landmark supreme court cases landmark supreme court cases ***look for textbooks at home!!!!!!!!

Landmark Supreme Court Landmark Supreme Court CasesCases

***LOOK FOR TEXTBOOKS ***LOOK FOR TEXTBOOKS AT HOME!!!!!!!!AT HOME!!!!!!!!

Marshall – 5/12/14 Quick Write – 10 minutes Marshall – 5/12/14 Quick Write – 10 minutes – Separate Sheet – Separate Sheet

1. What makes a sandwich a sandwich? 1. What makes a sandwich a sandwich? 2. What could be considered a sandwich? burrito, kolache, quesadilla, 2. What could be considered a sandwich? burrito, kolache, quesadilla,

corndog, hot dog on a bun, Why or why not? corndog, hot dog on a bun, Why or why not? 3. What should the Court use to determine the definition of a sandwich? 3. What should the Court use to determine the definition of a sandwich?

Common sense? The dictionary? Common sense? The dictionary? 4. Should the intent of the parties matter? Jason’s Deli believed that many 4. Should the intent of the parties matter? Jason’s Deli believed that many

types of foods could be considered “sandwiches.” Jersey Mikes believed that types of foods could be considered “sandwiches.” Jersey Mikes believed that only traditional deli sandwiches were “sandwiches.” only traditional deli sandwiches were “sandwiches.”

5. Do you think where a person is from can affect his or her views on what 5. Do you think where a person is from can affect his or her views on what qualifies as a sandwich? Do you think someone from New York or California qualifies as a sandwich? Do you think someone from New York or California could view what a sandwich is differently than someone from Texas? could view what a sandwich is differently than someone from Texas?

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Judicial reviewJudicial review: the power to decided if the : the power to decided if the government is making and enforcing laws government is making and enforcing laws which are in accord with the Constitution of which are in accord with the Constitution of the United States.the United States.

UnconstitutionalityUnconstitutionality: to declare illegal, null in : to declare illegal, null in void, of no force and effect, a governmental void, of no force and effect, a governmental action found to violate some provision of the action found to violate some provision of the Constitution. Constitution.

© nperskine 2012© nperskine 2012

Landmark Supreme Court Cases:Landmark Supreme Court Cases:

Brown V. Board of Education, 1954Brown V. Board of Education, 1954 The Civil Rights Cases, 1883The Civil Rights Cases, 1883 Dred Scott V. Stanford, 1857Dred Scott V. Stanford, 1857 Engle V. Vitale, 1962Engle V. Vitale, 1962 Giedon V. Wainwright, 1963Giedon V. Wainwright, 1963 Katz V. The United States, 1967Katz V. The United States, 1967 Marbury V. Madison, 1803Marbury V. Madison, 1803 McCulloch V. Maryland, 1819McCulloch V. Maryland, 1819 Miranda V. Arizona, 1966Miranda V. Arizona, 1966 Plessy V. Ferguson, 1896Plessy V. Ferguson, 1896 Regents of the University of California V. Bakke, 1978Regents of the University of California V. Bakke, 1978 Roe V. Wade, 1973Roe V. Wade, 1973


Example Roe V. Wade 1963Example Roe V. Wade 1963 People: Roe- a Texas Woman challenging People: Roe- a Texas Woman challenging

state law outlawing her right to privacy state law outlawing her right to privacy concerning abortion rights. concerning abortion rights.

The court upheld that a woman has the “right The court upheld that a woman has the “right to choose” until the end of the first trimester to choose” until the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. of pregnancy.

The court decided that states had the right to The court decided that states had the right to determine lawfulness of termination of life at determine lawfulness of termination of life at the second and third trimester. the second and third trimester.

The Ninth amendment, the right to privacy, The Ninth amendment, the right to privacy, was involved in this case.was involved in this case.


The court room of the Louisiana State Supreme court is pictured in this 1901 photograph. The court room of the Louisiana State Supreme court is pictured in this 1901 photograph. Located in the Cabildo in New Orleans, this is the room where the famous Located in the Cabildo in New Orleans, this is the room where the famous Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

case was heard before it was sent to the U.S. Supreme Court.case was heard before it was sent to the U.S. Supreme Court.


Plessy V. FergusonPlessy V. Ferguson An 1890 Louisiana law commanded the railroad An 1890 Louisiana law commanded the railroad

to "provide equal but separate accommodations to "provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and coloredfor the white and coloredraces." Violation of this law carried a fine of races." Violation of this law carried a fine of $20 or 25 days in jail. Railway personnel were $20 or 25 days in jail. Railway personnel were responsible for assigning seats according to responsible for assigning seats according to race. Plessy, who was one-eighth black, race. Plessy, who was one-eighth black, attempted to sit in the white section of a train attempted to sit in the white section of a train going from New Orleans to Covington, going from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. When a conductor ordered Plessy to Louisiana. When a conductor ordered Plessy to give up his seat, he refused. He was then give up his seat, he refused. He was then arrested andarrested andordered imprisoned by Ferguson, a local judge. ordered imprisoned by Ferguson, a local judge. On appeal, the Louisiana Supreme Court found On appeal, the Louisiana Supreme Court found that the statute underthat the statute underwhich Plessy had been arrested was valid.which Plessy had been arrested was valid.


CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUECONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE

Plessy appealed to the United States Supreme Court Plessy appealed to the United States Supreme Court on the grounds that Louisiana's statute violated the on the grounds that Louisiana's statute violated the Thirteenth Amendment, which forbids slavery, and Thirteenth Amendment, which forbids slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibits the the Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibits the states from denying "to anystates from denying "to anyperson within its jurisdiction the equal protection of person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."the laws."


8 Stations - THE U. S. 8 Stations - THE U. S. SUPREME COURTSUPREME COURT On a separate sheet of On a separate sheet of

PaperPaper -Number 1 – 8-Number 1 – 8 -At Each Station Read -At Each Station Read

the Case andthe Case and -Answer the Issue -Answer the Issue

Question at the bottomQuestion at the bottom

Brown Brown

V. V.

Board Of Board Of EducationEducation

19541954


Topeka, Kansas, 1950.Topeka, Kansas, 1950. Linda Brown's school is five miles from home. Her Linda Brown's school is five miles from home. Her father wants her in the nearest public school, just four blocks away. But father wants her in the nearest public school, just four blocks away. But Linda is black, the school is for whites only. In Topeka everything public Linda is black, the school is for whites only. In Topeka everything public

is segregated, from drinking fountains to swimming pools.is segregated, from drinking fountains to swimming pools.


Quick WriteQuick Write

In 1954, the Supreme Court In 1954, the Supreme Court heard the famous case of heard the famous case of Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that schools could which ruled that schools could not be "separate but equal." not be "separate but equal." What does the phrase What does the phrase "separate but equal" mean to "separate but equal" mean to you? Why can't schools be you? Why can't schools be separate (in terms of the races separate (in terms of the races of students that attend them) of students that attend them) and equal? and equal?


Background On The CaseBackground On The Case BrownBrown v. v. Board of Education of TopekaBoard of Education of Topeka, landmark court case , landmark court case

of 1954 in which the of 1954 in which the Supreme Court of the United StatesSupreme Court of the United States unanimously declared that it was unconstitutional to create unanimously declared that it was unconstitutional to create separate schools for children on the basis of race. separate schools for children on the basis of race.

The The BrownBrown ruling ranks as one of the most important Supreme ruling ranks as one of the most important Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century. At the time of the Court decisions of the 20th century. At the time of the decision, 17 southern states and the District of Columbia decision, 17 southern states and the District of Columbia required that all public schools be racially segregated. A few required that all public schools be racially segregated. A few northern and western states, including Kansas, left the issue of northern and western states, including Kansas, left the issue of segregation up to individual school districts. segregation up to individual school districts.

While most schools in Kansas were integrated in 1954, those While most schools in Kansas were integrated in 1954, those in Topeka were not.in Topeka were not.


". . . the prosecution ". . . the prosecution may not use statements, may not use statements, whether exculpatory or whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming inculpatory, stemming from custodial from custodial interrogation of the interrogation of the defendant unless it defendant unless it demonstrates the use of demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards procedural safeguards effective to secure the effective to secure the privilege against self-privilege against self-incrimination." incrimination."

——Chief Justice Earl Warren, Chief Justice Earl Warren, speaking for the majorityspeaking for the majority

http://www.youtube.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSfH9m4w8fEwatch?v=cSfH9m4w8fE


Miranda v. ArizonaMiranda v. Arizona In 1963, In 1963, Ernesto MirandaErnesto Miranda was arrested in Phoenix, was arrested in Phoenix,

Arizona for stealing $8 from bank worker and charged Arizona for stealing $8 from bank worker and charged with armed robbery. with armed robbery.

While in police custody he signed a written confession to While in police custody he signed a written confession to the robbery, and to kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old the robbery, and to kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old woman 11 days before the robbery. woman 11 days before the robbery.

After the conviction, his lawyers appealed, on the After the conviction, his lawyers appealed, on the grounds that Miranda did not know he was protected grounds that Miranda did not know he was protected from self-incrimination. from self-incrimination.

In a landmark ruling issued in 1966, the court established In a landmark ruling issued in 1966, the court established that the accused have the right to remain silent and that that the accused have the right to remain silent and that prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants while in police custody unless the police have advised while in police custody unless the police have advised them of their rights, them of their rights,

commonly called the commonly called the Miranda RightsMiranda Rights. The case was . The case was later re-tried, Miranda was convicted on the basis of later re-tried, Miranda was convicted on the basis of other evidence, and served 11 years. other evidence, and served 11 years.


Create: You and 1 partner will create a Poster over Create: You and 1 partner will create a Poster over one of the following cases:one of the following cases:

Schenk v. U.S. (1919)Schenk v. U.S. (1919)Gitlow v. New York (1925)Gitlow v. New York (1925)Engle v. Vitale (1962Engle v. Vitale (1962Roe v. Wade (1973): Roe v. Wade (1973):

*Must haves: *Must haves: Title Title What was the case about? What was the final decision?What was the case about? What was the final decision? ONE illustration for each Question = 2 Illustrations.ONE illustration for each Question = 2 Illustrations.

Finished?Complete and turn in Current Event Homework.

Swbat, Discuss and Answer the followingSwbat, Discuss and Answer the following: : How many supreme Court Justices serve on the How many supreme Court Justices serve on the

S.C. ?S.C. ? How someone is appointed to serve on the How someone is appointed to serve on the

Supreme Court? Supreme Court? How long can justices serve on the S.C.?How long can justices serve on the S.C.? What are the kinds of cases heard by the Supreme What are the kinds of cases heard by the Supreme

Court? Court?


Qualifications of The Supreme CourtQualifications of The Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is made up of nine Justices. The Supreme Court is made up of nine Justices. One of these is the Chief Justice. One of these is the Chief Justice. They are appointed by the President and must be approved by They are appointed by the President and must be approved by

the Senate. the Senate. Justices have their jobs for life, unless they resign, retire, or Justices have their jobs for life, unless they resign, retire, or

are impeached (removed, as described in the Constitution).are impeached (removed, as described in the Constitution). There are no official qualifications for Justices, but all have There are no official qualifications for Justices, but all have

been trained in the law. been trained in the law. Many Justices served as members of Congress, governors, or Many Justices served as members of Congress, governors, or

members of the President's Cabinet. One president, William members of the President's Cabinet. One president, William Howard Taft, was later appointed Chief Justice.Howard Taft, was later appointed Chief Justice.


The Warren Court: LiberalThe Warren Court: Liberal Earl WarrenEarl Warren In 1953 President Eisenhower appointed Earl In 1953 President Eisenhower appointed Earl

Warren, the Republican governor of Warren, the Republican governor of California, California,

As Chief Justice of the United States. The As Chief Justice of the United States. The conservative Eisenhower soon discovered that conservative Eisenhower soon discovered that rather than appointing a fellow conservative to rather than appointing a fellow conservative to the Court, he had chosen one of the great the Court, he had chosen one of the great liberal jurists in American history. liberal jurists in American history.

The Warren Court greatly expanded individual The Warren Court greatly expanded individual rights and government power to regulate the rights and government power to regulate the economy. economy.

For example, in For example, in BrownBrown v. v. Board of EducationBoard of Education (1954), Warren wrote the decision for a (1954), Warren wrote the decision for a unanimous Court decision outlawing unanimous Court decision outlawing segregation in public schools because segregation in public schools because segregation denied black students equal segregation denied black students equal protection of the law under the 14th protection of the law under the 14th Amendment.Amendment.


Warren, EarlWarren, Earl (1891-1974) (1891-1974)He practiced law in the San Francisco area and held various He practiced law in the San Francisco area and held various offices in local government, including three terms as district offices in local government, including three terms as district attorney of Alameda County.attorney of Alameda County.

He served on the bench until his retirement in 1969, He served on the bench until his retirement in 1969, presiding over the generally liberal “Warren Court.” presiding over the generally liberal “Warren Court.”

Many decisions of great consequence were handed down Many decisions of great consequence were handed down during his tenure as chief justice, especially in the areas of during his tenure as chief justice, especially in the areas of civil rightscivil rights, religious freedom, and censorship. Warren was , religious freedom, and censorship. Warren was concerned with upholding the rights of the concerned with upholding the rights of the individualindividual, a , a concern that was reflected in numerous Court decisions.concern that was reflected in numerous Court decisions.


Chief Justice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Supreme Court of the United States, William United States, William

RehnquistRehnquist

“Conservative”“Conservative” Rehnquist, William HubbsRehnquist, William Hubbs (1924-2005), (1924-2005),

American jurist who served as the 16th chief American jurist who served as the 16th chief justice of the justice of the United States Supreme CourtUnited States Supreme Court from 1986 to 2005. from 1986 to 2005.


Rehnquist Court: ConservativeRehnquist Court: Conservative

As chief justice Rehnquist led the Supreme Court in a more conservative As chief justice Rehnquist led the Supreme Court in a more conservative direction. direction.

He was known for following the legal philosophy of judicial restraint, which He was known for following the legal philosophy of judicial restraint, which interprets the United States Constitution interprets the United States Constitution narrowlynarrowly..

During 1952 and 1953 Rehnquist clerked for Supreme Court Justice During 1952 and 1953 Rehnquist clerked for Supreme Court Justice Robert Robert Houghwout JacksonHoughwout Jackson. After finishing his clerkship Rehnquist began private . After finishing his clerkship Rehnquist began private practice in Phoenix, practice in Phoenix, ArizonaArizona, where he became active in the state’s , where he became active in the state’s conservative political movement. conservative political movement.

During this time he became known for his strong support for expanding During this time he became known for his strong support for expanding police powers police powers (such as (such as wiretappingwiretapping) and his opposition to ) and his opposition to civil rightscivil rights legislation and other liberal movements. legislation and other liberal movements.

He questioned Supreme Court decisions prohibiting the use of evidence He questioned Supreme Court decisions prohibiting the use of evidence seized without a search warrant and of suspect identifications made in lineups seized without a search warrant and of suspect identifications made in lineups without the presence of a without the presence of a lawyerlawyer. .


Chief Justice John Roberts Chief Justice John Roberts

2005 to present2005 to present Labeled a “Labeled a “conservativeconservative” ” Voted to uphold a mandate of Voted to uphold a mandate of ObamaObama Care Care

(2012)(2012) Agreed in 2010 that Agreed in 2010 that corporations corporations

have the same rights as average have the same rights as average

citizens engaging in political speechcitizens engaging in political speech


Quick Write:Quick Write:

Minimum 5 sentences:Minimum 5 sentences: Should race be a factor in admissions processes at Should race be a factor in admissions processes at

publicly funded universities?publicly funded universities? Why or Why Not?Why or Why Not? 10 minutes10 minutes https://www.google.com/search?https://www.google.com/search?

q=timer&oq=timer&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.543j0j7&sq=timer&oq=timer&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.543j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8ourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8


affirmative action,affirmative action, in the United States, programs to overcome in the United States, programs to overcome the effects of the effects of pastpast societal societal discriminationdiscrimination by allocating jobs and resources by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as to members of specific groups, such as minoritiesminorities and and womenwomen..

Affirmative Action


The policy was implemented by two executive The policy was implemented by two executive orders:orders:

1.1. The Equal Employment Opportunities The Equal Employment Opportunities Act (1972)Act (1972)

2.2. The establishment of racial quotas in the name of The establishment of racial quotas in the name of affirmative action brought charges of so-called reverse affirmative action brought charges of so-called reverse discrimination in the late 1970sdiscrimination in the late 1970s. Although the U.S. . Although the U.S. Supreme Court accepted such an argument in Regents of Supreme Court accepted such an argument in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), it let existing the University of California v. Bakke (1978), it let existing programs stand and programs stand and approvedapproved the use of quotas in 1979 in a the use of quotas in 1979 in a case involving voluntary affirmative-action programs in case involving voluntary affirmative-action programs in unions and private unions and private businessesbusinesses


2.2.The Civil Rights Act of 1991The Civil Rights Act of 1991

reaffirmed a federal government's commitment to reaffirmed a federal government's commitment to affirmative action, but a 1995 Supreme Court decision affirmative action, but a 1995 Supreme Court decision placed limits on the use of race in awarding government placed limits on the use of race in awarding government contractscontracts; ;

the affected government programs were revamped in the the affected government programs were revamped in the late 1990s to encompass any person who was late 1990s to encompass any person who was “socially “socially disadvantaged.”disadvantaged.”

In the late 1990s, in a public In the late 1990s, in a public backlashbacklash against perceived against perceived reversereverse discrimination, California and other states banned discrimination, California and other states banned the use of race- and sex-based preferences in the use of race- and sex-based preferences in statestate and local and local programsprograms


2.The Civil Rights Act of 1991 2.The Civil Rights Act of 1991

A 2003 Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action A 2003 Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action in universities allowed educational institutions to consider race in universities allowed educational institutions to consider race as a factor in as a factor in admittingadmitting students as long as it was not used in a students as long as it was not used in a mechanical, mechanical, formulaicformulaic manner. manner.

In In EuropeEurope, the European Court of Justice has upheld (1997) , the European Court of Justice has upheld (1997) the use in the public sector of affirmative-action programs for the use in the public sector of affirmative-action programs for womenwomen, establishing a legal precedent for the nations of the , establishing a legal precedent for the nations of the European Union.European Union.


The landmark Case:The landmark Case: Case: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Case: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

(1978)(1978)

Outcome:Outcome: The Court held in a closely divided decision that The Court held in a closely divided decision that racerace could becould be one of the factors considered in choosing a one of the factors considered in choosing a diverse student body in university admissions decisions. The diverse student body in university admissions decisions. The Court also held, Court also held, howeverhowever, that the use of , that the use of quotas quotas in such in such affirmative action programs was not permissible; affirmative action programs was not permissible;


Case: Regents of the University Case: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)of California v. Bakke (1978)

The Univ. of California, Davis, medical school had, by The Univ. of California, Davis, medical school had, by maintaining a 16% minority quota, maintaining a 16% minority quota, discriminateddiscriminated against against Allan Bakke,. 1940–, a white applicant. Allan Bakke,. 1940–, a white applicant.

The legal implications of the decision were clouded by the The legal implications of the decision were clouded by the Court's division. Bakke had twice been rejected by the medical Court's division. Bakke had twice been rejected by the medical school, even though he had a school, even though he had a higherhigher grade point average than a grade point average than a number of number of minorityminority candidates who were admitted. candidates who were admitted.

As a result of the decision, Bakke was As a result of the decision, Bakke was admittedadmitted to the medical to the medical

school and graduated school and graduated in 1992.in 1992.

James Bond in a HondaJames Bond in a Honda

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqa-b3assCAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqa-b3assCA Judge - Judge - Bailiff Bailiff Court Clerk Court Clerk Court Reporter Court Reporter MGM Lawyer MGM Lawyer Honda Lawyer Honda Lawyer Morgan Matsuda (Ad Agency VP) Morgan Matsuda (Ad Agency VP) Devon Dominic (Ad Agency Employee) Devon Dominic (Ad Agency Employee) Sandy Smith (Casting Director) Sandy Smith (Casting Director) Jamie Jones (Honda Executive) Jamie Jones (Honda Executive) MGM Executive (Hayden Hunt) MGM Executive (Hayden Hunt) Avery Adams (Expert #1) Avery Adams (Expert #1) Professor Casey (Expert #2) Professor Casey (Expert #2) Taylor Trent (Expert #3) Taylor Trent (Expert #3)


Quick WriteQuick Write“Limitations”“Limitations”

Should your school Should your school newspaper be limited newspaper be limited to what they can to what they can publish by the school publish by the school administration? What administration? What limits should or should limits should or should they not have, if any?they not have, if any?


Hazelwood Hazelwood v. v. KuhlmeierKuhlmeier (1988) (1988) Key Excerpts from the Majority OpinionKey Excerpts from the Majority Opinion

We have nonetheless recognized that the First We have nonetheless recognized that the First Amendment rights of students in the public schools Amendment rights of students in the public schools "are not automatically coextensive with the rights of "are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings" . . . and must be "applied in adults in other settings" . . . and must be "applied in light of the special characteristics of the school light of the special characteristics of the school environment" . . . A school need not tolerate student environment" . . . A school need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with its "basic educational speech that is inconsistent with its "basic educational mission." . . . even though the government could not mission." . . . even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school.censor similar speech outside the school.


Class Stations:Class Stations: What Would You Do?What Would You Do?

Pretend you work on a high school newspaper and it is your job to Pretend you work on a high school newspaper and it is your job to decide whether to publish articles. decide whether to publish articles.

Assume you live in a state that has not passed "anti-Hazelwood" Assume you live in a state that has not passed "anti-Hazelwood" legislation extending greater First Amendment protection to school legislation extending greater First Amendment protection to school newspapers than that afforded by newspapers than that afforded by HazelwoodHazelwood.. ..

You will have each 6 stations and decide whether or not to publish the You will have each 6 stations and decide whether or not to publish the article, and why, and also whether you think the administration of article, and why, and also whether you think the administration of your school would want to censor these articles. your school would want to censor these articles.

You should then be prepared to list your reason for publishing or not You should then be prepared to list your reason for publishing or not publishing the article, keeping in mind the Supreme Court's decision publishing the article, keeping in mind the Supreme Court's decision in the in the HazelwoodHazelwood case. case.


1. Following a drug arrest at your school, a student writes a first-person account of how 1. Following a drug arrest at your school, a student writes a first-person account of how his friend got arrested. In the article, he admits to some activities that are in his friend got arrested. In the article, he admits to some activities that are in violation of school rules and state law. He criticizes both the police and the security violation of school rules and state law. He criticizes both the police and the security guards at your school. He does not want the article published anonymously.guards at your school. He does not want the article published anonymously.

2. Reporters from your paper write an article based on a commercial Web site on which 2. Reporters from your paper write an article based on a commercial Web site on which students post their ratings of their teachers. The article includes sample comments students post their ratings of their teachers. The article includes sample comments on teachers in your school, both positive and negative. The negative comments on teachers in your school, both positive and negative. The negative comments include: "If you get this teacher, run for the parking lot," "Can't teach his way out of include: "If you get this teacher, run for the parking lot," "Can't teach his way out of a paper bag," and "this teacher had an affair with another teacher (not named)." The a paper bag," and "this teacher had an affair with another teacher (not named)." The teachers are named.teachers are named.

3. A reporter for your paper writes a long article about the problem of drug use in your 3. A reporter for your paper writes a long article about the problem of drug use in your school. She interviews several students about their use of marijuana but does not school. She interviews several students about their use of marijuana but does not use their names or other personal details about the students that could help identify use their names or other personal details about the students that could help identify them. The article makes it clear that marijuana use is widespread in your school.them. The article makes it clear that marijuana use is widespread in your school.


4. Reporters for your paper discover that the star quarterback for your football team 4. Reporters for your paper discover that the star quarterback for your football team does not live within the boundaries of the school. They write an article exposing does not live within the boundaries of the school. They write an article exposing this fact and, of course, naming the quarterback. The consequences of publishing this fact and, of course, naming the quarterback. The consequences of publishing this article will include forfeiting all the wins from your school's football season, this article will include forfeiting all the wins from your school's football season, which is just ending with a good shot at winning the state championship.which is just ending with a good shot at winning the state championship.

5. A teacher approaches a reporter for your paper with an article about cheating 5. A teacher approaches a reporter for your paper with an article about cheating being tolerated in your school, but the teacher will not agree to have her name being tolerated in your school, but the teacher will not agree to have her name used in the article. She says she caught a student cheating on a final exam and used in the article. She says she caught a student cheating on a final exam and gave the student a zero. This failing grade on the final exam resulted in the gave the student a zero. This failing grade on the final exam resulted in the student, a senior, being ineligible to participate in the school musical, in which student, a senior, being ineligible to participate in the school musical, in which she was scheduled to be the lead. Her parents pressured the principal to overturn she was scheduled to be the lead. Her parents pressured the principal to overturn the grade and the principal did so. Publishing the article would, of course, reveal the grade and the principal did so. Publishing the article would, of course, reveal the identity of the student involved but not the teacher.the identity of the student involved but not the teacher.

6. There are high-stakes standardized tests given in your school every May. In order 6. There are high-stakes standardized tests given in your school every May. In order to graduate, students must pass these tests. Students have told your reporters that to graduate, students must pass these tests. Students have told your reporters that other students obtained a copy of the test in advance from a teacher. The students other students obtained a copy of the test in advance from a teacher. The students involved agree to tell what happened if none of the names of any of the parties involved agree to tell what happened if none of the names of any of the parties involved would appear in the article.involved would appear in the article.


Monday Tuesday Happy Days…Monday Tuesday Happy Days…

the year is 1974, you’re driving down the street in your the year is 1974, you’re driving down the street in your brand new 1974 charger and you hear Eric Clapton on brand new 1974 charger and you hear Eric Clapton on the radio. The Vietnam War is at its peak and suddenly the radio. The Vietnam War is at its peak and suddenly what becomes the biggest news in the country?what becomes the biggest news in the country?

01 I Shot the Sheriff.m4p


WatergateWatergate


WatergateWatergateDefinition:Definition: A political scandal that occurred between 1972 and 1974 and A political scandal that occurred between 1972 and 1974 and

ended with the resignation of the U.S. President Richard Nixonended with the resignation of the U.S. President Richard NixonContext:Context: The Watergate scandal began when burglars broke into the The Watergate scandal began when burglars broke into the

Democratic Party's National Committee offices at the Watergate Hotel in Democratic Party's National Committee offices at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.


Richard Milhous NixonRichard Milhous Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon is one of the most fascinating political Richard Milhous Nixon is one of the most fascinating political figures of the 20th Century. His long political career began in figures of the 20th Century. His long political career began in 1947 when he was elected to the House of Representatives. By 1947 when he was elected to the House of Representatives. By 1952, Nixon had been chosen as Dwight Eisenhower's vice-1952, Nixon had been chosen as Dwight Eisenhower's vice-presidential running mate, but not before he was embroiled in a presidential running mate, but not before he was embroiled in a scandal that led to the infamous Checkers Speech. Nixon served scandal that led to the infamous Checkers Speech. Nixon served as Vice-President for eight years, then lost the 1960 election to as Vice-President for eight years, then lost the 1960 election to John F. Kennedy. He recovered from political defeat to be chosen John F. Kennedy. He recovered from political defeat to be chosen again as the Republican Party's candidate at the 1968 election. again as the Republican Party's candidate at the 1968 election. Following a year of turmoil, including two political assassinations, Following a year of turmoil, including two political assassinations, Nixon became the nation's 37th President on January 20, 1969. Nixon became the nation's 37th President on January 20, 1969. Later that year, he delivered his 'Silent Majority' speech on the Later that year, he delivered his 'Silent Majority' speech on the Vietnam War, articulating his belief that the bulk of the Vietnam War, articulating his belief that the bulk of the American people supported his policies and programs. He was American people supported his policies and programs. He was vindicated by winning a landslide re-election. He was sworn in for vindicated by winning a landslide re-election. He was sworn in for a second term in Janury 1973. a second term in Janury 1973.


Watergate: The Scandal That Brought Watergate: The Scandal That Brought Down Richard NixonDown Richard Nixon

Watergate" is a general term used to describe a complex web of political Watergate" is a general term used to describe a complex web of political scandals between 1972 and 1974. The word specifically refers to the scandals between 1972 and 1974. The word specifically refers to the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C.

The BurglaryThe Burglary

WatergateWatergate has entered the political lexicon as a term has entered the political lexicon as a term synonymous with corruption and scandal, yet the synonymous with corruption and scandal, yet the Watergate Hotel is one of Washington's plushest hotels. Watergate Hotel is one of Washington's plushest hotels. Even today, it is home to former Senator Bob Dole and was Even today, it is home to former Senator Bob Dole and was once the place where Monica Lewinsky laid low. It was once the place where Monica Lewinsky laid low. It was here that the Watergate Burglars broke into the here that the Watergate Burglars broke into the Democratic Party's National Committee offices on June 17, Democratic Party's National Committee offices on June 17, 1972. If it had not been for the alert actions of Frank Wills, 1972. If it had not been for the alert actions of Frank Wills, a security guard, the scandal may never have erupted.a security guard, the scandal may never have erupted.


Nixon Reacts To WatergateNixon Reacts To Watergate

Nixon made three major speeches on the Nixon made three major speeches on the Watergate scandal during 1973 and 1974. The Watergate scandal during 1973 and 1974. The first was on April 30, 1973, in which he announced first was on April 30, 1973, in which he announced the departure of Dean, Haldeman and the departure of Dean, Haldeman and Ehrlichman. A more defiant speech was delivered Ehrlichman. A more defiant speech was delivered on August 15, 1973. Perhaps the politically most on August 15, 1973. Perhaps the politically most difficult speech was the one on April 29, 1974, in difficult speech was the one on April 29, 1974, in which Nixon released partial transcripts of the which Nixon released partial transcripts of the White House tapesWhite House tapes


The InvestigationsThe Investigations

Initial investigations of Watergate were heavily influenced by the Initial investigations of Watergate were heavily influenced by the media, particularly the work of two reporters from the media, particularly the work of two reporters from the Washington Washington Post,Post, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, along with their mysterious Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, along with their mysterious informant, Deep Throat. Political investigations began in February informant, Deep Throat. Political investigations began in February 1973 when the Senate established a Committee to investigate the 1973 when the Senate established a Committee to investigate the Watergate scandal. The public hearings of the Committee were Watergate scandal. The public hearings of the Committee were sensational, including the evidence of John Dean, Nixon's former sensational, including the evidence of John Dean, Nixon's former White House Counsel. The Committee also uncovered the existence of White House Counsel. The Committee also uncovered the existence of the secret White House tape recordings, sparking a major political and the secret White House tape recordings, sparking a major political and legal battle between the Congress and the President. legal battle between the Congress and the President.

In 1974, the House of Representatives authorised the Judiciary In 1974, the House of Representatives authorised the Judiciary Committee to consider impeachment proceedings against Nixon. The Committee to consider impeachment proceedings against Nixon. The work of this Committee was again the spotlight a quarter of a century work of this Committee was again the spotlight a quarter of a century later when Bill Clinton was impeached.later when Bill Clinton was impeached.


The Final DaysThe Final Days

Nixon's last days in office came in late July and early August, 1974. Nixon's last days in office came in late July and early August, 1974. The House Judiciary Committee voted to accept three of four The House Judiciary Committee voted to accept three of four proposed Articles of Impeachment, with some Republicans voting with proposed Articles of Impeachment, with some Republicans voting with Democrats to recommend impeachment of the President. The final Democrats to recommend impeachment of the President. The final blow came with the decision by the Supreme Court to order Nixon to blow came with the decision by the Supreme Court to order Nixon to release more White House tapes. One of these became known as the release more White House tapes. One of these became known as the 'smoking gun' tape when it revealed that Nixon had participated in the 'smoking gun' tape when it revealed that Nixon had participated in the Watergate cover-up as far back as June 23, 1972. Around the country, Watergate cover-up as far back as June 23, 1972. Around the country, there were calls for Nixon to resign. there were calls for Nixon to resign.

At 9pm on the evening of August 8, 1974, Nixon delivered a nationally At 9pm on the evening of August 8, 1974, Nixon delivered a nationally televised resignation speech. The next morning, he made his final televised resignation speech. The next morning, he made his final remarks to the White House staff before sending his resignation letter remarks to the White House staff before sending his resignation letter to the Secretary of State, Dr. Henry Kissinger.to the Secretary of State, Dr. Henry Kissinger.


The Aftermath Of WatergateThe Aftermath Of Watergate

Watergate had profound consequences in the United States. There was Watergate had profound consequences in the United States. There was a long list of convictions and other casualties. For example, the a long list of convictions and other casualties. For example, the aftermath of Watergate ushered in changes in campaign finance aftermath of Watergate ushered in changes in campaign finance reform and a more aggressive attitude by the media. By the time the reform and a more aggressive attitude by the media. By the time the 25th anniversary of Watergate occurred in 1997, a vast library of 25th anniversary of Watergate occurred in 1997, a vast library of books and films existed. Watergate's influence was felt in the Clinton books and films existed. Watergate's influence was felt in the Clinton Impeachment of 1998-99. Nixon died in 1994 and was eulogised by the Impeachment of 1998-99. Nixon died in 1994 and was eulogised by the political establishment, although he was still a figure of controversy. political establishment, although he was still a figure of controversy.

The investigations into Watergate that led to the resignation of The investigations into Watergate that led to the resignation of Richard Nixon are a case study in the operation of the American Richard Nixon are a case study in the operation of the American Constitution and political valuesConstitution and political values


Background SummaryBackground Summary

In 1972, five burglars were caught breaking into the In 1972, five burglars were caught breaking into the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel and office complex in Washington, Watergate Hotel and office complex in Washington, D.C. Media and government investigation of the D.C. Media and government investigation of the break-in revealed that the burglars were associated break-in revealed that the burglars were associated with the campaign to re-elect Nixon. The inquiries with the campaign to re-elect Nixon. The inquiries also revealed that the president and his aides had also revealed that the president and his aides had probably abused their power in other ways as well. probably abused their power in other ways as well.


During the congressional hearings on the break-in scandal, it was During the congressional hearings on the break-in scandal, it was revealed that President Nixon had installed a tape-recording device in revealed that President Nixon had installed a tape-recording device in the Oval Office. The special prosecutor in charge of the case wanted the Oval Office. The special prosecutor in charge of the case wanted to get tapes of the Oval Office discussions to help prove that President to get tapes of the Oval Office discussions to help prove that President Nixon and his aides had abused their power and broken the law. Nixon and his aides had abused their power and broken the law. President Nixon tried to stop the special prosecutor from obtaining the President Nixon tried to stop the special prosecutor from obtaining the tapes and even had him removed from his job. However, a new tapes and even had him removed from his job. However, a new special prosecutor, supported by the ruling of a federal district court special prosecutor, supported by the ruling of a federal district court judge, again requested the tapes. The president responded to this judge, again requested the tapes. The president responded to this demand by releasing edited transcripts and shortened versions of the demand by releasing edited transcripts and shortened versions of the tapes. His incomplete compliance with the special prosecutor's tapes. His incomplete compliance with the special prosecutor's demands was challenged in another federal district court case. The demands was challenged in another federal district court case. The court ordered the president to respond to all of the special prosecutor's court ordered the president to respond to all of the special prosecutor's requests. When the president appealed this decision to the U.S. Circuit requests. When the president appealed this decision to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, the special prosecutor asked the Supreme Court of Court of Appeals, the special prosecutor asked the Supreme Court of the United States to hear the case instead. the United States to hear the case instead.


In front of the Supreme Court of the United States, President In front of the Supreme Court of the United States, President Nixon's lawyers argued that the case couldn't be heard in the Nixon's lawyers argued that the case couldn't be heard in the courts because it involved a dispute within the executive courts because it involved a dispute within the executive branch. In case the Supreme Court disagreed, Nixon's lawyers branch. In case the Supreme Court disagreed, Nixon's lawyers also argued that the president's executive immunity and also argued that the president's executive immunity and privilege should protect the tapes. The concept of executive privilege should protect the tapes. The concept of executive privilege, though not specifically detailed in the U.S. privilege, though not specifically detailed in the U.S. Constitution, is based on the constitutional separation of Constitution, is based on the constitutional separation of powers. It provides a certain level of confidentiality of powers. It provides a certain level of confidentiality of communication between the president and his aides, especially communication between the president and his aides, especially where defense and national security are concerned. President where defense and national security are concerned. President Nixon's lawyers argued for an absolute executive privilege Nixon's lawyers argued for an absolute executive privilege based only on his discretion. based only on his discretion.


The special prosecutor, however, argued that The special prosecutor, however, argued that executive privilege is not absolute and that in this executive privilege is not absolute and that in this case the confidentiality normally accorded a president case the confidentiality normally accorded a president and his aides had to give way to the demands of the and his aides had to give way to the demands of the legal system in a criminal case. To give the president legal system in a criminal case. To give the president absolute executive privilege, he claimed, would absolute executive privilege, he claimed, would amount to an unchecked power that could undermine amount to an unchecked power that could undermine the rule of law. the rule of law.


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