kuliah 5- rare earth
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Minerals, Application and Methods
Rare Earth Extractive
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Introduction to the Rare Earth Elements
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candium
Wikipedia photo = *i&e,free documentation license
/ttrium
Wikipedia photo = (omihahndofree documentation license
)eriodic ta&le of the elements sho0ing the division&et0een -REEs and 1REEs chuler et al., 2$""3.
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RE mineral formation t'peCarbonatites• (he most dominant sources of rare earths are car&onatites• (hese are deep4seated magmas, rich in car&on dioxide and
lo0 in silica, that intruded the earth5s crust and solidi6ed.Magmas forming closer to the surface usuall' lose theircar&on dioxide and other volatile agents and do not &ear
rare earthsEx ! Mona7ite
Hydrothermal Deposits• Rare earth elements can &e carried &' h'drothermal
solutions that are developed through the interaction of hotunderground 0ater 0ith crustal material.
• (he light rare earth elements are less solu&le than theheavier elements, and the' therefore tend to settle out 6rst,leaving the li8uid more concentrated in heav' elements.
• Ex ! 9enotime
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RE mineral formation t'pePlacers
-arge amounts of rare earth minerals such as mona7ite andxenotime are contained in placers.
(hese minerals are characteri7ed &' high speci6c gravit'and chemical inertness.
(he' are therefore sta&le during the erosion and
transportation c'cles of 0eathering. (he ma:or locations for placers are rivers, deltas, and
coastlines.
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Rare Earth MineralREEs do not occur as native elemental metals in
nature, onl' as part of the host mineral5s chemistr'.
+or this reason, the recover' of REMs must &eaccomplished through a complex processingmethod to chemically break down the mineralscontaining the REEs.
Onl' three are considered to &e the principal REEmineral ores most feasi&le for the extraction of
REMs!
;astnasite9enotime
Mona7ite
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Rare earth MineralMona7ite enriched 0ith the -REEs cerium,
lanthanum, and neod'mium
9enotime cr'stalli7es under highertemperatures and pressures than those ofmona7ite< therefore, its cr'stalline structuremore readil' accommodates a higher ratioof 1REEs ter&ium through lutetium, and'ttrium3
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Minerals for Rare Earth
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Introduction to the Rare Earth Elements
#
A&undance of Elements in the Earth5s rust
-anthanides lanthanoids3, scandium, and 'ttrium arepresented in &oldface t'pe.
Adapted from Wedepohl, "##>3
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Wh' are 0e interested in them?
12/07/15U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"$
Rare Earth Elements and (heir ses
Element ApplicationsScandium Metal alloys or t!e aeros"ace industry.
#ttrium $eramics% metal alloys% lasers% uel eiciency% micro&avecommunication or satellite industries% color televisions% com"utermonitors% tem"erature sensors. Used 'y DoD in targeting and&ea"on systems and communication devices. (eined 'y ()E ascritical in t!e s!ort* and mid*term 'ased on "ro+ected su""ly ris,sand im"ortance to clean energy tec!nologies.
-ant!anum atteries% catalysts or "etroleum reining% electric car 'atteries% !ig!*tec! digital cameras% video cameras% la"to" 'atteries% *ray ilms%lasers. Used 'y DoD in communication devices. (eined 'y ()E as
near critical in t!e s!ort*term 'ased on "ro+ected su""ly ris,s andim"ortance to clean energy tec!nologies.
$erium $atalysts% "olis!ing% metal alloys% lens "olis!es or glass% televisionace"lates% mirrors% o"tical glass% silicon micro"rocessors% and dis,drives. (eined 'y ()E as near critical in t!e s!ort*term 'ased on"ro+ected su""ly ris,s and im"ortance to clean energy tec!nologies.
Praseodymium m"roved magnet corrosion resistance% "igment% searc!lig!ts% air"ortsignal lenses% "!otogra"!ic ilters. Used 'y DoD in guidance and
control systems and electric motors.
3eodymium 4ig!*"o&er magnets or la"to"s% lasers% luid*rac,ing catalysts. Used'y DoD in guidance and control systems% electric motors% andcommunication devices. (eined 'y ()E as critical in t!e s!ort* andmid*term 'ased on "ro+ected su""ly ris,s and im"ortance to cleanenergy tec!nologies.
Promet!ium eta radiation source% luid*rac,ing catalysts.
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RE Extractive )rocess
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Mineral )rocessingeparation3
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Indonesia RE mineralprocessing
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