montagne de Bueren",leading from Hors-Château to the Citadel, 'Mediacite' shopping mall designed by Ron Arad Architects and theLiège-Guillemins train station designed by Santiago Calatrava.

Folklore

Traditional Liégeois puppets

"Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on August 15 in Outremeuseand celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in thecity, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series ofpopular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and lastuntil the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket",the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloriccharacter Tchantchès (Walloon for François), a hard-headed but resourcefulWalloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. Tchantchès is rememberedwith a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.

Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium.

Culture

Liège, the Sunday "Batte" market

The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. Thepopulation gathers in a quarter named Outre-Meuse with plenty of tinypedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see theprocession but also to drink alcohol and beer, eat cabbage, sausages orpancakes or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. TheSaint Nicholas festival around the 6 December is organized by and forthe students of the University; for 24 hours, the students (wearing verydirty lab-coats) are allowed to beg for money for drinking.

Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrianzone, there is an area (a 100 × 100 m (328.08 ft × 328.08 ft) squarecalled Le Carré) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remainopen until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Anotheractive area is the Place du Marché.

The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoormarket goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors toLiège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in theafternoon every weekend year long. Produce, clothing, and snack

vendors are the main concentration of the market.The city annually hosts a significant jazz festival Jazz à Liège.Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also 2 mainstream cinemas,the Kinepolis multiplexes.

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Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a largeItalian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.

SportThe city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships, andR.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused torelease Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In Spring Liège also hosts the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race, the oldest of the classic cycle races. The circuitstarts from the city of Liège, goes to the city of Bastogne and returns to finish in the Liège suburb of Ans. Thesecond half contains most of the climbs in the race, such as the Stockeu, Haute-Levée, La Redoute, Saint-Nicolasand the Col de Forges. With the 2009 Vuelta a España visiting Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, Liège is theonly city that can boast having hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.[17]

EconomyIn the past, Liège was one of the most important steel-making centres in Europe. Starting in 1817, John Cockerillextensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. Itonce boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Although now a mere shadow of its former self, steel productionand the manufacture of steel goods remain important.Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strongwith the headquarters of FN Herstal. The economy of the region is now diversified, the most important centres are:Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology,biotechnology and also production of water, beer or chocolate. A science park south east of the city, near theUniversity of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.

TransportLiège is also a very important transport and logistics centre:[18]

• The city possesses the third largest river port in Europe[19] directly connected to Antwerp, Rotterdam andGermany via the Meuse river and the Albert Canal.

• In 2006 Liège Airport was the 8th most important cargo airport in Europe. A new passenger terminal was openedin 2005. It is also the main hub and the headquarter of TNT Airways.

• Trains from Liège-Guillemins provide direct railway connections with Brussels, Antwerp, Namur and Charleroi,Luxembourg, Maastricht in the Netherlands, Paris in France, and Aachen in Germany. The city is also connectedto the high-speed network. Train times are 40 minutes to Brussels and 2h13 to Paris with the Thalys train. TheGerman ICE links Liège with Aachen, Cologne and Frankfurt. Two new high-speed lines (HSL 2 and HSL 3)have been built to connect Liège to the high-speed network.

• The highway network around Liège has 7 branches and is very important for national and international traffic.

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Famous inhabitants

Statue of Charlemagne in the centre of Liège

• Pippin the Younger (in French: Pépin le Bref), King of theFranks (born in Jupille, 8th century)

• Charlemagne, King of the Franks, then crowned emperor (birthin Liège uncertain, 8th century)

• Alger of Liège, learned priest (11th century)• William of St-Thierry, theologian and mystic (11th century)• Johannes Ciconia (14th century), composer, Master of the Ars

Nova• Jean d'Outremeuse, writer and historian (14th century)• Jacques Arcadelt, composer (16th century)• Hubert Naich, composer (16th century)• Lambert Lombard, painter (1505–1566)• Theodor de Bry, engraver (1528–1598)• Louis De Geer Introducer of Walloon Blast furnaces in Sweden

(1587–1652]• Linus of Liège (1595–1675) Counter-reformation critic of Isaac

Newton• Gérard de Lairesse, painter (1640–1711)• André Ernest Modeste Grétry, composer (1741–1813)• Hubert Joseph Walther Frère-Orban, statesman (1812–1896)• César Franck, composer (1822–1890)• Zénobe Gramme, inventor (1826–1901)• José Dupuis, creator of many roles in Offenbach's opéras-bouffes (1833–1900)• Georges Nagelmackers founder of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (1845–1905)• Eugène Ysaÿe, composer and violinist (1858–1931)• Emile Digneffe, lawyer and politician (1858–1937)• Gustave Serrurier-Bovy Architect and furniture designer (1858–1910]]• Charles Magnette, lawyer and politician (1863–1937)• Richard Heintz, Post-Impressionist painter (1871–1929)• Louis Dewis, Post-Impressionist painter (1872–1946)• Joseph Jongen, organist, composer, and educator (1873–1953)• Marie Delcourt, Professor at the University, expert of the ancient Greek religion, Walloon movement activist

(1891–1979)• Jean Rey Old Minister, Walloon movement activist second President of the European Commission (1902–1983)• Georges Simenon, novelist (1903–1989)• Stanislas-André Steeman, writer (1908–1970)• Henri Pousseur composer (1929–2009)• Violetta Villas, polish singer and actress (1938–2011)• Jean-Maurice Dehousse Politician, Walloon movement activists, first Minister-President of the Walloon Region• Gary Hartstein, M.D. Formula 1 (1955–)• Groupe µ, team of scientists.• Nicolas Ancion, writer (1971–)• Sandra Kim, winner of the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest for Belgium (1972–)• Philippe Léonard, football player (1974–)• Marie Gillain, International actress (1975–)

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• Justine Henin, top ranked female tennis player (1982–)• Axel Hervelle, basketball player (1983–)• Axel Witsel (1989–), Soccer Player

International relations

Twin towns – Sister citiesLiège is twinned with:

• Aachen, Germany • Plzeň, Czech Republic• Cologne, Germany • Porto, Portugal[20]

• Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg • Rotterdam, the Netherlands

• Lille, France[21] • Saint-Louis, Senegal

• Kraków, Poland • Szeged, Hungary

• Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo • Tangier, Morocco• Maastricht, the Netherlands • Turin, Italy[22]

• Nancy, France • Volgograd, Russian Federation

ReferencesNotes[1] Population per municipality on 1 January 2010 (http:/ / statbel. fgov. be/ nl/ binaries/ Pop Bevolk 01012010_v2_f_tcm325-109882. xls)

(XLS; 221 KB)[2] http:/ / www. liege. be/[3] The Book Collector. Vol. 8 (1959), p. 10.[4] Room, Adrian. 2006. Placenames of the World. 2nd ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., p. 219.[5] "Liège". 1991. Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropædia. Vol. 7. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. 344.[6] Statistics Belgium; Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008 (excel-file) (http:/ / statbel. fgov. be/ downloads/ pop200801com. xls)

Population of all municipalities in Belgium, as of 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.[7] Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 (pdf-file) (http:/ / www. statbel. fgov. be/ pub/ d0/ p009n014_nl. pdf) Definitions of

metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Liège is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie) with480,513 inhabitants (2008-01-01). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue) gives a total of 641,591. And, including the outer commuterzone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 749,110. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.

[8] Henri Pirenne, Belgian Democracy, Its Early History, Translated by J.V. Saunders, The University press, Hull 1915, pp. 140–141. Availableonline: Belgian Democracy, Its Early History pp. 72–73. (http:/ / clubliege. ru/ upload/ Tim/ BelgianDemocracy. pdf)

[9] The New York Times, Published March 25, 1886 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/pdfres=9F0CE2DA1330E533A25755C2A9659C94679FD7CF)

[10] See The New York Times, published March 23, 1886[11] Erik Jones, Economic Adjustment and Political Transformation in Small States,Oxford Press, 2008, p. 121 978-0-19-920833-3[12] Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards, Academic and Scentific Publishers, Brussels, 2009, p. 278. ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8[13] pa.press.net (2011 [last update]). "Four die in market grenade attack - MSN UK News" (http:/ / news. uk. msn. com/ articles.

aspx?cp-documentid=160054235). news.uk.msn.com. . Retrieved 13 December 2011.[14] Attaque à l’explosif sur la place Saint-Lambert à Liège (http:/ / www. lesoir. be/ regions/ liege/ 2011-12-13/

attaque-a-l-explosif-sur-la-place-saint-lambert-a-liege-live-883451. php), Le Soir website; Belgium attack: grenades thrown at bus-stop inLiège - live updates Belgium attack: grenades thrown at bus-stop in Liège - live updates (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ global/ blog/ 2011/dec/ 13/ belgium-attack-grenades-thrown-at-bus-stop-in-liege-live-updates), The Guardian website; Attentat à Liège : 2 morts, dont l'auteur,Nordine Amrani, et 64 blessés (http:/ / www. levif. be/ info/ actualite/ belgique/attentat-a-liege-2-morts-dont-l-auteur-nordine-amrani-et-64-blesses/ article-4000018013466. htm), Le Vif.

[15] Attentat à Liège: l’auteur s’appelle Nordine Amrani, un Liégeois de 32 ans (http:/ / www2. sudpresse. be/ regions/ liege/ 2011-12-13/attentat-a-liege-l-auteur-s-appelle-nordine-amrani-un-liegeois-de-32-ans-924509. shtml)

[16] "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Liege, Belgium" (http:/ / www. weatherbase. com/ weather/ weather. php3?s=87460&refer=wikipedia). Weatherbase. 2011. . Retrieved on November 24, 2011.

[17] "Web Oficial de la Vuelta a Espańa 2009 – Official Web Site Vuelta a Espańa 2009" (http:/ / www. lavuelta. com/ 09/ ingles/ recorrido/etapa4. asp). Lavuelta.com. . Retrieved 2009-05-05.

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[18] Liège, the place to build: http:/ / mipimliegeois. pingouin. globulebleu. com/[19] "Liège, a brief summary" (http:/ / www. belgiumtheplaceto. be/ liege. php). .[20] "International Relations of the City of Porto" (http:/ / www. cm-porto. pt/ document/ 449218/ 481584. pdf). 2006–2009 Municipal

Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice. . Retrieved 2009-07-10.[21] "Lile Facts & Figures" (http:/ / www. mairie-lille. fr/ sections/ site-en/ Menu_horizontal_haut/ discovering-lille/ lille-facts-figures/

lille-facts-figures). Mairie-Lille.fr. . Retrieved 2007-12-17.[22] Turin City Hall – International Affairs (http:/ / www. comune. torino. it/ relint/ inglese/ index. shtml) (English) Retrieved on 2008-01-26.

External links

Official• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) (Wallonian) Official website of the city of Liège (http:/ / www. liege. be/

)• (French) (Dutch) (English) (Spanish) (German) Liège congres (http:/ / www. liegecongres. be/ EN/ INDEX/

index. php)• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) Leodium: the touristic and cultural network (http:/ / www.

liege-leodium. be)

Others• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) Christmas market of Liège (http:/ / www. villagedenoel. be/ )• (English) Discover Liège (Eupedia) (http:/ / www. eupedia. com/ belgium/ liege. shtml)• (English) Liège photo gallery (http:/ / www. itravelnet. com/ photography/ europe/ belgium/ liegephotogallery.

html)

Cointe Observatory

Cointe Observatory

Cointe Observatory (French: Observatoire de Cointe),situated in the district of Cointe in Liège, Belgium,[1]

was built by the University of Liège in 1881-82 toplans by the architect Lambert Noppius.

The building, in a medieval revival style, is sited in aprivate park formerly the estate of the wealthyindustrialist Vanderheyden de Hauzeur family. Itaccommodated the university's Institute ofAstrophysics, later the Institute of Astrophysics andGeophysics, until 2002, when the Institute was movedto the Sart-Tilman campus.As of 2008 the building was occupied by the SociétéAstronomique de Liège, but was in the course ofrenovation with the intention that it should house the Service Régional des Fouilles Archéologiques.

Cointe Observatory 11

References[1] http:/ / sprecomah. eu/ rlicc/ images/ newsletter/ rliccnews080701_96dpi. pdf

Sources• Houziaux, L. (ed. Eugène Wahle) 1981: L'astronomie et l'astrophysique dans Apports de Liège au progrès des

sciences et des techniques ISBN 2-87011-090-1

Collège en Isle (Liège)

The Collège en Isle of Liège (engraving of 1740)

The Collège en Isle (in LatinGymnasium Societatis Iesu in insula,Leodii) was a Jesuit secondary schoollocated on the île de la Meuse in thePrincipality of Liège. Founded in 1582,it passed into other hands on thesuppression of the Jesuits in 1773. Itspedagogical tradition was continued bythe collège Saint-Servais, founded inLiège in 1828.

Collège Saint-Servais (Liège) 12

Collège Saint-Servais (Liège)The Collège Saint-Servais is a Catholic school in Liège. Founded in 1828, it continues the teaching tradition of thesuppressed Collège en Isle. When it became co-educational in 1992, it was renamed the Collège Saint-BenoîtSaint-Servais. The guiding force of the collège is Jesuit, although most of the teachers are now lay-people.

Cornillon AbbeyCornillon Abbey (L'Abbaye du Mont-Cornillon in French) was a Premonstratensian monastery which occupied asite close to Liège in Belgium. In 1288 the abbey having moved to a new location, it became known as BeaurepartAbbey. It was the home of Saint Juliana of Liège.

HistoryThe abbey was founded by Albero I, Bishop of Liège, in 1124, three years after Saint Norbert had formed thePremonstratensian Order. The abbey, intended for Canons Regular of Prémontré from Floreffe Abbey near Namur,stood on the right bank of the Meuse on an elevation called Mont Cornillon which overlooked the city of Liège.[1]

In the early years of the order all Premonstratensian abbeys were double abbeys, that is to say, the canons lived onone side of the church and the nuns, who had charge of the hospital for women, on the other side. Where an abbeystood on an elevation, as was the case at Cornillon, both the nunnery and the hospital were built at the foot of thehill. Saint Juliana of Liège (born 1193; died 1258), whose name is connected with the institution of the feast ofCorpus Christi on account of her visions, was a nun of this convent.The first abbot of Cornillon was Blessed Lucas, one of Saint Norbert's disciples, a learned and holy religious, someof whose writings have been published in the "Bibliotheca Magna Patrum", and also by Migne.The Bishop of Liège, wishing to build a fortress on the heights of Cornillon, gave the canons in exchange in 1288another site in his episcopal city where the abbey, from that time on called Beaurepart Abbey ("Bellus Reditus"),stood until it was suppressed by the French Republic in 1796.All the religious refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Republic; some were exiled and one was put to death.The abbey was declared to be of public utility and consequently was not sold. For a time it served as an arsenal andfor other government purposes, but by decree of 11 June 1809, Napoleon gave the abbey to the Bishop of Liège ashis residence and as the diocesan seminary.On the abbey's original site on Mont Cornillon the Little Sisters of the Poor have built an old people's home, and theformer nunnery at the foot of the hill is now occupied by Carmelite nuns.

References[1] "Abbey of Cornillon" (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 04379c. htm). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

1913. .

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913).Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.

Curtius Museum 13

Curtius Museum

Curtius Museum

The Curtius Museum (Musée Curtius) is a museum ofarchaeology and decorative arts, located on the bank ofthe Meuse River in Liège, classified as a MajorHeritage of Wallonia

It was built sometime between 1597 and 1610 as aprivate mansion for Jean Curtius, industrialist andmunitions supplier to the Spanish army. With itsalternating layers of red brick and natural stone, and itscross-mullioned windows, the building typifies theregional style known as the Mosan (or Meuse)Renaissance.

After a 50 million euro redevelopment the museum isscheduled to reopen as the Grand Curtius (Le GrandCurtius) in March 2009, housing the collections of the archaeology, weaponry, decorative arts, religious art andMosan art museums. Its collections include Bonaparte, First Consul (1804).

External links• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) Official website of the Grand Curtius Museum [1]

References[1] http:/ / www. grandcurtiusliege. be/

Liège Airport 14

Liège Airport

Liège Airport

IATA: LGG – ICAO: EBLG

LGG

Location of airport in Belgium

Summary

Airport type Public & Military

Owner Walloon government

Operator Liege Airport s.a.

Location Liège

Hub for TNT AirwaysEl Al Cargo

Elevation AMSL 659 ft / 201 m

Coordinates 50°38′15″N 05°26′36″E

Runways

Direction Length Surface

ft m

05R/23L 12,139 3,700 Asphalt

05L/23R 7,677 2,340 Asphalt

Statistics (2010)

Freight (tonnes) 639,434

Passengers 299,043

Liège Airport (IATA: LGG, ICAO: EBLG), also called Liège-Bierset, is an important cargo airport in Belgium. Itwas at the end of 2009 the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe. Liège airport is the biggest cargo airport in Belgiumand the third biggest for passengers after Brussels Airport and Brussels South Charleroi Airport.[1]

Liège is located in the centre of the golden triangle Paris - Amsterdam - Frankfurt that handles 66% of Europeanfreight, 75% when taken together with London.The airport is located in Grâce-Hollogne, Liège Province, north-west of the city of Liège, in the east of Belgium. It ismainly used for freight operation but also serves more than 23 destinations for passengers (mainly charters).

Liège Airport 15

Cargo activityLiège Airport is the world hub of TNT Airways, and the European hub of CAL Cargo Air Lines, El Al Cargo,Ethiopian Cargo and Avient Aviation.The airport is also used as a regular refuelling stop on New York City - Middle East routes by Kalitta Air (includingthe Newark - Baghdad route for US mail).

Last year (2010) : 639,434 tonnes of freight.

Passenger activityLast year (2010) : 299,043 passengers

Airlines and destinations

Passenger airlines

Airlines Destinations

Belle Air Pristina, Tirana

Jet4you operated by Jetairfly Tétouan [begins 15 June 2012]

Jetairfly Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion

Charter airlines

Airlines Destinations

Freebird Airlines Antalya

Jetairfly Alicante, Antalya, Bodrum, Djerba, Enfidha, Gran Canaria, Heraklion, Hurghada, Ibiza, Kos,Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodos, Tenerife-South

Nouvelair Monastir

Thomas Cook AirlinesBelgium operated by TNTAirways

Agadir, Alicante, Antalya, Bodrum, Burgas, Corfu, Dalaman, Djerba, Enfidha, Heraklion,Hurghada, Ibiza, İzmir, Kos, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Malaga, Marrakech, Monastir,Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodes, Tenerife-South

Tunisair Enfidha

Liège Airport 16

Cargo airlines

Airlines Destinations

Africa WestAirlines

Lomé

Avient Aviation Abuja, Entebbe, Harare, Kano, Lagos, Ouagadougou, Pointe-Noire, Port Harcourt

CAL Cargo AirLines

New York-JFK, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion

El Al Cargo New York-JFK, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion

EthiopianAirlines Cargo

Addis Ababa, Cairo, Dubai, Hong Kong, Khartoum, Luxembourg

FedEx Feederoperated by AirContractors

Dublin, Manchester

Icelandair Cargo East Midlands, Humberside, Norrköping, Reykjavík-Keflavík

Kalitta Air Bahrain, New York-JFK, Newark

Nightexpress Frankfurt

Southern Air Dover Air Force Base

TNT Airways Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Belfast-International, Bergamo, Berlin-Tegel, Billund,Birmingham, Bologna, Bordeaux, Brno, Bucharest-Henri Coandă, Catania, Delhi, Dubai, Dublin,Budapest, East Midlands, Edinburgh, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Geneva, Glasgow-International,Gothenburg-Landvetter, Hong Kong, Helsinki, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jönköping, Katowice, Larnaca, Lisbon,Ljubljana, London-Stansted, Lyon, Madrid, Malmö, Marseille, Munich, Norwich, Nurenberg,Nottingham, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Prague, Rennes, Rome-Fiumicino, Shanghai-Pudong,Shannon, Shenzhen, Singapore, Tallinn, Tangier, Toulouse, Turku, Västerås, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Örebro

TNT Airwaysoperating byABX Air

Halifax, New York-JFK, Reykjavík-Keflavík

TNT Airwaysoperating byUkraineInternational

Kiev-Boryspil, Vienna

Other facilitiesAvient Aviation has its Continental Europe offices on the airport property.[2] [3]

TransportationThe airport is located next to the E42 (exit 3), close to an important highway junction.

By bus• A special bus (number 57) links the airport to Liège main train station (Liège-Guillemins) where connections can

be made for local, national and international high speed trains.This bus operates only on week days.

LIEGE STATION: 7.20 8.20 10.20 12.20 14.20 16.20 17.20LIEGE AIRPORT: 7.36 8.36 10.36 12.36 14.36 16.36 17.36

Liège Airport 17

LIEGE AIRPORT, TNT: 7.40 8.40 10.40 12.40 14.40 16.40 17.40• * TEC website [4]

• Bus number 53 goes to Liège city centre (Place Saint-Lambert).[5]

By car (GPS)Rue de l’Aéroport B-4460 Grâce-Hollogne Belgium50° 38' 13 N - 5° 26' 38 E

References• (French) (English) (Dutch) (German) Liège Airport [6] (official site)• (Chinese) (English) Liège Airport [7] (official site)• (English) Up-to-date map and information on scramble.nl [8]

• Airport information for EBLG [9] at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006.[1] 2009 report (http:/ / www. liegeairport. com/ uploaded/ Documents/ Press/ 10-01-22 2009Report AN. pdf)[2] " Welcome (http:/ / www. avient. aero/ Welcome. htm)." Avient Aviation. Retrieved on 8 August 2011. "With head office in Harare,

Zimbabwe, Avient has two further offices; one in continental Europe and the other in the United Kingdom."[3] " Contact Us (http:/ / www. avient. aero/ ContactUs. htm)." ( Direct link to frame (http:/ / www. avient. aero/ Content/ ContactUsC. htm))

Avient Aviation. Retrieved on 8 August 2011. "BELGIUM Liege Airport, Cargo Nord, Rue Saint Exupery 22, B-4460, Grace Hollogne,Belgium"

[4] http:/ / www. infotec. be/ index. aspx?PageId=631734023237830544& Language=english[5] Liège BUS 53 : http:/ / www. liegeairport. com/ uploaded/ Documents/ horaire53. pdf[6] http:/ / www. liegeairport. be/ en/ home[7] http:/ / www. liegeairport. cn/[8] http:/ / www. scramble. nl/ airports/ publish/ eblg. htm[9] http:/ / worldaerodata. com/ wad. cgi?airport=EBLG

Liège Cathedral 18

Liège Cathedralfor the earlier cathedral of Liège, see St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège

Liège Cathedral, otherwise St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège, in Liège, Belgium, is the seat of the Bishopric of Liège.

St. Paul's Cathedral

The present cathedral

During the French Revolution the ancient cathedral of Liège, St. Lambert'sCathedral, was destroyed systematically, from 1794 onwards. After therevolutionary fervour had evaporated a new cathedral was needed. The ancientcollegiate church of St. Paul's was thought suitable for the purpose and waselevated in rank, before 1812. This is the present Liège Cathedral.

History

Liège Cathedral interior

The present cathedral of Liège was originally one among the seven collegiatechurches of the city.[1]

It was founded in the 10th century, reconstructed between the 13th and 15thcenturies, and restored in the mid-19th century.It became the cathedral of Liège in the first years of the 19th century as thereplacement for the destroyed St. Lambert's Cathedral.In 1812, further to a request from Napoléon Bonaparte, the tower, with its ogivalwindows, was raised by a storey and the belltower installed.

BuildingThe apse, constructed in the 14th century in the Rayonnant style, is pentagonal. The choir, the transept, the mainnave and the side naves date from the 13th century and have all the characteristics of Gothic architecture of thatperiod. Later Gothic architecture occurs in the windows of the transept and of the nave, the side chapels and thetower. The upper gallery is modern, as is the storey with the ogival windows and the spire of the belltower. The lintelof the portal bears an inscription, formerly on the city seal: Sancta Legia Ecclesiae Romanae Filia ("Holy Liège,daughter of the Roman church").

Liège Cathedral 19

Notes[1] St. Peter's, St. Cross, St. Paul's, St. John's, St. Denis's, St. Martin's and St. Bartholomew's

Sources and external links• Plan of the cathedral (http:/ / architecture. relig. free. fr/ images/ liege/ plan. jpg) (French)

• La place de la Cathédrale hier et aujourd'hui (http:/ / users. belgacom. net/ claude. warzee/ place_cathedrale/index. htm) (French)

• The cathedral treasury, largely transferred from the predecessor cathedral (http:/ / www. tresordeliege. be/ fr/cathedrale/ st-paul. html) (French)

• Architecture religieuse en occident - Fiche de la cathédrale Saint-Paul (http:/ / architecture. relig. free. fr/ liege.htm) (French)

Liège Science ParkLiège Science Park is a business incubator and science park of the University of Liège and is located on theterritories of the municipalities of Seraing and Liège (Belgium).

HistoryIn 1953, Marcel Dubuisson, the new president of the University of Liège supported the idea of creating a new type ofcampus, based on what he had seen during a stay at Harvard University in 1936. The campus should combine all theuniversity services: libraries, accommodation units, sports facilities, the restaurants and the companies linked to theAlma Mater. Marcel Dubuisson together with Pierre Clerdent (Governor of the Province of Liège) drafted a plan fora site outside the city of more than 10 square kilometres of land. The Sart Tilman site would become the newlocation for all the activities of the University of Liège.In 1971, the Belgian Committee of Ministers for the economic and social cooperation created the science park whichis located on both the municipality of Liège (Sart Tilman) and the municipality of Seraing (Cense rouge). InFebruary 1975 the first company, IBM, settled on the science park. The site would be developed with thecooperation of three partners: SPI+, the Company-University Interface of Liège and the municipality of Seraing.Besides academic research, biotechnology, electronics, space and engineering. In 2003 the scientific park was namedLiège Science Park as part of project which promotes the development of high-potential economic activities togetherwith a closer cooperation between high-tech companies and research labs.

Source• Liège Science Park [1]

• SPI+ [2]

• Liège region [3]

External links• Liège Science Park [4] (English)

• Liège Science Park [5] (Dutch)

Liège Science Park 20

References[1] http:/ / www. spow. be/ fr/ lgsciencepark. pdf[2] http:/ / www. wallonie-developpement. be/ news/ detail. asp?newsId=64[3] http:/ / www. liegeonline. com/ new/ news/ lol24. pdf[4] http:/ / www. liegesciencepark. be/ eng/[5] http:/ / www. liegesciencepark. be/

Liège-Guillemins railway station

The station

The station in 1905

The station in the 1970s

Liège-Guillemins train station is the main station of the city of Liège,the third biggest city in Belgium. It is one of the most important hubsin the country and is one of the 3 Belgian stations on the high-speedrail network. The station is used by 36,000 people every day.

History

In 1838, only three years after the first continental railway, a linelinking Brussels and Ans, in the northern suburbs of Liège, wasopened. The first train station of Liège-Guillemins was inaugurated inMay 1842, linking the valley to the upper Ans station. In 1843, the firstinternational railway connection was born, linking Liège to Aachenand Cologne.

The station was modernized and improved in 1882 and in 1905 for theWorld Fair in Liège. This station was replaced in 1958 by a modern(for that time) one that was used until June 2009, a few months beforethe opening of the new Calatrava designed station.

New station

The new station by the architect Santiago Calatrava was officiallyopened on September 18, 2009 with a show by Franco Dragone. It has9 tracks and 5 platforms (three of 450m and two of 350m). All thetracks around the station have been modernized to allow high speedarrival and departure.

The new station is made of steel, glass and white concrete. It includes amonumental arch, 200 metres long and 35 metres high. The buildingcosts were € 312 million.

Liège-Guillemins railway station 21

The station in September 2008

Train servicesLiège-Guillemins station is served by InterCity- and InterRegio trains, connecting Liège with all major Belgiencities, as well as several international destinations such as Aachen, Lille, and Maastricht. In addition to the nationaltraffic, Liège-Guillemins station welcomes Thalys and ICE trains, connecting Liège to Brussels, Paris, Aachen,Cologne, and Frankfurt. Two new dedicated high-speed tracks have been built: HSL 2 (Brussels-Liège) and HSL 3(Liège-German border).There are also plans for Eurostar and ICE to link Liège to London directly.

Preceding station Thalys Following station

Brussels-Southtoward Paris-Nord

ThalysAachen Hbf

toward Essen Hbf

Namurtoward Paris-Nord

Thalys Terminus

Preceding station DB AG Following station

Bruxelles-Nord / Brussel-Noordtoward Bruxelles-Midi

ICE 79Aachen

toward Frankfurt (Main) Hbf

Preceding station NMBS/SNCB Following station

Leuventoward Oostende

IC AVerviers-Central

toward Eupen

Huytoward Lille-Flandres

IC DLiège-Jonfossetoward Herstal

Anstoward Quievrain

IC F Terminus

Flemalle-Hautetoward Bruxelles-Midi / Brussel-Zuid

IC MLiège-Jonfossetoward Liers

Bruxelles-Nord / Brussel-Noordtoward Bruxelles-Midi / Brussel-Zuid

IC OBressoux

toward Maastricht

Liège-Jonfossetoward Antwerpen-Centraal

IR c Terminus

Liège-Jonfossetoward Liers

IR mAngleur

toward Luxembourg

Liège-Guillemins railway station 22

Terminus IR qAngleur

toward Aachen Hbf

The national trains to Brussels also use the high speed track at 200 km/h, while the Thalys and ICE can go up to300 km/h.

Road ConnectionsLiège-Guillemins is also a transportation hub for TEC Bus: more than 1,620 buses carrying 15,000 people serve thestation everyday. It is one of the rare train stations in Europe directly connected to the highway network (E40-E25).

Gallery

Opening night (18/09/2009)

Opening night Opening night Opening night 27-05-2011

27-05-2011

Liège-Guillemins railway station 23

References

External links• Official website (http:/ / en. euro-liege-tgv. be/ )• Guillemins station and discrit (http:/ / www. liegeonline. be/ en/ medias/ pdf/ gareguilleminsEN.

pdf)PDF (353 KiB)

Meuse (river) 24

Meuse (river)

Meuse

The Meuse in France, Belgium, and the NetherlandsOrigin  France

Mouth North Sea51°51′59″N 4°1′8″E

Basin countries  France,  Belgium,  Netherlands

Length 925 km (575 mi)

Source elevation 409 m (1,342 ft)

Avg. discharge 230 m³/s (8,124 ft³/s)

Basin area 36,000 km² (13,900 mi²)

Meuse river seen from SPOT satellite

The Maas (Dutch: Maas; IPA: [ˈmaːs];) or Meuse (English pronunciation:

/ˈmjuːz/; French: [møz]; Walloon Mouze /muːs/) is a major Europeanriver, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and theNetherlands before draining into the North Sea. It has a total length of925 km (575 mi).

From 1301 the upper Meuse roughly marked the western border of theHoly Roman Empire with the Kingdom of France, after Count HenryIII of Bar had to receive the western part of the County of Bar (Barroismouvant) as a French fief from the hands of King Philip IV. Theborder remained stable until the annexation of the Three BishopricsMetz, Toul and Verdun by King Henry II in 1552 and the occupationof the Duchy of Lorraine by the forces of King Louis XIII in 1633. Itslower Belgian (Walloon) portion, part of the sillon industriel, was thefirst fully industrialized area in continental Europe.[1]

Meuse (river) 25

EtymologyThe name Meuse is derived from the French name of the river, which evolved from the Latin name Mosa. The Dutchname Maas descends from Middle Dutch Mase, which comes from the presumed but unattested Old Dutch form*Masa, from Proto-Germanic *Masō. Only modern Dutch preserves this Germanic form, however.Despite its appearance, the Germanic name is not derived from the Latin name, judging from the change from earliero into a, which is characteristic of the Germanic languages. Therefore, both the Latin and Germanic names wereprobably derived from a Celtic source, which would have been *Mosā.

GeographyThe Meuse rises in Pouilly-en-Bassigny, commune of Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse on the Langres plateau in France fromwhere it flows northwards past Sedan (the head of navigation) and Charleville-Mézières into Belgium. At Namur itis joined by the River Sambre. Beyond Namur the Meuse winds eastwards, skirting the Ardennes, and passes Liègebefore turning north. The river then forms part of the Belgian-Dutch border, except that at Maastricht the border liesfurther to the west. In the Netherlands it continues northwards through Venlo closely along the border to Germany,then turns towards the west, where it joins the Waal river and forms part of the extensive Rhine–Meuse–Scheldtdelta, together with the Scheldt river in its south and the Rhine river in the north. The river has divided near Heusdeninto the Afgedamde Maas on the right and the Bergse Maas on the left. The Bergse Maas continues under the nameof Amer, which is part of the Biesbosch, and is joined by the Nieuwe Merwede, after which it flows on under thename of Hollands Diep, before finally flowing into the North Sea as Haringvliet.The Meuse is crossed by railway bridges between the following stations (on the left and right banks respectively):• Netherlands:

• Hasselt (Belgium) – Maastricht (currently being put back online)• Roermond – Weert• Blerick – Venlo• Cuijk – Nijmegen Heyendaal• Ravenstein – Wijchen• 's-Hertogenbosch – Zaltbommel

There are also numerous road bridges and around 32 ferry crossings.The Meuse is navigable over a substantial part of its total length: In the Netherlands and Belgium, the river is part ofthe major inland navigation infrastructure, connecting the Rotterdam-Amsterdam-Antwerp port areas to theindustrial areas upstream: Hertogenbosch, Venlo, Maastricht, Liège, Namur. Between Maastricht and Maasbracht, anunnavigable section of the Meuse is bypassed by the 36 km Juliana Canal. South of Namur, further upstream, theriver can only carry more modest vessels, although a barge as long as 100 m. can still reach the French border townof Givet.From Givet, the river is canalized over a distance of 272 kilometres. The canalized Meuse used to be called the"Canal de l'Est — Branche Nord" but was recently rebaptized into "Canal de la Meuse". The waterway can be usedby the smallest barges that are still in use commercially (almost 40 metres long and just over 5 metres wide). Justupstream of the town of Commercy, the Canal de la Meuse connects with the Canal de la Marne au Rhin by meansof a short diversion canal. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways database).The Cretaceous sea reptile Mosasaur is named after the river Meuse. The first fossils of it were discovered outsideMaastricht 1780.

Meuse (river) 26

A view of the Meuse in the French Ardennes

Basin area

Basin of the River Meuse

The Meuse and the Rochers de Freÿr, in front ofthe Castle of Freÿr south of Dinant

An international agreement was signed in 2002 in Ghent, Belgiumabout the management of the river amongst France, Germany,Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Also participating in theagreement were the Belgian regional governments of Flanders,Wallonia, and Brussels (which is not in the basin of the Meuse butpumps running water into the Meuse).

Most of the basin area (36000 km2) is in Wallonia (12000 km2),followed by France (9000 km2), the Netherlands (8000 km2), Germany(2000 km2), Flanders (2000 km2) and Luxembourg (a few km2).

An International Commission on the Meuse has the responsibility ofthe implementation of the treaty.The costs of this Commission are met by all these countries, inproportion of their own territory into the basin of the Meuse: TheNetherlands and Wallonia 30%, France 15%, Germany 14.5%,Flanders 5%, Brussels 4.5%, Kingdom of Belgium and Luxemburg0.5%.The map of the basin area of Meuse was joined to the text of thetreaty.[2]

On the cultural plan, the river Meuse, as a major communication route,is the origin of the Mosan art, principally (Wallonia and France).

The first landscape painted in the Middle-Age was the landscape ofMeuse. For instance Joachim Patinir [3] He was likely the uncle ofHenri Blès who is sometimes defined as a Mosan landscape painteractive during the second third of the 16th century (i.e., secondgeneration of landscape painters) [4]

Tributaries

The main tributaries of the river Meuse are listed below indownstream-upstream order, with the town where the tributary meets the river:

• Dieze (near 's-Hertogenbosch)• Aa (in 's-Hertogenbosch)

Meuse (river) 27

The Meuse at Dinant

The Meuse river at Namur capital of Wallonia

The Meuse at Liège, third river port of Europe

The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht

• Dommel (in 's-Hertogenbosch)• Gender (in Eindhoven)

• Raam (river in North Brabant) (in Grave)• Niers (in Gennep)• Swalm (in Swalmen)• Rur/Roer (in Roermond)

• Wurm (in Heinsberg, Germany)• Merzbach (in Linnich, Germany)• Inde (in Jülich, Germany)

• Geleenbeek (near Maasbracht)• Geul (near Meerssen)• Geer/Jeker (in Maastricht)• Voer/Fouron (in Eijsden)• Berwinne/Berwijn (near Moelingen, part of Voeren)• Ourthe (in Liège)

• Weser/Vesdre (near Liège)• Amel/Amblève (in Comblain-au-Pont)

• Salm (in Trois-Ponts)• Warche (near Malmedy)

• Hoyoux (in Huy)• Mehaigne (in Wanze)• Sambre (in Namur)• Bocq (in Yvoir)• Molignée (in Anhée)• Lesse (in Anseremme, part of Dinant)• Viroin (in Vireux-Molhain)• Semois or Semoy (in Monthermé)• Sormonne (in Warcq)• Bar (near Dom-le-Mesnil)• Chiers (in Bazeilles)

• Othain (in Montmédy)

Distributaries

The mean annual discharge rate of the Meuse has been relatively stableover the last few thousand years. One recent study estimates thataverage flow has increased about 10% since 2000 BC.[5] Thehydrological distribution of the Meuse changed during the later MiddleAges, when a major flood forced it to shift its main course northwardstowards the Merwede river. From then on, several stretches of theoriginal Merwede were named "Maas" (i.e. Meuse) instead and servedas the primary outflow of that river. Those branches are currently known as the Nieuwe Maas and Oude Maas.

Meuse (river) 28

Meuse near Grave

Meuse near Appeltern

However, during another series of severe floods the Meuse found anadditional path towards the sea, resulting in the creation of theBiesbosch wetlands and Hollands Diep estuaries. Thereafter, theMeuse split near Heusden into two main tributaries, one flowing northto join the Merwede, and one flowing directly to the sea. The branch ofthe Meuse leading directly to the sea eventually silted up, (and nowforms the Oude Maasje stream), but in 1904 the canalised Bergse Maaswas dug to take over the functions of the silted-up branch. At the sametime, the branch leading to the Merwede was dammed at Heusden,(and has since been known as the Afgedamde Maas) so that little waterfrom the Meuse now actually enters the old Maas estuary, or thecurrent Rhine distributaries. The resulting separation of the riversRhine and Meuse is considered to be the greatest achievement in Dutchhydraulic engineering before the completion of the Zuiderzee Worksand Delta Works.

One recent study [6] notes that the difference between summer andwinter flow volumes has increased significantly in the last 100–200years. These workers point out that the frequency of serious floods (i.e.flows > 1000% of normal) has increased markedly. They predict thatwinter flooding of the Meuse may become a recurring problem in thecoming decades.

Départements, provinces and towns

The Meuse flows through the following departments of France, provinces of Belgium, provinces of the Netherlandsand towns:

• Haute-Marne• Vosges: Neufchâteau• Meuse: Commercy, Saint-Mihiel, Verdun, Stenay• Ardennes: Sedan, Charleville-Mézières, Givet• Namur: Dinant, Namur• Liège: Huy, Liège, Visé• Limburg: Maastricht, Roermond, Venlo, Gennep• Limburg: Maaseik• North Brabant: Boxmeer, Cuijk, Grave, Ravenstein, Lith, Heusden, Aalburg, Woudrichem• Gelderland: Maasdriel• South Holland: Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Maassluis

DeutschlandliedThe Meuse (Maas) is mentioned in the (nowadays not sung) first stanza of the Deutschlandlied German nationalanthem. The lyrics written in 1841 describe a then–disunited Germany with the river as its western boundary, whereKing William I of the Netherlands had joined the German Confederation with his Duchy of Limburg in 1839.Though the duchy's territory officially became an integral part of the Netherlands by the 1867 Treaty of London, thetext passage remained unchanged when the Deutschlandlied was declared the national anthem of the WeimarRepublic in 1922.

Meuse (river) 29

References[1] (French) "Wallonie : une région en Europe" (http:/ / sder. wallonie. be/ ICEDD/ CAP-atlasWallonie2006/ pages/ atlas.

asp?txt=conWalEur). Ministère de la Région wallonne. . Retrieved September 29, 2007.[2] Accord international sur la Meuse (http:/ / environnement. wallonie. be/ legis/ international/ accord004. htm)[3] French: Les rochers par lesquels l'art gothique suggère conventionnellement un site sauvage et désertique, sont présents. Comme d'aucuns

l'ont remarqué, ces pics rocheux qui vont devenir chez Patinier, indissociables de l'évocation d'un paysage ressemblent à ceux qu'il a pu voirdans la région dinantaise (...) Mais il va de soi que les paysages représentés ne sont jamais dans leur ensemble la transposition de sitesexistants. L'espace tel que le conçoit Patinier est d'un autre ordre que celui qui s'offre au spectateur dans la réalité. in 'L'essor du paysage' inJacques Stiennon, Jean-Patrick Duchesne, Yves Randaxhe, 'Cinq siècles de peinture en Wallonie', Les éditeurs d'art associés, Bruxelles, 1988,p. 67-72. The landscape of the Mosan valley is the inspiration of Patinier but the result of this inspiration was not a painture of this landscape.

[4] Contribution of scientific methods to the understanding of the work of the 16th century painter, Henri Bles Université de Liège (http:/ / www.sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B7GJ1-4DPD107-V& _user=10& _coverDate=01/ 01/ 2002& _alid=1187370996&_rdoc=1& _fmt=high& _orig=search& _cdi=20193& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=562& _acct=C000050221& _version=1&_urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=cfb95b591dbf792ade417b90b0938439)

[5] Ward PJ, H Renssen, JCJH Aerts, RT van Balen & J Vandenberghe (2008), Strong increases in flood frequency and discharge of the RiverMeuse over the Late Holocene: impacts of long-term anthropogenic land use change and climate variability. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 12:159-175. http:/ / www. hydrol-earth-syst-sci. net/ 12/ 159/ 2008/ hess-12-159-2008. pdf [Ward et al., 2008]

[6] Ward et al., 2008

External links• Peace Palace Library's Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law regarding Meuse River (http:/ /

www. ppl. nl/ bibliographies/ all/ showresults. php?bibliography=water& code=WR244& topic=regional studies> Europe > Meuse River)

Pont de Wandre 30

Pont de Wandre

Pont de Wandre

Carries Road vehicles

Crosses River Meuse, Albert Canal

Locale Liege, Belgium

Designer René Greisch

Design Cable stayed bridge

Coordinates 50°40′27″N 5°38′37″E

References: [1]

The Pont de Wandre is a single pier cable-stayed bridge carrying the N667 road across the Albert Canal and RiverMeuse in Liege, Belgium.

History and descriptionFrom the 15th to 19th century the Meuse at Wandre was crossed by a ferry. In 1884 the first bridge crossing betweenHerstal and Wandre was built; it consisted of a metal bowstring bridge across the canal, a seven arched brick andstone viaduct across the land between the two waterways, then a box section rectangular girder truss bridge acrossthe Meuse supported on three piers. Due to increased traffic caused by industrial development a second bridge wasbuilt upstream of the first between 1935 and 1937; this was blown up by the Belgian Army in 1940. Two temporarymetal pedestrian bridges of metal replaced the destroyed bridge.[2]

Construction of replacement bridges began in 1947; a 59.4m long bridge across the Albert Canal (le pont del'Esparanto), and a three span concrete bridge across the Meuse of total length 190m; the new construction wasofficially opened in 1948.[2]

An increase in traffic on the Albert Canal during the 1970s necessitated its expansion for larger vessels required thewidening of the channel from 35 to 85m; as a result this expansion also required the construction of a new bridge.[2]

Work to construct a new bridge to replace the post war bridges began in 1985;[2] the bridge was officially opened 16June 1989, at a cost of 508million belgian francs.[1] It connects suburbs Wandre and Hertstal of Liege, crossing theMeuse and Albert Canals,[1] the main support stands on the isthmus between the Meuse and Albert canal.The total length of the bridge including the approach sections is ~527m, the main cable stayed spans are 144m and168m.[1] The inverted Y shaped concrete main support is 88.5m high, and supports a 22m wide road deck.[3]

Pont de Wandre 31

References[1] Sources:

• Nicholas Janberg, ed., "Wandre Bridge" (http:/ / en. structurae. de/ structures/ data/ index. cfm?id=s0000101), en.structurae.de (NicolasJanberg's Structurae),

• "Le pont de Wandre" (http:/ / www. herstal. be/ loisirs/ patrimoine/ ouvrage-d2019art) (in french), www.herstal.be (Site officiel de la Villede Herstal),

[2] "D'hier et d'aujourd'hui : Du passeur d'eau.. au Pont de Wandre" (http:/ / www. herstal. be/ loisirs/ patrimoine/ ouvrage-d2019art/artcile-herstal-magazine-n-1-2004-pont-de-wandre. pdf) (in french), www.herstal.be,

[3] Sources:

• "Pont de Wandre à Liège" (http:/ / www. greisch. com/ projet/ FR-1440. pdf) (in french), www.greisch.com (Greisch),• "Referenties : Burgerlijke bouwkunde" (http:/ / nl. freyssinet. be/ burgerlijke_bouwkunde/ index-x,3. htm) (in dutch), nl.freyssinet.be

(Freyssinet Belgium): 1990 Pont de Wandre - Luik,

External links• Thérèse Cortembos (2004), "Wandre" (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=9NAlReZpEzsC& lpg=PP1&

pg=PA399#v=onepage& q& f=false) (in french), Liège (Patrimone architectural et territoires de Wallonie) (http:// books. google. co. uk/ books?id=9NAlReZpEzsC), Editions Mardaga / Ministère de la Région wallonne,pp. 399–401

Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège)

The palace in 2010

The palace in 1649

The Prince-Bishops' Palace of Liège is onplace Saint-Lambert in the centre of Liège,Belgium. It once faced St. Lambert'sCathedral.

History

Its imposing facade dominates the end of theplace St-Lambert, centre of commercial lifein Liège, where St Lambert's Cathedralformerly stood. Two buildings preceded thepresent palace, a first palace integrated withthe fortifications was built about 1000 ADby Bishop Notger, but it was destroyed inthe fire of 1185. The palace wasreconstructed under Raoul de Zähringen.This building was much damaged in thesack of the city by the Burgundians and wasalso burnt in 1505.

On mounting the episcopal throne in 1505Bishop Érard de La Marck found the palacein ruins and entrusted the construction of a new one to the master builder Arnold van Mulken in 1526. It wasfinished at the end

Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège) 32

The place Saint-Lambert in 1770

of the 16th century. The principal facade on the south was completelyrebuilt after the fire of 1734 in the Louis XIV-Regency style under thedirection of the Brussels architect Jean-André Anneessens, son ofFrançois Anneessens.

In 1849, a new west wing was built by the architect Jean-CharlesDelsaux, in the same style as the old palace to accommodate theprovincial government.

The palace in the 18th century

At present the building is occupied by the provincial services of Liègeand the Palais de Justice. The great courtyard is surrounded bygalleries of arcades and 60 massives and elegant columns. The varietyof the decoration of these columns is extraordinary. The secondcourtyard which is reached from the interior of the palace is moreintimate and is closed to the public except on rare occasions such asheritage days. The judicial institutions of Liège having been dispersedon about ten sites in the city a vast project to extend the palace wasundertaken. It involves various buildings facing the west side of thepalace and will bring them together in the centre of the city. This willbe completed in mid 2011.

Bibliography• Bruno Demoulin (ed.), Liège et le palais des princes-évêques, Bruxelles, Fonds Mercator, 2008, 320 p.• Julie Godinas, Le palais de Liège, coeur de la Cité ardente, Namur, Institut du patrimoine wallon, 2008, 234 p.• Suzanne Collon-Gevaert, Érard de La Marck et le palais des princes-évêques de Liège, Liège,

Vaillant-Carmanne, 1975, 157 p.• Jean Lejeune De la principauté à la métropole édit Mercator Anvers 1967• Jean Lejeune Liège et son palais édit Mercator 1979

External links• Extensions [1]

• Place Saint-Lambert: photos [2]

References[1] http:/ / www. buildingsagency. be/ realisatieberichten_fr. cfm?key=70[2] http:/ / users. belgacom. net/ cwarzee/ place_saint-lambert/ index. htm

Royal Conservatory of Liège 33

Royal Conservatory of LiègeThe Royal Conservatoire of Liège (RCL) (Dutch Koninklijk Conservatorium Luik, French Conservatoire royalde Liège) is one of four conservatories in the French Community of Belgium that offers higher education courses inmusic and theatre. Located at 29 Piercot Forgeur in the city of Liège, the school's principal building was built in1887 using a neoclassical design by architects Louis Boonen and Laurent Demany. Inside the building is a largeconcert hall, the Salle philharmonique de Liège, which has recently been entirely renovated. The hall is the majorperformance venue for the Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège.The RCL was founded in 1826 by William I of the Netherlands. Joseph Daussoigne-Méhul served as the school'sfirst director from 1826-1862.[1] Jean-Théodore Radoux was director of the conservatory from 1872-1911.[2]

Notable alumni• Gaston Dethier• Camille Everardi• César Franck• Frantz Jehin-Prume• Marc Laho• Jean Rogister• Adolphe Samuel

References[1] Denis Havard de la Montagne. "Joseph Daussoigne-Méhul" (http:/ / www. musimem. com/ Daussoigne-Mehul. htm). www.musimem.com. .[2] Theodore Baker. "Baker's biographical dictionary of musicians, page 735" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=H2kNAAAAIAAJ&

pg=PA735& lpg=PA735& dq="Bacha"+ "bassoon"& source=bl& ots=NMOwS_Jkoq& sig=bYxyirpnB0jARn0IzZ8a33d8m3g& hl=en&ei=J68kTOq0E6WSnAfpnsDqBA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q="Bacha""bassoon"& f=false). Google Books. .

St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 34

St Bartholomew's Church, Liège

St. Bartholomew's Church in 2006

Engraving of St. Bartholomew's church, 1735

Founded outside the city walls, the Roman CatholicCollegial Church of Saint Bartholemew in Liège,Belgium, was built in coal sandstone, from the late 11thcentury (the chancel) to the late 12th century (themassive westwork, with its twin towers which werereconstructed in 1876), and underwent, like mostreligious buildings, modifications through thecenturies. Nevertheless, the MeuseRomanesque—Ottonian architecture character of itsarchitecture remained deeply rooted. The 18th centurysaw the addition of two more aisles, the opening of aneoclassical portal in the walls of the westwork, and theFrench Baroque redecoration of the interior. Theinterior of the western section has recently beenrestored back to the original style.

St. Bartholomew's is one of the original seven RomanCatholic collegiate churches of Liège (which alsoinclude the churches of St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John, St.Denis, St. Martin, and the Holy Cross).

In 2006, the church emerged from heavy restorationwork (seven years, 10,000 replaced stones, therestoration of the polychromy of the walls).

Art collectionThe church contains many works of art, among which may be mentioned The Glorification of the Holy Cross, atableau of the local painter Bertholet Flemalle (1614-1675); The Crucifixion, from another local artist, EnglebertFisen (1655-1733); and a statue of St. Roch by Renier Panhay de Rendeux (1684-1744).

Baptismal font

Font of Renier de Huy: The baptism of Christ

St. Bartholomew's is the site of one of the most admired treasuresof ecclesiastical Mosan art: a baptismal font attributed to thegoldsmith Renier de Huy. It was commissioned at the beginning ofthe 12th century (1107-1108) by the abbot Hellin for the churchNotre-Dame-aux-Fonts, now destroyed, where local baptismstraditionally were administered.

The font was installed in St. Bartholomew's Church in 1804, afterhaving been spared from the Revolutionaries.This remarkable work heralds a resurgence of Greek influences onWestern art. The brass tank, resting on ten (originally twelve) ox

St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 35

Font of Renier de Huy: The baptism of thecatechumens

figures, presents five scenes: the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan,the preaching of St. John the Baptist, the baptism of thecatechumens, the baptism of the centurion Cornelius, and thebaptism of the philosopher Craton.

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liègefor the present cathedral of Liège see Liège Cathedral

Engraving of St. Lambert's Cathedral

St. Lambert's Cathedral, 18th century

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège (or in full, the Cathedral of Our Ladyand St. Lambert; French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert)was the cathedral of Liège, Belgium, until 1794, when its destructionbegan. This enormous Gothic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Lambert ofMaastricht, occupied the site of the present Place Saint-Lambert in thecentre of Liège.

History

Saint Lambert, bishop of Maastricht, was assassinated in Liège about705, and was initially buried in Maastricht. The site of his martyrdombecame a place of pilgrimage, and his successor, Saint Hubert, returnedthe body and reburied it there. Shortly afterwards the episcopal seatwas transferred from Maastricht to Liège, and Lambert's shrine becamea cathedral.

Several structures succeeded each other on the site. The first was amartyr's shrine or mausoleum (martyrium), commissioned by SaintHubert. Unusually it was oriented to the west, which may account forthe existence of a west choir in subsequent cathedral buildings. Twocathedrals followed. The first, built towards the end of the 8th century,was in Carolingian style.

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège 36

St. Lambert's Cathedral, 1780

Reconstruction of the cathedral c.1770

In 978 Bishop Notger installed a chapter of sixty canons. He thenbuilt a new church from around the year 1000, in Ottonian style,with a special crypt for the relics of the martyred saint. Thearchitecture was that of the Holy Roman Empire. The newcathedral had a massive westwork, two choirs at opposite ends,two transepts, each with a tower over the crossing, adding to themonumentality of the structure, and a cloister at the east end. It isnoticeable from the groundplan that the entrances were located inthe north and south sides of the building, and not along theeast-west axis.[1]

Many alterations were made to it during the decades 1140-1180.The disgraced and excommunicated Emperor Henry IV, who diedon 7 August 1106, was buried here by the Prince-Bishop Otbert,after the entrails and heart had been removed. The German bishopsprotested and declared that the cathedral would be consideredcontaminated as long as the body remained there. Emperor HenryV therefore had his father's remains disinterred and transferred toSpeyer Cathedral, on 15 August 1106.[2]

During the night of 28/29 April 1185 a violent fire broke out inone of the houses next to the cloisters, to which it immediatelyspread, and from there to the rest of the cathedral, which was destroyed. Reconstruction began the very next day, inthe Gothic style, making extensive use of the previous foundations. Part of the cathedral had been restored by 1189,when the Archbishop of Cologne visited in order to reconsecrate the church. In 1197, the relics of Saint Lambert,which had been in safe storage since the fire, were reinstalled in the new building.

However, the reconstruction was far from complete, for lack of funds. Processions criss-crossed the diocese in aneffort to raise the necessary money. In the middle of the 13th century Pope Innocent IV granted indulgences toanyone who helped with the rebuilding of the cathedral.From 1391, work started on a tower 135 metres high, to the west of the south arm of the eastern transept, thebelltower of which was the same height as the hill of the citadel, and for the rest of its existence was a landmark forall who approached the city. Its completion in 1433 marked the end of the major works.St. Lambert's Cathedral measured 96 metres in length (or 173 metres including the cloisters). With the side chapelsits breadth was 37 metres. The height to the top of the ceiling vault was some 30 metres. In style, if not in size, it wascomparable to the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. The sandstone towers that characterised the west front wereclosely related to those of the cathedral of Saints Michael and Gudula in Brussels, and of the Grote Kerk in Breda, inthe Netherlands, as well as of the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren.The archéoforum[3] of Liège, situated beneath Place Saint-Lambert, makes it possible to see the ruins of thecathedral, besides the traces of other occupations of the site from the prehistoric period up to the 18th century.

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège 37

Destruction

"Bonaparte, Premier Consul" by Ingres.In the background St. Lambert's

Cathedral is distinctly visible, although atthis period it was already in the processof demolition by the revolutionaries of

Liège.

In 1794, under the French régime, after the révolution liégeoise, thedemolition of the cathedral, agreed the previous year, was put in hand. TheLiège revolutionaries considered it a symbol of the power of thePrince-Bishop. Demolition began with the removal of the lead from the rooffor use in the manufacture of arms and munitions, under the supervision of a"Commission destructive de la cathédrale". Consideration of the destructionof the great tower began in 1795. In 1803 the western towers weredemolished. The site was entirely levelled in 1827, except for a section ofmasonry from the ancient passage between the cathedral and the bishop'spalace, which was still standing in 1929.

Once the revolutionary mood had passed, it was necessary to select anotherchurch to replace the destroyed cathedral. The collegiate church of St. Paulwas selected as being, of those suitable, the closest to the centre of the city,and this became the present Liège Cathedral (or St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège).After it had been sensitively modernised, there were transferred to it thenumerous treasures that had been saved from the old cathedral - works ofgold, ivory, manuscripts, sculptures and reliquaries - which can be seendisplayed in the cloisters. The site is maintained today by the Institut duPatrimoine, the institute in charge of cultural heritage protection inWallonia.[4]

Notes[1] This may possibly be the consequence of a superstition that evil would come from the west, and that an entrance on that side might allow it to

enter the house of God. Many religious buildings in the Meuse region have this feature.[2] D. Droixhe, "Une histoire des Lumières au pays de Liège", les Editions de l'Université de Liège, 2007, p. 15[3] http:/ / www. archeoforumdeliege. be[4] Cathedral remains (http:/ / www. institutdupatrimoine. be/ code/ fr/ mission_b_prop_arch_2. asp) at the website of the Institut du Patrimoine

Further readingPhilippe, Joseph, La Cathédrale Saint-Lambert de Liège: gloire de l'Occident et de l'art mosan, Liège: éditionEugène Wahle ISBN 2870110499

External links• Archéoforum de Liège (http:/ / www. archeoforumdeliege. be/ ) (French)

• Trésor de la cathédrale de Liège (http:/ / www. tresordeliege. be/ newsite/ fr/ cathedrale/ st-lambert. html)(French)

University of Liège 38

University of Liège

University of LiègeUniversité de Liège

Latin: Universitas Leodiensis

Established 1817

Type Public university of the French Community of Belgium

Rector Prof. Bernard Rentier

Administrator François Ronday

Academic staff 2,800

Admin. staff 4,300

Students 20,000

Location Liège, Wallonia, Belgium

Campus Urban, suburban

Affiliations AUFAcadémie Wallonie-EuropeT.I.M.E.

Website www.ulg.ac.be [1]

The University of Liège (ULg), in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium, is a major public university in the French Communityof Belgium. Its official language is French.

HistoryThe University was founded in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands, then King of the United Kingdom of theNetherlands, and by his Minister of Education, Anton Reinhard Falck. The foundation of the university was theresult of a long intellectual tradition which dates back to the origins of the Bishopric of Liège. Beginning in theeleventh century, the influence of the prince-bishops of Liège attracted students and prominent scientists andphilosophers, such as Petrarch, to study in its libraries. The reputation of its medieval schools gave the city thereputation as a new Athens.A 17 March 1808 decree by Napoleon I concerning the organization of an imperial university indicated Liège as thesite of a new academy to be composed of a Faculty of Arts and a Faculty of Science - the first university charter forLiège. Ultimately, Liège owes its university to William I of the Netherlands, who remembered the city's prestigiouslegacy of teaching and culture when he decided to establish a new university on Walloon soil.Nearly 200 years later, settled to some extent in the Sart-Tilman district of Liège, the University of Liège depends onthe French community of Belgium. The University is located at the edge of the River Meuse, in the center of "theIsland," the Latin Quarter of Liège. By 2009, the Agronomical University College of Gembloux (FUSAGx) is part ofULg. It has adopted a new name for academics as well as research, namely 'Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech'.

University of Liège 39

OrganizationThe University of Liège has:• 20,000 students

• 4,600 foreign students• 4,300 employees

• 2,800 faculty members (both teaching and research)• 1,300 administrative and technical support staff

The ULg comprises:• 9 Faculties

• Faculty of Philosophy and Letters• Faculty of Law and Political Science• Faculty of Science• Faculty of Medicine• Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science (Applied Science)• Faculty of Veterinary Medicine• Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech - Faculty of Agronomical Science and Biological Engineering (at the Gembloux

campus)• Faculty of Psychology and Education• Faculty of Architecture

• 2 Schools• HEC Management School - University of Liege (Economics, Management & Business Engineering)• The J. Constant Graduate School of Criminology (part of the Faculty of Law and Political Science)

• 1 Institute• The ULg Institute for Social Science (Sociology & Human Sciences)

• 45 Departments

Notable alumniFor full list see University of Liège alumni

• Joaquín Arderíus, novelist• Philippe Bodson, engineer• Albert Claude, Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1974• Marie Delcourt, first female professor at the ULg• Marcel Detienne, philosophy and literature (PhD)• Paul Demaret, rector of the College of Europe• Jacques H. Drèze, economist• Paul Fredericq (1850–1920), historian• Michel A. J. Georges, veterinary, 2008 Francqui Prize• Jean Gol (1942–1995), lawyer, politician• Alexis Jacquemin (1938–2004), economy, 1983 Francqui Prize on Human Sciences• David Keilin, entomologist• Auguste Kerckhoffs, Dutch linguist and cryptographer• Jan Kowalewski, Polish cryptologist• Wincenty Kowalski, Polish military commander• Marc Lacroix, biochemist

University of Liège 40

• Joseph Lebeau, statesman• Jean-Christophe Marine, biologist• Marcel Nicolet, Belgian physicist and meteorologist[2]

• Jean-Baptiste Nothomb, statesman and diplomat• Paul Pastur, lawyer and politician (1866–1938)• Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), physicist• Georges Poulet, literary critic• Guy Quaden, economist, Governor of the National Bank of Belgium• Jean Rey (1902–1983), second President of the European Commission• Max Rooses, writer• Léon Rosenfeld, physicist• Polidor Swings, 1948 laureate of the Francqui Prize• Haroun Tazieff, French vulcanologist and geologist• André Henri Constant van Hasselt, poet

Notable faculty• Zénon-M. Bacq (1903–1983), radiobiologist• Florent-Joseph Bureau (1906–1999), mathematician• Eugène Charles Catalan, mathematician• André Danthine, computer scientist• Marcel Florkin (1900–1979), medicine, biochemistry• Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck (1809–1887), palaeontologist and chemist• Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye, economist• Marie Delcourt (1891–1979), classical philologist• Philippe Devaux (1902–1979), philosopher• Paul Fourmarier (1877–1970), geologist• Paul Gochet (1932), philosopher• Groupe µ, Group of semiticians• Godefroid Kurth (1847–1916), historian• Paul Ledoux (1914–1988), astrophysicist• Pol Swings (1906–1983), astrophysicist• Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910), biologist• Theodor Schwann (1810–1882), biologist

University of Liège 41

Honorary doctorate• Mikhail Gorbachev (2011)• Bill Viola (2010)

References[1] http:/ / www. ulg. ac. be/[2] History of Geopyhysics, Volume 1 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eClXLhf5jdYC& lpg=PA44& dq="Marcel Nicolet"&

pg=PA44#v=onepage& q& f=false). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. 1984. pp. 44. ISBN 8755-1217. .

External links• University of Liège (http:/ / www. ulg. ac. be/ )• ULg's WebTV (http:/ / webtv. ulg. ac. be)• International Conference on System Simulation in Buildings held in ULG (http:/ / www. ssb2010. ulg. ac. be/ )

Article Sources and Contributors 42

Article Sources and ContributorsLiège  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465677947  Contributors: .snoopy., 16@r, 52 Pickup, Aaker, Acroterion, Addshore, Adumoul, Ahoerstemeier, AjaxSmack, Amatulic,Andre Engels, Andrwsc, Angr, Antandrus, Arthena, Attilios, Bearcat, Behemoth, Bjung, Bobblewik, Bouere.info, Bz2, CSWarren, CambridgeBayWeather, Canuck85, Cg2p0B0u8m, ChristianList, CommonsDelinker, Cs-wolves, Cybercobra, Cynwolfe, Dbachmann, Dhum Dhum, Dodeluc, Donarreiskoffer, Doremo, Dvavasour, Edcolins, Editingproject, Ekeb, El C, Eldamorie,Elhugo05, Eras-mus, Erianna, Eugene0410, Everyking, Fishal, Fleurkaunas, Flying Saucer, Frisch1, Frokor, Fudoreaper, Fuhghettaboutit, G from B, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Gidonb, Graham87,Green-eyed girl, Guirro, HADRIANVS, Hashar, HeartofaDog, HennessyC, Hooiwind, IMSoP, Ian Dalziel, Ianb, Icarus, Ichigostar2007, JPopovic, Japanese Searobin, Jauhienij, JdeJ, Jean-PolGrandmont, Jeanphi, Jed, Jeronimo, Jnc, Jnestorius, JordeeBec, José Fontaine, Jrenier, Julien Tuerlinckx, Julius.kusuma, Jvhertum, Kbdank71, Kierant, Kingal86, Kinneytj, Korg, Kwamikagami,LHOON, LVan, Lalratty, Le Fou, Leasnam, Lebob, Lekiend, Lightmouse, Looxix, Lreafuente, Luc.de.bry, Luwilt, MaThQc, Majabl, Marek69, Mark K. Jensen, Markussep, Mav, Medjl,Mendaliv, Metsavend, Michael Fourman, Michael042, Miracle Pen, Mschlindwein, Mscuthbert, Mtnsuborg, Mutters mueller, NTF, Nach0king, Nat Krause, Neddyseagoon, Neelix,NickDeGraeve, Nk, Numbo3, Ohconfucius, Omar-toons, Omondi, Opie, Orelstrigo, Oreo Priest, PRehse, Pastordavid, Patrick, Pavel Vozenilek, Petercascio, Pgr94, Pjred, Polylerus, Pustelnik,Pvosta, RKThe2, Railwayfan2005, Reenem, Renata, Rex Germanus, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robertg9, Robin22, Robster1983, Roofbird, Rsg, Ruedetocqueville, Sannse, Scipius, Severo,Sf5xeplus, Sheilakirbos, Skomorokh, Snoyes, SomeHuman, Sonuwe, Soundoftoday, Srtxg, StanZegel, Steinbach, Stemonitis, Stephane.dohet, SteveMcP, TKD, Targeman, Thomas Ludwig,Tobias Conradi, Tommy2010, Ulric1313, Urhixidur, VKing, Vanbasten 23, Vanished user 03, Varlaam, Vb, Vegetator, Visite fortuitement prolongée, Vítek, Welsh, Welshleprechaun, Wester,Wetman, Wik, Wikix, Woohookitty, Xezbeth, °, 194 anonymous edits

Cointe Observatory  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=430969591  Contributors: Bdaughe5, Deor, Fransvannes, Headbomb, HeartofaDog, I'm with Coco, Jaraalbe, Jeff G.,KConWiki, Neddyseagoon, S. Korotkiy, Sisyph, Tim!

Collège en Isle (Liège)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465110351  Contributors: Afernand74, Hebrides, Neddyseagoon

Collège Saint-Servais (Liège)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=438246367  Contributors: Afernand74, Neddyseagoon

Cornillon Abbey  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=394376921  Contributors: Charles Matthews, Greenshed, HeartofaDog, JASpencer, Johnpacklambert, Kneel17,Neddyseagoon, Njamesdebien, Picapica, Renata3, Staffelde, Travelbird

Curtius Museum  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409426016  Contributors: CRKingston, D6, Dogears, Grutness, José Fontaine, Lithoderm, Neddyseagoon, Opie,Petercascio, Stephane.dohet, Vb, Vegaswikian, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits

Liège Airport  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463488351  Contributors: Alexander zhang, Bender235, CambridgeBayWeather, Cocker777, CommonsDelinker, David Edgar,Donarreiskoffer, Eusc, Friends147, Funkibizniz, Galandil, Gertjan R., Jrenier, Kavs8, Kman543210, Kosovar, Krellis, MKY661, MaBo, MilborneOne, Mono74, Neddyseagoon, OwenBlacker,Para, Per aspera ad Astra, Reedy, Snoozlepet, Welshleprechaun, Whale plane, WhisperToMe, Wiher, Wikipirx, Zaps93, Zyxw, 68 anonymous edits

Liège Cathedral  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464966696  Contributors: Deor, Felix Folio Secundus, HeartofaDog, Hede2000, Mattg82, Neddyseagoon, Sophie

Liège Science Park  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=394377614  Contributors: Erianna, Jpbowen, Jrenier, Lightmouse, Luwilt, Neddyseagoon, Pvosta, Waacstats

Liège-Guillemins railway station  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460602563  Contributors: Brandon5485, Coyets, David Edgar, Dneubert, Edgepedia, Eduardo89, Gonioul,Icarusgeek, J.delanoy, Jpleburton, Jrenier, LMB, Le Fou, Magioladitis, Markussep, Neddyseagoon, Oreo Priest, Pedantic of Purley, SchuminWeb, Scottlup, Shadowjams, Slasher-fun,Stone-photography, Thomas5388, Vincent Simar, 46 anonymous edits

Meuse (river)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465351361  Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Alvaro, Andre Engels, Augwhite, Bestofmed, Between My Ken, Breno, Can't sleep,clown will eat me, Cantiorix, Carlossuarez46, Civil Engineer III, CodeCat, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cwoyte, DB 103245, DaMatriX, Darwinek, Daudzoss, Dewet, Djnjwd,Donarreiskoffer, Drumguy8800, Eggishorn, F-j123, Francvs, Frokor, FvdP, Gidonb, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, Goudzovski, Green Giant, Hadal, Hairy Dude, HennessyC, JLogan, JaGa, Jaho,JdH, Jean-Pol Grandmont, Jeni, Jeronimo, Jj137, José Fontaine, Karel Anthonissen, Knepfler, Kpjas, Laburke, Leovizza, Leszek Jańczuk, Lucyin, M-le-mot-dit, MASTER OF DISASTER, MJJR,Marianocecowski, Markussep, Matthead, Mav, Meco, Messire, Michielverbeek, MinisterForBadTimes, Modeha, Mschlindwein, Myasuda, Nk, Olivier, Oreo Priest, OwenBlacker, P-A.,Papayoung, Patrick, Pearle, Picapica, Rjwilmsi, Rodemont2, Rugops, Seeaxid, Sengkang, Shesh kheya, Snowdog, Spitfire, Srtxg, Struthious Bandersnatch, Thule, Tkuvho, Tlaresch, Travelbird,VKing, Vdegroot, Vítek, Wester, Woohookitty, Xyzzyva, Zigger, 56 anonymous edits

Pont de Wandre  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460135195  Contributors: Imgaril, John of Reading, Severo

Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=432358781  Contributors: Felix Folio Secundus, Neddyseagoon, Paulmcdonald

Royal Conservatory of Liège  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464971957  Contributors: 4meter4, Hrdinský, NameIsRon, Neddyseagoon, Singingdaisies, Triwbe,Voceditenore, Woohookitty

St Bartholomew's Church, Liège  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=405391270  Contributors: Aviad2001, CommonsDelinker, Goodness Shamrock, Johnbod, JonathanOldenbuck, Jrenier, Kleon3, Look2See1, Neddyseagoon, Opie, Rich Farmbrough, Stephane.dohet, 2 anonymous edits

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=442484329  Contributors: Attilios, Felix Folio Secundus, Gonioul, HeartofaDog, Jane023, Neddyseagoon

University of Liège  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464938878  Contributors: 000BlueSky000, Aelfthrytha, Alekjds, CComMack, Centralien, Christian75, D6,Donarreiskoffer, Dthomsen8, Eog1916, Fotaun, Fxnoro, Gilliam, Giraffedata, Greenshed, Gun Powder Ma, JHunterJ, Jeanhousen, Jnc, Jrenier, Juzeris, Karljoos, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Klow,Masonpatriot, Melaen, Neddyseagoon, Night of the Big Wind Turbo, Nk, Noisette1, Pvosta, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Toddst1, Trident13, 33 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 43

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Liege View 03.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liege_View_03.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: A.SavinFile:LuikVlag.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LuikVlag.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WestermarckFile:Blason liege.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_liege.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Caranorn, DenghiùComm, Juiced lemon, Min's,Smiley.toerist, 1 anonymous editsfile:Belgium location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Belgium_location_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:NordNordWestFile:Red pog.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous editsFile:Map liege 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_liege_1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Donarreiskoffer, GôTô, Jeanhousen, Jrenier, XenophonFile:Liege blaeu 1649.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liege_blaeu_1649.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: CrucialFriend, Jeanhousen, Jrenier, XenophonFile:Cathédrale Saint-Lambert 1770 dessin dans La Meuse années 1970.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cathédrale_Saint-Lambert_1770_dessin_dans_La_Meuse_années_1970.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arafi, Claude.warzee, FrançoisMelchior, Jeanhousen, Jrenier, Palamède, Symposiarch, XenophonFile:Lüttich Montagne.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lüttich_Montagne.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Cicero, Factumquintus,Jeanhousen, M0tty, Maksim, Ronaldino, Rüdiger WölkFile:Tchantches2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tchantches2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Arafi, Jrenier, Jvhertum,Lucyin, Smiley.toeristFile:Liège Batte2 JPG.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liège_Batte2_JPG.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Jeanhousen, MaksimFile:Charlemagne-liege-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charlemagne-liege-2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Darwinius,Jeanhousen, Jrenier, Mogelzahn, Mutter Erde, Olivier2, Raf24, Santosga, WstFile:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: special commission (ofcode): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. Colors according to Appendix No. 3 of czech legal Act 3/1993. cs:Zirland.File:Flag of Portugal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Vítor Luís Rodrigues, António Martins-Tuválkin,User:NightstallionFile:Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Senegal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original upload by NightstallionFile:Flag of Poland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Hungary.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, Antemister, ChongDae, Courcelles, Denelson83, Ed veg, FischersFritz, Fry1989, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, LA2,Mattes, Moyogo, Nagy, Neq00, Nightstallion, ThomasPusch, Urhixidur, Vzb83, Wester, Zscout370, 11 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Morocco.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Denelson83, Zscout370File:Flag of Italy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieImage:Observatoire de Cointe+reflet-080408.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Observatoire_de_Cointe+reflet-080408.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution3.0  Contributors: XofcFile:Liège Collège en l'ile (1740).gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liège_Collège_en_l'ile_(1740).gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: GrentidezFile:PD-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz,Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous editsImage:Musée Curtius.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Musée_Curtius.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User SebessenceFile:Airplane_silhouette.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Airplane_silhouette.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: derivative work: McSush (talk)Airplane_silhouette.png: Jussi PajuFile:Liège JPG00a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liège_JPG00a.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Jean-PolGRANDMONTFile:Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Liège - innerview 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cathédrale_Saint-Paul_de_Liège_-_innerview_1.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Raymond - Raimond SpekkingFile:Guillemins.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guillemins.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: BenjahImage:Gare Guillemins 1905.jpg-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_Guillemins_1905.jpg-2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jeanhousen, Jrenier,LimoWreck, Smiley.toeristImage:Gare Guillemins années 1970.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_Guillemins_années_1970.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Claude.warzee, Jeanhousen, LimoWreck, Smiley.toeristImage:Panorama Sept 2008 modif.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panorama_Sept_2008_modif.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: LeCointoisImage:JEP070916InsideGuilleminsStation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JEP070916InsideGuilleminsStation.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Jean-Etienne PoirrierImage:Gare des Guillemins Sept. 2008 Side view 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_des_Guillemins_Sept._2008_Side_view_02.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Le CointoisImage:Gare des Guillemins Sept. 2008 Escalator.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_des_Guillemins_Sept._2008_Escalator.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Le CointoisImage:Gare des Guillemins Sept 08 Groundfloor View 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_des_Guillemins_Sept_08_Groundfloor_View_02.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Le CointoisImage:Gare des Guillemins Railway View 03.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_des_Guillemins_Railway_View_03.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Le CointoisImage:Gare des Guillemins Sept 08 Groundfloor View 04.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_des_Guillemins_Sept_08_Groundfloor_View_04.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Le CointoisImage:Gare des Guillemins Sept 08 Cointe Background View.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gare_des_Guillemins_Sept_08_Cointe_Background_View.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Le CointoisImage:Guillemins Inauguration 31.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guillemins_Inauguration_31.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Dominique Torette.Image:Guillemins Inauguration 27.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guillemins_Inauguration_27.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Dominique Torette.

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 44

Image:Guillemins Inauguration 42.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guillemins_Inauguration_42.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Dominique Torette.Image:Guillemins Inauguration 46.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guillemins_Inauguration_46.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Dominique Torette.Image:Liège-Guillemins railway station.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liège-Guillemins_railway_station.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: Stone-photographyImage:Liège-Guillemins train station 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liège-Guillemins_train_station_02.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Stone-photographyFile:Locatiemaas2.GIF  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Locatiemaas2.GIF  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Denniss, Michiel1972, Olivier2, Romaine, WimpiFile:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bean49, David Descamps,Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Evanc0912, Fry1989, Gabriel trzy, Howcome, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Oreo Priest, Rocket000, Rodejong, Sir Iain, ThomasPusch, Warddr, Zscout370, 4 anonymous editsImage:Meuse River SPOT 1140.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Meuse_River_SPOT_1140.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Cnes - Spot ImageFile:Meuse, in the french ardennes.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Meuse,_in_the_french_ardennes.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: user:donarreiskofferFile:Magnify-clip.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Erasoft24File:Bassin de la Meuse.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bassin_de_la_Meuse.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Own Work, svg and inspired by Image:Meuse basin.jpgFile:Dinant Rochers Freyr R01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dinant_Rochers_Freyr_R01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: MarcRyckaert (MJJR)File:Dinant Meuse R01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dinant_Meuse_R01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Marc Ryckaert (MJJR)File:01-Namur-290305 (1) JPG.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:01-Namur-290305_(1)_JPG.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Jean-PolGRANDMONTFile:Meuse fragnee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Meuse_fragnee.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Jacques RenierFile:Maas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maas.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Jan Lapère at nl.wikipediaFile:Maas grave.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maas_grave.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Vincent de Groot -http://www.videgro.netImage:Appeltern, de Maas foto7 2011-01-16 14.43.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Appeltern,_de_Maas_foto7_2011-01-16_14.43.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:MichielverbeekFile:Pont de Wandre le 04.02.2006 (6).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pont_de_Wandre_le_04.02.2006_(6).jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Beideler René Original uploader was Beideler René at fr.wikipediaImage:Prinsbisschoppelijk paleisLuik2010-02-04.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prinsbisschoppelijk_paleisLuik2010-02-04.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Paul HermansImage:Liege palace Blaeu.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liege_palace_Blaeu.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Fransvannes, François Melchior, Jrenier,SiebrandImage:Cathédrale Saint-Lambert 1770 dessin dans La Meuse années 1970.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cathédrale_Saint-Lambert_1770_dessin_dans_La_Meuse_années_1970.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arafi, Claude.warzee, FrançoisMelchior, Jeanhousen, Jrenier, Palamède, Symposiarch, XenophonImage:Liège-palais-st-lambert.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liège-palais-st-lambert.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arafi, Bibi Saint-Pol, FrançoisMelchior, Jrenier, PalamèdeImage:Eglise-liege-stbarthelemy-janvier2006.jpg  Source: 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