LAB 8Fungi

Presentations• Three Fungi Groups

• Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

• Three plant groups• Coniferophyta, Anthophyta, Bryophyta

• Presentation needs to emphasize complete life cycle. • Interesting fact• 75% of the pictures must be ones you took/drew in

lab• 10 points

- 7 for group grade- 3 for individual gradePresentation skills.

Cordyceps: attach of the killer fungi• http

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8

• http://blog.ted.com/2008/05/06/paul_stamets/

What Domain?

SUPERGROUP UNIKONTAKINGDOM FUNGI

Monophyletic

• Biosynthetic pathway of Lysine• Chitin in Cell walls• 18s ribosomal DNA sequence

Fungi• Primary Land

Decomposers• Across almost all

Terrestrial Habitats• About 1 million

species and only about 10% described

Fungus Amongus!(Good)

• Reasons to Love Fungi:1. Citric Acid/ Lemon -produced using Aspergillus niger2. Bread

– Rises via Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

3. Cheese– Blue Cheese & Camembert– With Penicillium

4. Wine & Beer– Fermentation from Yeast

5. Soy Sauce– Fermentation from Aspergillus

European white truffles sell for as much as $3,600 a pound!

Fungus Amongus!

(Not So Good?)• Reason to Not Love

Fungi:1. Human Parasites

– Ringworm– Athlete’s Foot

• Reasons to Love or Hate Fungi?:1. Corn Smut

Ustilago maydis Eaten in Latin America

→ Called Huitlacoche Not Eaten in U.S.

→ Ruins Crops2. Toxic Fungi

Many Fungi are Poisonous to Humans

Can Cause Slight Reaction to Death!

Some Species Cause Hallucinations→ “Psychedelic/Magic

Mushrooms”

Penicillin Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 from mold: Penicillium notatum

Nobel PrizeNamed 100 most important people of the 20th century. Changed the course of history

Bd (Chytrid Fungs) in Frogs

White nose in Bats Geomyces destructans

• 90% mortality• Grave threat to bats

Fungal Characteristics

• Hyphae Contain Cell Walls– Chitin– Pores between cells

• Heterotrophic• (Mostly)

Multicellular

• Basic Structure called Mycelium – Composed of Fine

Branching Tubes called Hyphae

Nutrition• Absorb Food– Osmotrophic– Fine Hyphae Increase

Absorption Capacity– External Secretion of

Hydrolytic Enzymes & Acids to Decompose Complex Molecules

– Food is Broken Down Externally then Absorbed. • Nutritional Modes:

1. Saprobes→ Live on Dead

Materials (Decomposers)

2. Parasites→ Live on Living

Organisms (Pathogens)

3. Mutualists→ Live on Living

Organisms but Benefit that Organism

General Fungal Growth & Reproduction

• General Fungal Growth Pattern:

1. Spores Germinate.

2. Hyphae Emerge.

3. Hyphae Grow & Branch.

4. Hyphae Form a Mycelium.

5. Mycelium Forms a Colony.

6. Colony Produces Spores through Fruitbodies or Fragmentation.

• Spores → Units of Fungal Propagation

General Lifecycle

Reproduction1. Haploid spores: produced

asexually- conditions habitable, dispersed by wind and water.

2. Sexual spores: involves conjugation in which hyphae of two different strains join.a. plasmogamy: union of cytoplasmb. karyogamy: union of nucleic. meiosis ---> spores ---> dispersald. mitosis ----> haploid hyphae

General Fungal Growth & Reproduction

Different Forms of Asexual Reproduction• Asexual Reproduction

– Produces Haploid (n) Spores• Via Fruitbodies or Various

Methods of Fragmentation– Produced When

Environmental Conditions are Good

• Sexual Reproduction– Produces Haploid (n)

Spores • Compatible hyphae fuse

– Creates (n + n) hyphae• Nuclei fuse (2n)• Meiosis Occurs to produce

spores in Fruitbodies. – Produced When Fungi are

under Environmental Stress

Fungal Sexual Reproduction

• Separate Mitotic Divisions Greater Genetic Diversity, when Nuclei finally do Fuse & go through Recombination during Meiosis, each Meiotic Event will produce a Different Arrangement of the Genome!

Why Fungi are Amazing!!

3 Major Phyla of Fungi

• Today’s Lab focuses on 3 Phyla of Fungi:1. Zygomycota 2. Ascomycota3. Basidiomycota

• 3 Phyla are members of “True” Kingdom Fungi.

• Phyla are separated based on asexual & sexual reproductive structures.Zygomycota

Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Don’t forget about the Plants!

FUNGUS QUIZ NEXT WEEK• Fungi life cycles

– Compare to plant and animal• Main characteristics of the 3 phyla in lab• Be able to identify images• Be familiar with slides and specimens

• Things that may apply from previous labs– Analogous vs. homologous structures– Taxonomic hierarchy– Etc…