1803 DECISION

Established the concept of Judicial Review: the Supreme court has the final authority to find acts of government unconstitutional

What happened 2 students caught smoking in bathroom,

sent to VP, asked to open purses, VP found rolling paper used for marijuana, asked students to dump out purses, found money, marijuana, and list of people owing her money

DECISION Schools are only required to have

“reasonable suspicion” to search students 4th Amendment (1985)

What happened Students wore black arm bands

protesting Vietnam War, they were suspended

DECISION A student does not shed his rights at the

door. Black armbands to protest the Vietnam War can be worn since they are not disruptive.

1st Amendment (1969)

What happened Maryland tried to put a tax on a branch

of the Bank of the US DECISION

A state cannot tax a federal institution Supremacy Clause (1819)

What happened Ogden had NY state license to ferry

people from NYC to NJ, Gibbons also ferried people but had no state license but did have a federal coasting license

DECISION The Federal government has the power

over the state to regulate interstate commerce. Federal ferry license prevails over a State Ferry License (no NY monopoly)

Supremacy Clause (1824)

What happened Sandford lived in MO (a slave state) took

Dred Scott to IL (a free state) and Scott said he was now free

DECISION States cannot deprive a person of his

right to property 5th Amendment (1857)

What happened Plessy (1/8 of African decent) sat in

white only train car, would not move when asked

DECISION Established the concept of “separate but

equal” in public facilities 14th Amendment (1896)

What happened Mr. Brown wanted his daughter to attend

the neighborhood school (she was black and the school was for whites)

DECISION Schools were desegregated. Separate is

unequal. Separate but equal has no place Integrated schools Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

14th Amendment (1954)

What happened Mr. Korematsu said it is not Constitutional for

people of Japanese decent to be forced to move to internment camps

DECISION Justices ruled for US government saying that

times of national hardship and extreme times can allow some individual rights to be taken away

Court upheld the military order presented by the circumstances of WW II – “Pressing public necessity may sometimes justify the existence of restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group”

5th Amendment – Due Process (1944)

What happened Gideon charged with crime, at that time in FL

lawyers only given for death penalty and insanity cases, he had no money to pay a lawyer and was found guilty

DECISION All accused persons are entitled to a lawyer,

even if they cannot afford one. Right to Counsel Person must have counsel provided, regardless of

the charges filed against them Gideon Rule

6th Amendment (1963)

What happened Miranda arrested but not told his right to not

confess to the crime, he signed a confession and was convicted

DECISION A person must be read his or her rights before

being arrested. When Ernesto Miranda was arrested and questioned

and signed a confession that listed that he had “full knowledge of his legal rights”, he was not made aware of his rights to counsel and the confession was illegally gained.

5th Amendment (1966)

What happened Police searched Mapp’s house with a fake

warrant and found illegal material DECISION

Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court.

Illegal Evidence and Due Process Clause No illegal search and seizures applied to all

states Before this rule not every state incorporated

excluding evidence gained through an illegal search Exclusionary Rule

4th and 14th Amendment (1962)

What happened School board required students to say a prayer

at beginning of each day DECISION

A school cannot require students to pray. This court case upheld separation of church and state.

Establishment Clause Eliminated prayers in school Students cannot be forced to recite a prayer because

it violates their 1st Amendment right to freedom of religion

1st Amendment (1962)

What happened Texas had a law against desecrating the

Flag, Mr. Johnson burned a Flag in protest DECISION

The Government cannot limit a citizen’s right to burn the US Flag

This case protected the rights of individuals to freedom of expression, even if in this case that expression is the burning of the American flag

1st Amendment (1989)

What happened/Decision A state cannot take away a woman’s

right to an abortion 4th Amendment (1973)

What happened Anti-Vietnam leader who urged men to

resist the draft DECISION

Free speech is limited during times of war and 1st Amendment rights are not absolute

1st Amendment (1919)

What happened A white student was not accepted in to

the school and several minority students with lower scores were

DECISION Schools cant use admissions quotas and

admit students solely based on race 14th Amendment (1978)