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    HERNIA NUKLEUS

    PULPOSUS (HNP)dr. H.B. WibisonoFK – Universitas Hang Tuah

    Subdep Saraf – Rumkital dr. Ramelan

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    Protrusion of a

    portion of the

    nucleuspulposus into

    the spinal

    canal.

    DEFINISI

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     ANATOMI

    Intervertebral disc:

    Bag. Luar :

    annulus fibrosus→ 

     jar fibrous padatBag. Dalam :

    disebut nucleus

    pulposus→gelatindengan kadar air

    yang tinggi

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     ANATOMI (2)

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    P.U. Krn traumapada coll. Vertbr

    Dpt jg karena

    mengangkat beban

    yang tidak wajar

    atau trauma yang

    ringan.

    Usia↑

    Kadar air nucl pulp. ↓

    Elastisitas an. fbrosus ↓↓

    Ruptur an. Fibrosus

    Penonjolan nukl. Pulposus

    ke dlm can. spinalis

     

    ETIOLOGI PATOFISIOLOGI (1)

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    PATOFISIOLOGI (2)

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    STADIUM

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    GEJALA KLINIS…

    HNP Cervical :

    Nyeri tengkuk dg spasm otot2paracervical, nyeri bersifat menjalar ke

    lengan (radiculair pain) , nyeri > bila

    batuk,mengejan,flexi leher dan memutarleher.

    HNP Lumbal :

    Nyeri pinggang disertai spasm otot2

    paralumbal, nyeri menjalar kebokong,

    tungkai dan kaki.

    Nyeri > bila batuk atau mengejan.

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    Akar sara Sensoris Motorik  

    Re.

    !"an#es

      C 5 Lat.prox.arm Elbow Fl.

    Biceps,

    Brachioradiali

    s

      C 6 Thumb Wrist ext.

    Brachirad,Pro

    ator teres

    C ! "iddle #$er Elbow Ext. Triceps

      C % Little #$er Fi$er &exor Fi$er &exor

      T '

    "ed.prox.arm

    .

    Fi$er

    abductio (

      L ) "ed.Thi$h *ee. Ext. *ee +er

      L - "ed. Cal. /le dorso&. (

      L 5

    Lat cal or 'st

    toe

    'st toe ext,

    hamstri$

    "ed.0armstri

    $

      1 ' Lat. Foot

    /le platar

    & /le +er.

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    DIAGNOSA

    1. Test khusus antara lain:

    - Straight Leg - raising test ( Lasegue test )- Pattrick’s sign

    - Contra Pattrick’s sign

    - Femoral straight test, dll2. Foto polos dg posisi AP/LAT/Obl

    3. Caudografi

    4. MRI mrpk cara terbaik unt menget K/ pddiscus

    5. CT Scan

    6. Discography

    7. EMG dan NCV

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    DD

     A. Cervical radiculopathy, hrs di DD dg:

    1. K/ musculoskeletal spt Cervicalgia, K/ pdbahu, K/ pd siku, K/ pd brachial plexus

    2. Throracic outlet syndrome

    3. Peripheral nerve entrapment

    B. Lumbosacral radiculopathy di DD dg:

    1. K/ Musculoskeletal spt, Low back strain, K/

    pd Hip & Knee

    2. K/ pd Lumbosacral plexus

    3. Peripheral nerve entrapment

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    TERAPI

     A. Medikamentosa:

    1. NSAID2. Paracetamol / analgetik

    3. Corticosteroid

    4. Narkotik, unt nyeri hebat

    5. Neuropatic pain dpt digunakan : Gabapentin,

    Tramadol , TCA

    B. Non medikamentosa:

    6. Bed rest dg alas keras selama 1 – 2 mg7. Kompres hangat / dingin

    8. Massage

    9. Mengurangi stres dan fisiotherapi

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    TERAPI ( LANJUTAN )

    C. Epidural injection

    Dg corticosteroid dapat dicoba unt menguranginyeri

    D. Psikoterapi & Accupuncture

    E. Operasi

    Indikasi:

    1. Kelemahan otot yg berat

    2. Defisit neurologis yg progressif

    3. Gangguan miksi

    4. Nyeri yg tidak berkurang stl pengobatan

    konserfatif selama 4 – 6 mg

    F. Chemonucleolysis, menggunakan chymopapain

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    PARK$%S&% '$SEASE(PARA)*S$S A+$,A%S-

    dr. 0.B. Wibisoo,1p.1

    F* 2 3i4ersitas 0a$ Tuah

    1ubdep 1ara 1. dr. amela

    '-

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    PARK$%S&% '$SEASE( PARA)*S$S A+$,A%S -'EF$%$S$

    /dalah suatu elaiaeurode$eerati a$ ditadai

    de$a adaa ri$iditas, tremor,bradiiesia da posturalistabilit

    '5

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    E,$&)&+* 

    Peebab a$ 7elas belum dietahui.Fator8 $ mu$i meebaba

    Pariso9

    '. Fator $eeti Teori ii ura$ meduu$

    8. /daa toxi di euro i$rostriatal,

    toxi itu adalah "PTP, ", "$, C18,toxi belum dietahui de$a 7elasberasal dari air mium, isectisida,peptisida, limbah idustri

    '6

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    E,$&)&+* ( lanjutan -

    ). :esi-. Trauma epala tertutup

    5. *ehila$a dopamier$iceuro beraita d$bertambaha usia. Peurua

    adar dopami ;%s.

    6. Free radical pada de$eerati

    euro. '!

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    K)AS$F$KAS$

    Parisoism dapat di$ol dalam )ate$ori9

    :. Primer atau :diopathic

    ( Pariso >ss( +u4eile Pariso

    ::. 1euder ? smptomatic @

    berhub d$ iesi, obat, toxi,trauma, tumor ota, pe.Aasculer

    '%

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    *L/1:F:*/1: ? la7uta @

    :::. 1droma Pariso Plus ? "ultiple 1stem>e$eeratio @

    '. Pro$ressi4e 1uprauclear Pals8. "ultiple sstem /troph

    ( 1h >ra$er 1d

    ( 1triatoi$ral de$eeratio

    ( li4opotocerebellar de$). >e$. Cortico basal $a$lioic

    -. ormal Pressure 0drocephalus

    5. 1droma demetia

    ( /lDheimer >ss( CreutDeldt +acob >ss

    6. 0erediter9

    ( Wilso >ss

    ( 0alle4orde(1patD >ss '

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    PA,&F$S$&)&+$

     Terdapat 8 elaia dasar 9( mei$ata ihibisi $ammamotor euro.

    ( mei$ata ati#tas alpha motoreuro.

      /ch >./

    8<

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    P/TF:1:L: ? la7uta @

    Pariso >ss>./

    /ch

    1ecara patolo$i didapata adaaLewis

    Bodies pada 1ubstatia i$ra pars

    Compacta 8'

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    +E/A)A K)$%$S(0-

    '. Tremor

    ( esti$ tremor, 1pada emosi, dahila$ pd wt tidur

    ( *asar ? ) 2 ! x G dt @

    ( Pola seperti me$hitu$ ua$ Gmemulu$ pil ? pill rolli$ tremor @

    8. i$iditas

    Co$ Wheel Pheomea

    88

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    +E/A)A K)$%$S(2-

    ). Bradiiesia

    ( Espresi wa7ah ?(@ → mas G poerace

    ( Bicara melambat

    ( 1ulit berdiri dr ursi H mulaiber7ala

    -. 1eri$ me$eluh lemah, cepat lelah

    5. "icro$raphia

    6. FreDDi$ 9 medada berheti, sulitmulai

    ala la i, t.u. ala sem itG 8)

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    +E/A)A K)$%$S(3-

    !. Festiate $ait( Propulsio9 tubuh

    &exi, epala &exi

    ( 1ulit 7a$aeseimba$a

    ( *d$ t7d posisiretropulsio,lateropulsiout 7a$aeseimba$a

    8-

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    E+/L/ *L::1?-@

    %. e7ala lai9( *edipa mata I

    ( Aol suara ber?(@

    ( $. otoomi

    ( >ermatitis seboroi

    ( >rooli$

    ( >isa$ia

    ( >epresi

    ( Pro$resi demetia

    ( $. 3pward $aDe

    85

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    '$A+%&SA/wal → 13L:T

    *0/19 TE"

      ::>:T/1

      B/>:*:E1:/

      P1T3/L :1T/B:L:TJ

    86

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    KR$,ER$A +E)4 5 +$)MA%

    +ejala kel A(K6AS-9

    esti$ tremorBradiiesiai$iditasPermulaa

    uilateral

    +ejala kel 4 ('initak la7im-8

    Postural istabilit

    → ) th pertamaFreDDi$

    eomea → ) thpertama

    0alusiasi>emesia

    8!

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    KR$,ER$A +E)4 5 +$)MA%

    P&SS$4)E PARK$%S&%PR&4A4)EPARK$%S&%

    8 x el. /x el. B ?(@Lama $x K )

    tahuespo bai thdp

    le4odopa G >o

    pami a$ois

    ) x el /x el B ?(@Lama $x ) tahuespo 7elas thd

    le4odopa G>opami a$ois

    8%

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    ,ERAP$ (0-'. Le4odopa 9 )opami /$oist

    ( Er$ot 9 bromoripti, per$olide

    ( o Er$ot 9 promipraDole, ropiirole

    ). >opamier$ic a$et lai9( 1ele$illie9 seleti irre4 ersible "/(B ihibitor

      M bsama8 TC/, 11:,

    meperidie

    ( /matadie9 uG asus mild H moderate

    ( Etacapoe9 bsama le4odopa →extet o time

    ( Tolcapoe9 s$t 7r$→E.1.9 ulmia hepatitis→N

    8

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    ,ERAP$ (2-

    -. o dopamier$ic a$et→ /ticholier$icdru$ ?T0P, >ipehdrami, /mitrptili@

    5. BeDodiaDepi → LoraDepam ?7 axietas@

    6. Pembedaha ?Pallidotom, Thallamotom, >eep brai stimulatio@:d9 :diopathic P.> →mediametosa$a$al

    !.  Trasplatasi 0uma Embroic>opamie Produci$ euro ?etal celltrasplatatio@ →cliical trial

    )<

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    C0E/

    dr. 0.B. WibisooF*(3i4ersitas 0a$ Tuah

    1ubdep 1ara umital dr. amela

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    >e#isiO/dalah $eraa spasmodic $

    medada,tidateratur,paroxismal me$eai

     7ari8 ta$a,le$a,wa7ah,lidah

    da epala. ? meerupai$eraa dasa@

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    Etiolo#i

    0eriditer9( 0uti$to disease.

    ( Bei$ hereditar chorea.

    ( Wilso s disease.

    ( Paroxismal choreoathetosis.

    ( Familial chorea with associatedacathosis .

    Etiolo$i ?la7uta@

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    Etiolo$i ?la7uta@O1tatic ecephalopath

    ( Cerebral pals.1deham s chorea.

    Chorea $ra4idarum

    >ru$ toxicit(Le4odopa ad other dopamier$icdru$s.

    (/tipschotic dru$s

    (LithiumQPhetoiQral cotracepti4e.

    Etiolo$i? la7uta@

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    Etiolo$i? la7uta@O

    "icellaus medical disorder.

    (ThrotoxicosisQ0poparathroidism or

    /ddiso s disease.

    (0pocalcemiaQ0poma$esemiaQ

    0peratremia.

    (Polcthemia 4era.

    (0epatic cirrhosis.(1.L.E.

    (Ecephalitis letha$ica.

    Etiolo$i ?la7uta@

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    Etiolo$i ?la7uta@OCerebro4ascular disorder.

    ( Aasculitis.(:schemic or hemorrha$ic stroe.

    (1ubdural hematome.

     1tructural lesio o the thalamic ucl.

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    6untin#ton disease

    'efnisi 9  0.>. adalah pe.de$eerati pdC1 $ herediter ditadai adaa

    $$ emosioal,irritabilit,apathda $$ u$si o$isi d$demetia $ slowl pro$ressi

    serta adaa $$ motori berupachoreoathetose,ri$iditas dabradiiesia.

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    +ejala klinik 

    Pre4alece 6,5 asusG '

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    'ia#nosis

    '. ": atau CT(1ca aa tampa berK4ol. basal $a$lia.

    8. /bormal TT.

    ). PET 1ca tampa berKa receptordopami >' da >8.

    -. 1PECT 1ca ter7adi peK r CBF pd

    ucl. Caudatus lbh besar drpd diputame.

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    ,erapi0i$$a saat ii belum ada terapi,

    ematia aa ter7adi '< (8< th stlh

    timbul $e7ala liis, td ada terapi

    utdemetia.

    3t chorea dpt diberia9

    0alloperidol

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    !6&REA S*'E%6AM :S

    'efnisi

     "aiestasi eurolo$i dr

    rheumatic e4er dimaaatistreptococcus memberiareasi sila$ pd 7ar sara t.u basal

    $a$lia.

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    Etiolo#i 5 Patofsiolo#i

      /ibat iesi $rup /1treptococcus beta hemoliticus

    terbt /tibod atieuroal $memberia cross reactio d$epitope $ td dietahui pd basal

    $a$lia.

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    'ia#nosa

    '. L.E.>. da C(P mei$at8. /1T mu$i positi ). ": 9 Aol. ucl.caudatus,putame

    da $lobus pallidus bertambah o..edema.

    -. PET 1ca ter7adi peR metab.

    luosa di basal $a$lia.

    >ieretial >ia$osa

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    >ieretial >ia$osaO

    '. :esi.8. /oxic Ecephalopathi.). Colla$e 4asculer dss.

    -. "etabolic Ecephalopathi.5. >ru$ :duced Chorea.

      6. Cerebral :arctio.

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    ,erapi

    '. Bed rest.8. Cortico steroid 7a$a pede.

    ? 6< m$ prediso '(8 m$ @

    ). 0alloperidol 8x'm$.

    -. Bbrp asus me$alami sel

    limited.

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    >J1T:/

      >r. 0.B. Wibisoo, 1p.1  F*. 3i4ersitas 0a$ Tuah,

      1ubdep sara umital dr. amela.

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    'efnisi  /dalah $eraa abormal a$ terus

    meerus aibat $a$$ua pada tousotot a$oist da ata$oist.

      Fator $ mempermudah ter7adiadstoia adalah emotioal stress da

    elelaha, dstoia aa hila$ saattidur.

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    Etiolo#i

    Primar; d;stonia8Familial atau sporadic, tida adaelaia eurolo$is lai.

    Secondar; d;stonia8'. >stoia plus sdrome.8. :herited eurolo$ical coditioassociated with euroal de$.

    ). >st. associated with P.>.-. >st. resulti$ e4iromet cause.

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    Pemba#ian lain menurut anatomi 8Focal.

    ( Cer4ical dstoia( Blepharo spasm( 1pasmodic dsphoia( romadibular dstoia

    ( Writer s crampsSe#mental.

    ( "ei$e sdrome( Craiocer4ical dstoia

    Multiokal6emid;stonia+enerali7ed

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    +ejala klinis

    e7ala a$ timbul sesuai d$ lasi#asidstoia.

    '$A+%&SA'. Berdasara $e7ala liis8. Laboratorium tida terdapat elaia $has.

    ). adiolo$is, pd primar da dstoia plus→ ": tampa ormal.Pd sec. da heredode$. ":→ec,calc,el.lai pd basal $a$lia.

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    'i

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    ,erapi'. /ticholier$ic a$et. ( Trihexlpheidl 9 6 2 %< m$Ghr. ( BeDtropie 9 - 2 % m$Ghr.

      ( EthopropaDie 9 '

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    ,erapi ( lanjutan-

    -. Chemodeer4atio.   "e$$uaa Botolium toxi hsl $

    cuup bai pd ocal dstoia.  Pd blepharo spasm, cer4ical

    dstoia,spamodic dsphoia,writer s

      Cramp da oromadibuler dstoia

    aa memberia hasil $ bai

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     Terapi ?la7uta@

    5. 1ur$er.   >ilaua pada dstoia $ sa$atme$$a$$u da tida memberiaperbaia d$ terapi mediametosa

    maupu chemodeer4atio.   Tidaa pembedaha berupa

    thalamotom, pallidotom.

      >eep Brai 1timulatio memberiahsl $ bai pd primar $eeraliDeddstoia.

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    dr. 0.B. Wibisoo, 1p.1.

    F* 3i4ersitas 0a$ Tuah

    1ubdep 1ara umital dr. amela

    55

    AM*&,R&P6$! )A,ERA) S!)ER&S$S(A)S-

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    Etiolo#i  Pat"olo#i

    5!

    3ow '

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    +E/A)A K)$%$S

    5%

     +ara$ didpta,lai lbh baa drwaita, usia 66 th.

    Pro$. Bulbar Pals H "uscular/trophi.

    >idpta parese sGd ple$i daasiulasi.

    e&ex Fisiol. mei$at daBabis re&ex positi. Tida ada $$ sesoris

    Td ada $$ A.3.

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    '$A+%&SE

    5

    '. E"

    8. Biopsi otot

    ). Pei$ata CreatiiPhosphoiase ? CP* @

    -. C1F 9 ormal

    5. ":, CT 1ca da"elo$ra# 9 ormal

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    ''

    6<

    '. Tumor "18."ultiocal "otor

    europath)."eloradiculopath

    Cer4ical

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    ,6ERAP* 

    6'

    • Tida ada therap a$eeti  eluDole '

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    S=4A!=,E !&M4$%E'

    'E+E%ERA,$&%

    dr. 0.B. Wibisoo,1p.1

    F*(3i4ersitas 0a$ Tuah

    1ubdep 1ara 2 umital dr. amela

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    'EF$%$S$/dalah *G eurolo$is aibat de#ciec Ait. B'8

    $ memberia G melopathi da europathi.

    E,$&)&+$>e#ciec 4it B'8 disebaba r 9

    ( *eK itrisic ator dr mucosa $aster.( Papara 8 saat operasi.

    ( "alabsorptio sdrome.

    ( Chr. Pacreatic >ss.

    ( Croh >ss.( utritioal de#ciec ? Ae$etaria,Pre$ac @

    PA,&F$S$&)&+$

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    PA,&F$S$&)&+$

    Ait B'8 →coeDm pbt

    methioiHtetrahdro olat."ethioi→1(/deoslmethioi→metilasi meli sheath

    phospholipid.>e.Ait B'8→ /. Periciousa.

    >emeliisasi post. Coll spial cord,tr.pramidalis,tr.spiocerebellar,diiuti demeliisasi axo dawalleria de$.

    +E/A)A K)$%$S

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    / Numbness, tingling dr ext, rasa getar menghilang, ggn.

    Proprioceptive.

    Spasticitas ext. bwh, refl. Fisiologis me , refl. Path (+R !taxia, dementia disertai g" anemia #g berat.

    DIAGNOSA…

    $. %aboratoris & P" hematologis dan bone marrow.

    '. P" adar )$' dl serum, bila rendah * intrinsic fact. !b.

    . adar )$' dibatas bawah * homoc#stein dan meth#l

    mallonic acid bila (+ * intrinsic fact !b.

    -. ntrinsic fact. !b (+ , pasien menderita !n. Perniciousa

      )ila (/ * Schilling tes part $ * abn * !n. Pern.

    0. egagalan abs. 1it.)$' stlh int. fact. diterapi * malabs o..

    ggn pd intestinal.

    ''

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    ''

    $.Semua " sensor# motor neuropath# #g

    simetris dan gradual.'.2ompresive m#elopath# #g slowl# progresif.

    TERAPI

    2#anocobalamine $ mg i.m. selama $

    minggu dilan3utan $ mg setiap minggu

    selama $' minggu.

    4asil terapi umumn#a sangat bai.5aintenance diberian c#anocobalamine

    setiap bulan atau setiap bulan

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    SPONDYLITIS TB

    Dr. H.B. Wibisono, SpS

    FK UNIV. HANG TUAH

    SUBDEP SARAF

    RUMKITAL DR RAMELAN

    67

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    DEFINISI

     

    Pni!b"n#n $r#n"%o!#&o"s !#&ri#%'#%#! spin#% pi'"r#% sp#(

    ETIOLOGI:Pn)b#r#n '#ri os&o!)%i&is o.*.

    M. TB+, p#'# (. 'isb"& '$ +-LD

    AB+ESS.Ab(ss i&" &r#'i p.". r$io &/or#(#%is

    b$ #s '#n &n$#/

    60

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    ETIOLOGI ( LANJUTAN )

    Ab(ss ini #*#n !!bri*#n '#!p#*

    p' M.S. br"p# 1

    2 &* %$s p' M.S.

    2 &* p' #r&ri  is(/#!i

    2 #r&ri&is

    2 #n$"%#si '#ri M.S

    63

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    GEJALA KLINIS

      A4#%n)# &i!b"% n)ri r#'i*"%r

    s$!n% s*ir '#'# #" pr"&,

    'i2i*"&i '$ p#r#p#rs sp#s&i* )$

    brsi5#& s%o4%)2pro$.

      P#'# p!ri*s##n +orp. Vr& !p#*

    #'#n)# GIBBUS #*ib#& *r"s#*#n+orp. Vr&.

    7

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    DIAGNOSA

    FOTO POLOS

    MRI

    78

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    DD

    . M)%i&is &r#nsrs#

    8. Spin#% pi'"r#% #b(ss

    9. T! !)%"!:. H!#&o!)%i

    ;. In5#r* M.S.

    6. D(o!prssion si(*nss &)p II

    79

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    THERAPI

    . -AT, 'n$#n : 'r"$s < INH, P=A,RIF, SM >, '#%#! 4#*&" ("*"p

    %#!#.

    8. -pr#si 'bri'!n& '#n

    '(o!prssi sr sbi%is#si,

    #*#n !!bri*#n /#si% op&i!#%#p#bi%# b%"! &r#'i

    p#r#p#rs7:

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    D R . H .B . WI B I SO NO , SP S

    FK UNI V H A NG T UA H

    SUB D EP SY A R A F

    R UMKI T A L R A MEL A N

    75

    SYRINGOMYELIN

    DEFINISI

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    DEFINISI76

     Adalah bentukan rongga

    pada medulla spinalis,

    kadang juga mengenai Brain

    Stem ( syringo Bulbi )

    ETIOLOGY

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    ETIOLOGY 77

    Congenital,Berhubungan dengan kelainan padacranioertebralis, khususnya Arnold

    Chiari !al"ormation

     Ac#uired,$erjadi akibat trauma atau Arachoiditis

    PATHOLOGY

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    PATHOLOGY 7%

     Ada & macam caitas'

    *ilatasi tubuler dari Canalis Centralis

     yang berhubungan dengan +ent+

     -ydromyelin atau CommunicatingSyringomyelin

    $ype ini seringkali di ikuti dengan AC!al"ormation type .

    Pathology la!"#ta! $

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    Pathology la!"#ta! $7/

    . *ilatasi "ocal dari Canalis Sentralis yang tidak berhubungan dengan +ent+

    0 512 disertai Arnold Chiari type

    0 sering meluas ke jaringan

    parenchym !S, kadang. sampai keruang subarachnoid

    Pathology la!"#ta! $

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    Pathology la!"#ta! $%1

    & Adanya Caitas dalam jaringan parenchymmedulla spinalis dan tidak berhubungandengan canalis sentralis

    $ype ini seringkali Ac#uired karenatrauma, myelum in"ection, perdarahanintramedullare, myelitis transersa, necrosis

    akibat radiasi

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    GE%ALA KLINIS la!"#ta! $

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    GE%ALA KLINIS la!"#ta! $%.

    & 3erluasan caitas ke lateral mengenai tr Corticospinalis 4! pada sisi diba8ah lesi, bila

    mengenai tr Spinothalamicus lat rasa nyeri 9 suhu hilang pada sisicontralat

    DIAGNOSE

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    DIAGNOSE%&

    !: dengan potongan sagital

    . ;lektrophysiologies e

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    DIAGNOSA 

    %=

    DD

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    DD%5

    -ematomyelin. $umor myelum

    &  A>S

    = Cerical spondylosis

    THERAPY ?perasi

    ,REM&R

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    ,REM&R

    'EF$%$S$8/dalah $eraa rthmis $ bertambah hebat pd

    saat emosi da hila$ pd saat tidur

    /da beberapa 7eis tremor9

    '. 1tati tremor G rest tremor

    8. Postural tremor, r mempertahaa posisi

    ttt). :tesio tremor

    -. /ctio tremor, $abu$a postural itesiotr

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    E,$&)&+$ ( lanjutan -

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    . Familial ( autosomal dominant or idiopathic

    ( benign essential tr

    -. 2erebellar disorder 

    0. 6ilson7s 8s

    Intention tremor

    $. )rain stem or cerebellar 8s'. 8rug toxicit# ( eg, alcohol, anticonvulsant, sedative

    . 6ilson7s 8s

    Rest tremor 

    -. Parinsonsm

    0. 6ilson7s 8s

    9. 4eav# metal poisoning ( eg, mercur#

    ,ERAP$

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    ,ERAP$

    '. TrasUuilliDer

    8. /lohol, si$le dose me$K actiotremor selama ) (- 7am.

    ). Beta adreer$ic a$oist

    a. Propaolol 9 -< 2 8-< m$ Ghr.b. "etoprolol 9 5< 2 '

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    KEP=S,AKAA%

    '. /dam >, Aictor ", Priciple oeurolo$ -th ed. "c raw 0ill, ew Jor '%

    8. /mio "7, reeber$ >/, 1imo P,

    Cliical eurolo$ )rd ed. /ppleto HLa$e Coecticut '6

    ). Brust +oh Cm, Curret >ia$osis H Treatmet :teratioal Ed. "c raw

    0ill. 1i$apore 8

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    ( lanjutan -

    5. Lidsa *W, Boe.:, Callader , eurolo$ad eurosur$er :llustrated. 'st ed. ChurchilLi4i$stoe. Lodo '%6

    6. Poerwadi.T. eri Pu$$u$ Bawah, 'st ed.1erial eurolo$i. LabG3PF :lmu Peait 1ara

    F* 3airG13> dr. 1oetomo. 1urabaa1eptember ')

    !. 1amuel "/, "aual o eurolo$ic Therapeutic6th ed. Lippicott Williams H Wilis Philadelphia

    '%. 1ahrir. 0, asutio. >, o#r /. Parisos

    >isease H ther "o4emet >isorders. PustaaCedeia Press. Jo$aarta "ei 8

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     Tha ouO