kul introduction radiology
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION
RADIOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF RADIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIV.OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN.
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What is Radiology?
The use of X-rays and radioactivesubstances in the diagnosis and treatment
of disease.
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What is Radiology?
Radiology is the study of images
of the human - body.
Although Radiology began withthe use of X-Rays and
photographic films, the modernRadiologist now has a
variety of tools for "takingpictures" of patients.
Many of these newer tools createan image with a compu-
ter (CTcomputed tomography)and some do not use any
X-Rays, such as MR andUltrasound.
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Discovery of X-RAYS
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen,Professor of Physics at Universityof Wurzgburg, first made thediscovery of
X ray on 8th November,1895.
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Discovery of X-RAYS
Rontgen discovered that these rays couldpass through all sort of objects
Moreover he could see the shadow ofbones and soft tissues of his own
hand on the fluorescent screen, when hishand was placed between the
glass tube and the screen.
To document these rays, he replaced thefluorescent screen with
photographic plate, to make a
photographic record.
The photograph of his wife hand, waswidely
believed to be first ever radiograph (X-raypicture)
of a human.
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X RAY PRODUCTION
When electrons traveling at very high speeds are madeto penetrate the atom target, transfer of energy fromelectron to the atom target causes internalderangement and release of X rays.
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X-RAYS
1. A Form of radiant
electromagnetic energy.
2. Invisible to human eye. 3. Passes through all of
objects .
4. Causes fluorescence. 5. Exposes film etc..
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FORMATION OF THE X RAYIMAGE
The formation of a X ray image depends on ;
1. Intensity (strength) of the X ray beam
2. Physical properties of the structure through
which it passes.
thickness, density and atomic number of structures.
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FORMATION OF THE X RAY
IMAGEIf two adjacent structures
are of similar densityand
X-rays passing difficultyindistinguishing thesetwo
structures.
Structures with greatlydiffering densities andatomic
number are seen clearly.
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Diagnostic Radiology
The discovery of X rays was
not only an important
scientific event (Nobel Prize),
but more significantly
heralded a new era in
medical practice.
The concept of diagnosticimaging:
To visualize internal body
structures and organs and
hence detect diseases.
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RADIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
Plain Radiographs
Fluoroscopy
Contrast Radiography Angiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic ResonanceImaging
Nuclear Medicine
Ultra Sound
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PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS
The images created by X-rays.Often called "plain X-rays"
The image or picture is basicallya shadow of the parts of thepatient that absorb or block theX-rays.
The image can be collected onphotosensitive film, on a digitalimaging plate, or on a
fluoroscopic screen.
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DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY In the early years, the main
indication for the X rayexaminations were todiagnose fractures and
dislocation, locate foreignbodies, to visualizecongenital deformities, andto examines specific diseases
affecting bone.These clinical indicationsstill remain valid in todaypractice.
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What is a Radiologist ?
Use of imaging techniques,such as X ray, US or CT Scan,in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease Role of Radiologist:
1. Identify abnormality (Nl orAbnl)
2. Characterize abnormality
3. Extent of disease (Staging)
4. Differential diagnosis
5. Suggest further work up
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Tabung Sinar-X
Tabung luar
Tabung (gelas) sinar-x berada didalamtabung luar(pembungkus)
Tabung (gelas) sinar-x
Dua diodaKatoda
Anoda
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Katoda
Elektoda bermuatan listrik
negatif
Filamen katoda sumber
elektron untuk produksisinar-x
Emisi termal (panas)
terjadi ketika filamen
dialiri listrik elektronlepas awan space
charge
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Anoda
Elektoda bermuatan
listrik positif
Tipe
Rotasi Radiologi
diagnostik
Permanen
Menerima elektron difokuskan (focal spot)
sinar-x terfokus
diproyeksi ke target
tubuh
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Sinar-X
Hasil benturan
elektron dengan
katoda Produksi radiograf
(gambar)
Kilovoltase
Miliamper
Waktu
Ukuran focal spot
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Miliampere
Mengontrol jumlah aliran
listrik ke filamen katoda
Miliampere second (mAs)
Jumlah total aliran listrik
yang melintas di dalamtabung sinar-x selama
pemaparan (exposure)
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Kilovoltase
Jumlah tegangan
listrik yang
melintas di dalamtabung sinar-x
selama pemaparan
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Faktor Exposure
Kilovoltase
Miliampere
Waktu exposure
Table top atauPotter-Bucky
Anatomi tubuh
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Film
Base/dasar Bahan tipis transparan
Mempertahankan bentuk
Mencegah terlipat
Alas/penahan emulsi
Emulsi
Melapisi base di kedua sisi
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Emulsi Film
Lapisan sensitif
terhadap cahaya dan
sinar-x
Kristal Silver
halide granular
halus sensitivity
specks
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Tipe Film
Blue sensitive
Sensitif terhadap cahaya
biru-violet
Panchromatic fotografi
Orthochromatic radiologi Green sensitive
Seluruh warna kecuali
merah
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Kaset
Tempat film
Pengaman film dari
cahaya Intensifying
screen
Screen baseLapisan reflektor
Lapisan fosfor
Lapisan proteksi
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Proses Radiograf
Gambar laten diproduksi
oleh perubahan yang tidak
terlihat ketika emulsi
terpapar oleh sinar-x ataucahaya
Jumlah deposit metalic
silver dalam emulsi
tergantung jumlah kristalhalida yang terpapar
Metalic silver menghasilkan
penghitaman film
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Proses Radiograf
K
amar gelap harus terisolir dari radiasi Proses terjadinya gambar
Development (pengembangan)
Fixing (pemampatan)
Washing (pembersihan) Drying (pengeringan)
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Proses Radiograf
Developer bekerja pada
emulsi sehingga imej
menjadi terlihat
Fixer
Menetralisir developer
Mengeraskan emulsi
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Exposure
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Developing penghitaman
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Developing akselerasi
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Developing restrainer
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Developing preservative
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Fixing
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Otomatis
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Densitas
Dikontrol mAs
mAs meningkat pemaparan meningkat
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200 400 mAs
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Kilovoltase
Kilovoltase
meningkat foton
sinar-x meningkat energi meningkat
Kilovotase meningkat penetrasi sinar-x
meningkat
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kV
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kV naik
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45 88 kV (ada densitas)
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Jarak
FFD (focus film distance)
Jarak dari fokus ke film
Dua kali FFD area
terpapar meningkat 4 kali intensitas berkurang kali dari
semula
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Kwalitas
Gambar tajam dengan
densitas dan kontras
yang adekuat
Densitas radiografik
penghitaman film
Densitas dikontrol oleh
mAs
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Kontras
Detail gambar terlihat
Variasi tingkat densitas
sehingga detail gambar terlihat
Dikontrol oleh kilovoltase
Hasil pelemahan dan perbedaanabsorbsi di jaringan
Pelemahan dan penetrasi pada
tubuh di kontrol oleh kilovoltase
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Kontras
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Densitas
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Definisi :
Kejelasan dan ketajaman
garis dari struktur anatomi
tubuh
Distorsi :
Misinterpretasi ukuran dan
bentuk anatomi yang dinilai
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Definisi
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Distorsi
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Radiographic Quality
Control Influence
DensityContrast
Definition
Distortion
mAskV
FFD
FFD
Kv & FFD
kV & mAs
T
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