Overview Sistem Saraf

dr. Ken Wirastuti, M Kes, Sp.SBagian / SMF IP. Saraf Universitas Islam Sultan Agung- RSI. Sultan Agung Semarang

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WHAT ARE NERVE CELLS?

Neurons are similar to other cells in the body Surrounded by cell membrane Have a nucleus that contains genes Contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other

organelles Carry out basic cellular processes such as protein

synthesis and ATP production Neurons

Specialized extensions called dendrites and axons Communicate with each other by electrochemical

process Contain some specialized structures (synapses) and

chemicals (neurotransmitters)

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NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

A. Neurons: respond to stimuli and conduct nerve impulses

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NEURON COMPOSITION

Most neurons consist of a cell body and extensions called dendrites and axons.

Cell Body: contains the nucleus Nucleus:

Dendrites: carry impulses towards cell body        

Axon: carry impulses away from the cell body

Synapse:   consists of: 1. a presynaptic ending that contains

neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles,

2. a postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters and,

3. a synaptic cleft or space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.      

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NEURON CLASSIFICATION 1. Sensory (Afferent) Neuron: brings information TO the CNS

  2. Motor (Efferent) Neuron: takes information FROM CNS to other

parts of the body, cell body located in CNS 

3. Interneuron (Association Neurons): helps coordinate and integrate info between sensory and motor neurons, cell body located in CNS

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NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

B. Glial Cells: support and protect neurons (maintenance)

Neurons, which are excitable

Glial cells, which are supportive

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Sel-sel Glial – Sistem Saraf Pusat

Astrocytes: regulate transfer of materials from blood to the brain - help the workings of "blood -brain barrier"  

Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons in CNS  

Microglia: phagocytize damaged neurons  

Ependymal Cells: line central canal and ventricles - help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)  

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Sel-sel Glial- Sistem Saraf Tepi

A. Satellite Cells: surround neuron cell bodies in spinal ganglia        

 B. Schwann cells: myelinate axons in PNS  

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Otak

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Cerebrum

Cerebral Gray Matter (Cortex) superficial

Cerebral White Matter deeper

Corpus Callosum connects hemispheres

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Sistem Saraf Pusat

Sistem Saraf Pusat: Otak

Medula spinalis menyalurkan informasi dari dan ke otak 

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Anatomy and Physiology

The brain is composed of lobes- Frontal lobe:

Voluntary motor functions Concentration Verbal communication Decision making Planning Personality

Parietal lobe- sensory function Temporal lobe- hearing and olfaction and

emotion by the limbic system Occipital lobe- vision

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Diencephalon Structures

Thalamus:▪ Relay station from spinal

cord▪ Crude impulse Pleasant vs.

Unpleasant Hypothalamus▪ ANS (Emotional Visceral

Brain)▪ Body Temp, H2O balance,

Metabolism▪ Appetites (thirst, hunger)▪ Pleasure & Pain▪ Regulate sleep/wake cycles

Epithalamus▪ Pineal body (endocrine

system)▪ Choroid plexus (cerebrospinal

fluid)

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Brain Stem

Areas Midbrain

(mesencephalon)▪ Convey impulses

Pons▪ Controls breathing

Medulla Oblongata▪ Heart rate, Blood

Pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc.

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Cerebellum

Coordinate (and fine tune) skeletal muscle movements

Maintain equilibrium and posture

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Protection of Brain

Meninges dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Cerebrospinal Fluid Eliminate waste

Blood-Brain Barrier Least-permeable

membrane in body

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Spinal Cord

Continuation of Brain Stem Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Ends between L1 & L2

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Spinal Cord

Gray Matter Posterior Horns

(dorsal) Anterior Horns

(ventral) CSF

Central Canal Protection

Vertebrae Dura mater Arachnoid Piamater

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Sistem Saraf Perifer/Tepi

Sistem saraf tepi : Nervi kranialis Nervi spinalis ganglia

SST menghantarkan

impuls kepada target organ dan otot-otot (eferen)

Membawa informasi sensorik ke otak (aferen)

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Sistem Saraf Tepi

PNS 2 divisions: Somatic –> control skeletal muscle, bones,

skin that a person can control Sensory neurons which relay info about

environment to CNS Motor neurons which initiate appropriate response

sensory & motor neurons

Autonomic control the muscles of the glands and internal organs which we can’t control Sympathetic-”fight or flight” action Parasympathetic

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Sistem Saraf Somatik

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Saraf Kranialis

PURELY SENSORY (AFFERENT) CN I CN II CN VIII

PURELY MOTOR (EFFERENT) CN III CN IV CN VI CN XI CN XII

MIXED (BOTH) SENSORY & MOTOR CN V CN VII CN IX CN X

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Sistem Saraf Otonom

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Definisi

Nervus (Nervi= bentuk jamak): kumpulan akson yang terletak di luar sistem saraf pusat

Traktus : kumpulan akson yang terletak di dalam sistem saraf pusat

Nucleus: kumpulan badan sel di dalam sistem saraf pusat

Ganglion (ganglia= bentuk jamak): kumpulan badan sel di luar sistem saraf pusat

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Pemeriksaan Neurologi

LBM 1 : Pemeriksaan Motorik: gerakan, kekuatan,

tonus, trofi, refleks fisiologis LBM 2 :

Pemeriksaan Motorik: Refleks Patologis Px. Rangsang meningeal Anamnesa: Kasus nyeri kepala

LBM 3 : Px. Sensorik Px. Nervi Kranialis

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LBM 4 : Px. Penderita dengan penurunan

kesadaran Px. Koordinasi dan gait

LBM 5 : Integrated Patient Management Px. Nyeri Pinggang Px. Sensorik (ulangan)

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