kul-1-transport policy and planning
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Planning
What is it?
Examine the history of planning
Ask why plan at all?
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Some defintions
Charting the unknowable future
"planning as a general activity is the making of
an orderly sequence of action that can lead to
the achievement of a stated goal or goals"
Peter Hall, Urban and Regional Planning,
Penguin 1974
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Linguistic confusion!
the noun "plan" can mean either a physical
representation of something for instance a
drawing or a map, or it can mean a method to
do something or an orderly arrangements of
parts of an objective
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Most common meaning
is that it is concerned with deliberately achieving
some objective and it is done by dividing actions
into some orderly sequence
hence the term planning as used by plannersinvolves both meanings of the word from the
dictionary
one is what planning does and the other how
planning does it
the map is often how planners plan
while what planners do with such information is the
bigger picture of planning
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History of planning
planning is a profession eg urban planners and land
use planners.
planning has its origins in the industrial revolution in
Britain where massive urban and industrial growthoccurred hand in hand and steps had to be taken to
better protect public health
given this origin it is not surprising that an approachof separating out incompatible land uses has
dominated British planning and in turn been
exported round much of the westernworld and its
former colonies
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Planning approaches : survey-
analysis-plan first the planner made a survey, in which they
attempted to collect all relevant information,
secondly they analysed this data and tried to project it
as far as possible into the future and thirdly a plan was developed that took into account the
facts and interpretations revealed in the survey and
analysis
this approach developed for town planning was applied
more widely to all forms of planning
the approach however is now largely rejected in favour
of a systems approach
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Critiques Of Town And Country
Planning Approaches mid 1970s a review done of Town and Country
planning by Alice Coleman a geographer from the Uni
of London
showed that the system was not really working andargued the need for more decentralised and holistic
approaches to planning
she argued that to properly address Environment
issues responsibility needs to be placed in the hands oflocals as have the day to day capacity to monitor it
pointed out nature of industry was changing with
some now being quite compatible with residential land
uses
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Changes around the world
changes that occurred in Britain as a result of Colemans
review lead to similar changes around the world
Eg the 1979 Environment Planning act in NSW was a radical
decentralisation of authority
significantly Local Govt became the responsible body for this
act
similar changes around the same time in Canada and NZ
NZ interesting example where in 1991 the ResourceManagement Act (RMA) was passed
The NZ RMA involved a radical reorganization of local Govt,
local Govts were reorganized along watersheds and so ended
up with a lot less local Govt with each being defined on
bioregional grounds
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Systems approach goals-continuous information-projection and simulation of
alternative futures-evaluation-choice-continuous monitoring-
goals etc
system approach acknowledges the complexity of the real
world,
stresses that it is important to understand the system as a
whole in order to effectively control it, unless this is done
actions taken to control one part of the system may have
completely unexpected effects elsewhere
analogy of a car, if a designer produces extra power without
considering the total impact on the rest of a complex system
the results could be instability or rapid wear of other partswith disastrous results
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Why plan?
Need to plan to produce better futures than would
otherwise be the case
Otherwise poor will miss out on resources as basic
as a clean and safe environment
Live in a complex world today where we need
planningthings would quickly fall apart without it
eg essential water and power supplies would fail all these signs of non planning indeed do break out
when events such as severe disastersoccur that can
not be planned for and that throw planning into
chaos
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Canberra one of the most planned
cities in the world Canberra had one great advantage when the
federal government built Canberra it provided
successive suburbs which had everything. Every
suburb had a school and sporting facilities andsewerage. In Sydney we didnt have sewerage
at Turramurra But in Canberra every new
suburb was fully supplied with schools and
roads and sewerage. That obviously had an
influence on me Gough Whitlam in Hocking
2008
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OK lets move on to what is
Policy
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Definition of policy
Political Sagacity (mentally penetrating)
Prudent conduct
Craftiness
Course of action followed by a government
Oxford Dictionary :
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Policy, Bureaucrats, Politicians And You
Another definition of policy
Policy and the public
Policy and politicians
Policy and bureaucrats
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An un-named public servants definition
Policy is a flimsy raft drifting in apolitical and administrative current
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Implications of this definition
It does not matter how good your idea is
it will sink without a trace if it is launched
at the wrong time in the wrong current the converse is true unfortunately as well
- some pretty stupid poorly thought ideas
have become policy as a result of thembeing launched at the right time
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Public policy is the interaction of values,interests and resources, guided throughinstitutions and mediated by politics.
Policy and politics are not easily separated,since each informs the other. But neither
should policy simply be reduced toconsideration of the politics of themoment.
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Politics is the essential ingredient for producing
workable policies, which are more publicly
accountable and politically justifiable . . .
While some are uncomfortable with the
notion that politics can enhance rational
decision-making, preferring to see politics as
expediency, it is integral to the processes ofdeciding defensible outcomes. Weare unable
to combine values, interests andresources in
ways which are not political.
Politics
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Policy is many things
a goal -- what you're trying to achieve
official strategy to achieve something
legal framework to manage a resource conscious use of resources to achieve the
goal
statements/guidelines to follow a goal
structure by which you can work(can be for
individuals, government or NGOs)
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Policy learning
Policy-making is a process of successive
approximation to some desired objective
in which what is desired itself continues to
change under reconsideration.
Charles Lindblom 1959:86 The science of muddling
through, Public administration review, 19, 2: 79 -- 88
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Two crucial issues in making policy work
important to know what you're trying to
achieve
democracy and social capital areimportant to policy process -- policies
tend not to work if a dictator just decides
what needs to be done
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Policy can be ambiguous
A parliamentary bill states policy that
may not passed Parliament
a White Paper states government policyintentions but these may not be realised
a ministerial statement might be policy,
or might just be one view on the way to
the Govt forming a position
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Policy can be ambiguous (cont)
election platforms describe the politicalparty's intentions, but do they state thepolicy of the resulting government?
Is it 'policy' when departmental activitiesproceed without explicit statement ofintent, continuing from government to
government, never exciting publicinterest or political scrutiny?
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Policy, bureaucrats, politicians and you
What is policy
Policy and the public Policy and politicians
Policy and bureaucrats
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Policy development is an interactive
and iterative process between :
1. the public
2. special interest groups representing
elements of the public
3. industry lobby groups
4. bureaucrats
5. politicians
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Agenda setting is an important part of
influencing the policy process
outside initiative model - community groups gain broad
public support and get an issue onto the formal agenda
issues are the initiative of government which places them on
the public agenda in order to successfully implement them inside-access model where policy proposals come from so
called policy communities with easy access to government
with support from particular interest groups but little public
involvement nor often support
R. Cobb et al 1976 Agenda building as a comparative political process
American Political Science Review70: 126-138.
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Policy and politicians
My experience in government is that when things
are non-controversial and beautifully
coordinated, there's not much going on
John F. Kennedy
Politics is not the art of the possible. It consists
in choosing between the disastrous and the
unpalatable.
John Kenneth Galbraith
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I am extraordinarily patient, providing I get my own wayin the end.
Policy is the means by which the lives of individuals,families and communities are shaped. It is the meansby which we reshape the character and future of the
nation. It is the purpose of political life, the onlyworthwhile measure of political success, and by far themost significant measure of the worth of politicians andpolitical parties.
Policy and politicians
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I am extraordinarily patient, providing I get my own wayin the end. Margaret Thatcher PM of UK 1979-1990
Policy is the means by which the lives of individuals,families and communities are shaped. It is the meansby which we reshape the character and future of the
nation. It is the purpose of political life, the onlyworthwhile measure of political success, and by far themost significant measure of the worth of politicians andpolitical parties. Paul Keating PM of Australia 20 Dec
1991 to 11 March 1996
Policy and politicians
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Policy and Bureaucrats
A cynical public servants viewpoint.
There are only three types of policy
Policies developed
before,
during or
after the event
that they are trying to influence
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Sir Humphreys view
"All politicians are required to do is look plausible,
stay sober and say the lines that we give them inthe right order"
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Sir Humphreys view on how never to do
anything
Stage 1 say nothing is going to happen
Stage 2 say something may be going to happen butwe should do nothing about it
Stage 3 say maybe we should do something aboutit but there is nothing we can do
Stage 4 say maybe there was something we could
have done but it is too late now to do anything.
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The public service is large and diverse
Some authors credit the public sector with
enormous power and the capacity to direct thefortunes of the Government
eg Michael Pusey Economic rationalism inCanberra : a nation-building state
changes its mind 1991
Pusey M 1991 Economic rationalism in Canberra:
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Pusey, M. 1991. Economic rationalism in Canberra:
a nation-building state changes its mind.
Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Argues that the Public policy debate has largely been
hijacked by economists who weigh every policy option
up economically, have no or very poor idea of the
concept of the community and the environment, so
unable to consider impact various policies have on eachother
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There is often a lack of coherence
across the public service
wars between departments
Industry groups capturing departments
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The impact of economic (ir)rationalism
small government is good government
Outsourcing Use of consultants
New managerialism
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What is the role of Governmentdepartments in policy?
Th l f G t d t t i
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The role of Government departments in
policy
to formalise the proposal into policy documents
to turn the proposal into legislation and
to implement the proposal
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How is policy put in place
Policy through advocacy
Policy though money
Policy through government action
Policy through law
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In terms of advocacy who has the power?
rise of the industry lobby groups
1970s the peak of the effectiveness of
community based environmentalism?
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Sharon Beders Global Spin
Once they realized how the political scene had changed,
corporations began to adopt the strategies that public-
interest activists had used so effectively against them---
grassroots organising and coalition building, telephone andletter-writing campaigns, using the media, research reports
and testifying at hearings, to maximize political influence.
To these strategies, corporations added huge financial
resources and professional advice.
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Who gets access to parliamentarians?
current govt made great play when it came
it power on how ALP had been captured by
special interest groups
but equally captured but by very different
groups
it is about who has access