kolkata settlement

KOLKATA..

SETT

LEM

ENT

STUD

Y

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji….. Sneha Lata…..

CALCUTTA, BENGALI, KALIKATA

• THE CAPITAL CITY OF WEST BENGAL, IN INDIA. • WAS THE FORMER CAPITAL (1772 -1912) OF BRITISH INDIA. THE CITY IS

THE NATION'S LARGEST METROPOLITAN IN AREA. • IT IS LOCATED ON THE EASTERN BANK OF THE HOOGHLY RIVER, AN ARM

OF THE GANGES, ABOUT 96 MILES (154 KM) UPSTREAM FROM ITS MOUTH AT THE HEAD OF THE BAY OF BENGAL.

• THIS RIVER PORT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT URBAN CENTER OF EASTERN INDIA

• ALTHOUGH CALCUTTA IS FAVOURABLY LOCATED FOR TRADE, ITS LOW, SWAMPY, HOT, AND HUMID RIVERBANK LOCATION IS NOT IDEAL FOR HUMAN HABITATION.

SIMILAR TOPOGRAPHY ON THE WESTERN BANK HAS CONFINED THE METROPOLITAN AREA TO A STRIP 3 TO 5 MILES (5-8 KM) WIDE ON EITHER BANK, ALTHOUGH RECLAMATION PROJECTS HAVE EXPANDED THE LIMITS OF USABLE LAND TO THE EAST, SOUTH, AND WEST OF THE CENTRAL CITY.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji….. Shivram Maurya…… Sneha Lata…..

KOLK

ATA

Eastward From The River, Land Slopes Away To Marshes And Swamplands

Introduction

It seems the pattern of Calcutta's development was chaotic from the inception of the city. Planned settlement was not a priority for either the foreign traders or their native associates and beneficiaries: they viewed the city solely as a place for commercial gain by the quickest means. In June 1766, Mrs. Kindersley wrote about the city she had come to live in :

“It does not appear much worthy describing, for although it is large, with a great many good houses in it, it is as awkward a place as can be conceived; and so irregular that it looks as if all the houses had been thrown up in the air, and fallen down again by an accident as they now stand. Besides, the appearance of the best houses is spoiled by the little straw huts, and such sort of in cumbrances, which are built up by the servants for themselves to sleep in; so that all the English part of the town, which is the largest, is a confusion of very superb and very shoddy houses, dead walls, straw huts, warehouses, and I know not what.”


KOLK

ATA

Town Planning

Calcutta possesses an abnormally low proportion of real roads and streets per square mile. Instead of being served by main roads, the city is served by streets, used as main roads; and instead of the property masses being each served by their own lot of streets, they are provided only with highly irregular lanes and passages that have to serve as streets. If Constantinople, also Cairo and some of the Chinese cities be excluded it would be found that Calcutta contains a greater mileage of lanes and passages per square mile, than any other city in the world.

Comparison Of The Street Mesh In London (Left) And Calcutta (Right)

Map Of Calcutta Showing The Development Projected


KOLK

ATA

Comparison of Calcutta with other major cities of the world


KOLK

ATA

Population Growth in Kolkata

Settlement Typology


KOLK

ATA

Evolution Stages of Kolkata

• 1690: Job Charnock, A Company Agent And Chief Of English Factory Established The Important Centre For Trade And Commerce In Sutanuti Village On The Eastern Banks Of The River Hooghly. •This Was The Origin 0f The City Of Calcutta.

• During This Time The Villages Were Connected By A Route From Chitpur In The North To The Kalighat Temple, That Was Built In The 15" Century, In The South. The English Bought Gobindapur, Kalikata And Sutanuti Villages To Establish Their Settlement.

• Major Step: To Shift The Bengalis From The Area Around The Present Dalhousie Square To Further North Because Of The Strategic Location To Build The Fort For Their Security. • The Battle Of Plassey In 1757 Was In A Way A Turning Point For The Growth Of Calcutta. The Supremacy Of English In Bengal Was Established. • It Was Transforming Itself From Purely Garrison Town To An Administrative Cum Culture Centre.


KOLK

ATA

Cont..

• THE BRITISH DECIDED TO SHIFT THE CAPITAL FROM CALCUTTA TO DELHI IN ORDER TO CONTROL THEIR TERRITORY MORE FROM A CENTRAL POSITION OF THE EMPIRE. • THE CAPITAL GOT SHIFTED IN 1912 AD, AND SOON THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT SET UP THE IMPROVEMENT TRUST FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF LIVING CONDITION IN THE CITY.

•THE GREAT TANK OF DALHOUSIE SQUARE WAS

DEVELOPED AS AN ADMINISTRAATIVE CENTRE.

•THE MARATHA DITCH GOT CONVERTED TO BE.

THE CIRCURLAR ROAD ALL ALONG THE CITY AS A CITY

BOUNDARY TILL THE MID 19" CENTURY.

•THE AREA, WHICH IS SOUTH 0F THE MARATHA

DITCH, WAS FULL OF PONDS AND DITCHES AND SPREADS OF JUNGLES OR ‘

HOGLA' TREES.

• THE ONLY DIRECTIONS FOR CALCUTTA'S GROWTH WERE EAST

AND SOUTH. NORTH WAS ALREADY ,

CONGESTED AND WEST WAS THE RIVER.

•IN THE SOUTHERN PART IT WAS MOSTLY THE ENGLISHMEN AND THE RICH BUSINESSMEN WHO STARTED BUILDING UP HOUSES.

• A Major change was marked by abandoning the old front on the river and taking up a new front facing the land: the south of the Esplanade. (The most important public buildings and private house were located on the northern side of the Esplanade facing the Maiden on the south "all looking remarkable Neo-classical.” The eastward thrusts along Dharamtala and Bou Bazaar streets were overshadowed by two parallel south ward axes - one along present day Chauranghi and Jawahar Lal Nehru road; the other across the Maiden and Alipur.

• The eastward spread was inevitable, as the need to drain, the swamps was solved by making east-bound canals and a road along the canal. Later, these canals:-covered up to make wide roads, as they became very unsanitary. Tanks were also made to solve the drainage problem. All squares in Calcutta had a tank, for example college square, wellington square etc. Some tanks were later filled up to create more usable space. The urban space was created by other elements also, namely, street type, the avenue type, the circus type, the esplanade type, the garden type and the square type. THE FORT WILLIAM


KOLK

ATA

Colonial Kolkata (Calcutta)


KOLK

ATA

URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA

THE URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA CAN BE DEFINED IN TO THREE DEFINITE REGIONS, DISTINGUISHED ACCORDING TO HISTORY, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CULTURE, AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER.

LOCATION • LIES TO THE NORTH OF ESPLANADE ON THE EASTERN BANKS THE RIVER. • BUILT IN THE AREA WHERE THERE EXISTED THE VILLAGE OF SUTANUTI.

URBAN STRUCTURE • LOW HEIGHT BUILDINGS WITH MAXIMUM OF GROUND COVERAGE. • THE BUILDINGS ARE ALL ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER AND HAVE PRACTICALLY NO SIDE SETBACKS. • TYPICAL ROADSIDE BUILDINGS HAVE CAR PORTICOS ('GARIBARANDA") HIGHLIGHTING THE BUILDING ENTRANCE. • OPEN SPACE IS LESS IN THIS PART.

LOCATION • IT IS ESTABLISHED ON THE SITE OF THE GOBINDAPUR VILLAGE. • MOSTLY COVERED BETWEEN ESPLANADE AND THE PARK STREET AND IS STRETCHED TILL THE LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD AS ITS LIMITS.

URBAN STRUCTURE •ADMINISTRATIVE AND THE COMMERCIAL DISTRICT OF THE CITY. • MONUMENTALS SCALE IN PROPORTION. • THE ADMINISTRATLVE DISTRICT ALONG THE FOUR IDES OF THE GREAT TANK, HAS A RESEMBLANCE OF LONDON. • THE BRITISH HAVE NOT DONE ANY COMPROMISE IN THEIR CITY ROAD LAYOUTS. • VISITING PLANNER. DREW ON WHAT THEY KNEW OF THE WEST AND THEIR WORK INEVITABLY REFLECTED THE PLANNING THEORIES AND DESIGN GUIDELINES THAT HAD ARISEN IN TNE WESTERN CONTEXT.

LOCATION •EXTENDS TO THE EASTERN WETLANDS AND TO THE RIVER IN THE WEST. •DEFINED BY THE REGION, WHICH LIES TO THE SOUTH OF THELOWER CIRCULARROAD.

URBAN STRUCTURE • PREPLANNED AND HAVE A DEFINITE CONTROL OVER THE URBAN FORM. • THE BUILDINGS HAVE PROPER SETBACKSON ALL THE FOUR SIDES. • MIX OF OLD KOLKATA AND SOME NEW TYPE OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE. • MOSLLY RESIDENTIAL EXCEPT SOME LARGE MARKETS,WHICH HAS BEEN PLANNED TO CATER THE NEEDS 0F THE PEOPLE LIVING HERE.

NORTH KOLKATA : NEIGHBOURHOODS OF ELITE

BENGALIS, CRAFTS MEN, ARTISIANS AND TRADERS.

CENTRAL KOLKATA : THE BUSINESS DISTRICT DEVELOPED BY THE BRITISH WITH PALATIAL STRUCTURES USED AS RESIDENCES FOR BRITISH OFFICERS..

SOUTH KOLKATA : NEIGHBOURHOODS OF UPPER

MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS


KOLK

ATA


THE URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA CAN BE DEFINED IN TO THREE DEFINITE REGIONS, DISTINGUISHED ACCORDING TO HISTORY, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CULTURE, AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER.

NORTH KOLKATA : NEIGHBOURHOODS OF ELITE

BENGALIS, CRAFTS MEN, ARTISIANS AND TRADERS.

CENTRAL KOLKATA : THE BUSINESS DISTRICT DEVELOPED BY THE BRITISH WITH PALATIAL STRUCTURES USED AS RESIDENCES FOR BRITISH OFFICERS..

SOUTH KOLKATA : NEIGHBOURHOODS OF UPPER

MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS


KOLK

ATA


NORTH KOLKATA

CENTRAL KOLKATA

SOUTH KOLKATA

STREET PATTERN •STREETS CAN BE CATEGORISED INTO THREE TYPES: ROADS, LANES AND BY-LANES. •DIVISION ON THE BASIS OF THE ROAD WIDTH AND ALSO ON THE KIND OF ACTIVITIES HAPPENING.

PUBLIC SPACE • LEAST NUMBER OF PUBLIC OPEN 'SPACES’. •PARKS ARE USED FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES BY THE LOCALS. • STREET CORNERS AND ROADSIDE TEA STALLS ARE MOSTLY USED AS PUBLIC SPACES.

STREET PATTERN •MAIN ROADS ARE WIDE CARRIAGE WAYS AND ARE LAID STRAIGHT, WHICH ACT AS VISTAS. •EVEN THA LANES IN THESE AREAS WHERE MOSTLY THE EUROPEANS HAVE SETTLED ARE WIDE ENOUGH FOR VEHICULAR MOVEMENTS.

PUBLIC SPACE • DESIGNED PUBLIC OPEN SPACES. • THE OPEN SPACE OF THE GREAT TANK CREATES AN AMBIENCS OF THE AREA. • BIGGEST OPEN SPACE OF THE CITY, THE MAIDAN.

STREET PATTERN • STREETS ARE PLANNED, ARE WIDE ENOUGH FOR VEHLCULR MOVEMENTS.

PUBLIC SPACE •FEW NUMBER OF OPEN SPACES. • A HUGE OPEN SPACE IN RABLNDRA SAROBAR . • ROADSIDE TEA STALLS AND STREET COMERS ARE ACTIVELY ORIENTED.


KOLK

ATA

Evolution of South Kolkata (1900-1920)

THE ONLY DIRECTIONS CALCUTTA COULD GROW WERE EAST AND SOUTH. NORTH WAS ALREADYC ONGESTED AND WEST WAS THE RIVER. AS FAR AS EAST IS CONCERNED THE SCOPE TO EXPAND WAS AGAIN LIMITED DUE TO THE WETLANDS. THE ONLY DIRECTION OPEN FOR GROWTH WAS SOUTH.

PEOPLE • MOSTLY COMPRISED OF EUROPEANS AND PARSIS NEAR THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF THE LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD. • THE BHOWANIPORE AREA HOUSED UPPER MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS, WHOSE LIFESTYLE WAS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEANS.

SPATLAL FORM •THE MAIN ROAD TO SOUTH IS LEADING TO TOLLYGUNJ PASSING THROUGH KALIGHAT AND MANOHARPUR THAT HAD VERY SPARSE SETTLEMENTS. •THE KALI TEMPLE AT KALIGHAT BUILT IN THE EARTY SIXTEEN HUNDREDS WAS THE PRIME FOCUS WITHIN THE AREA AND VISITED BY PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSE. • MILITARY CAMP IN BALLYGUNJ AND A WEEKLY MARKET IN GARIAHAT.

PLANNING PROPOSALS • SHIFT OF THE CAPITAL FROM CALCUTTA TO DELHI IN 1911. FORMATION OF CALCUTTA IMPROVEMENT TRUST TO PREPARE SCHEMES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING AREAS AND FOR PLANNED FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.

ARCHITECTURE • MOST OF THE BUILT STRUCTURES OF THE EUROPEANS AND THE PARSIS WERE THREE TO FOUR STORE HIGH PALATIAL MANSIONS NEAR THE LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD. • BENGALI RESIDENCES WERE SINGLE I DOUBLE STOREY STRUCTURES HAVING VERANDAHS FACING THE ROADS WITH LONG CORRIDOR. AND INNER COURTYARDS AT THE BACK. PHYSICAL FEATURE •THE SOULH SUBURB WAS A SWAMP FILLED WITH DITCHES AND JUNGLES • TOLLY'S NALA WAS CLEARED AND MADE NAVIGABLE BY THE EFFORTS OF A BRITISH OFFICER


KOLK

ATA


PHYSICAL FEATURE • THE RECEDING WETLANDS IN THE SOUTH AND IN THE EAST WERE RECLAIMED. • THE SWAMPS AND LAYOUTS OF AREAS AND ROADS EARMARKED FOR DEVELOPMENT. • CIT STARTED DIGGING UP OF THE LAKE RABINDRA SAROBAR. PEOPLE • UPPER MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS STARTED MOVING INTO THE NEW AREAS. • A MIXED LIFESTYIE THAT WAS INNUENCED BY BRITISH EDUCATION WAS REFLECTED IN THE COURTYARD HOUSES OF SOUTH CALCUTTA.

SPATIAL FORM • GARIAHAT, KALIGHAT AND “JADU BABU’S" BAZAAR LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FULL-FLEDGED MARKETS IN THESE AREAS. • DEVELOPMENT MAINLY OCCURRED IN THE AREAS OF BHOWANIPORE. MANOHARPUR. ON EITHER SIDE OF RASHBEHARI AVENUE AND BALLYGUNJ. • NEW ROAD LAYOUTS WERE ALSO LAID OUT DURING THIS PERIOD.

ARCHITECTURE • PLAN FORM OF THE BUILDINGS WERE MOSTLY SYMMETRICAL. • RESIDENCES IN SOUTH CALCUTTA HAD LARGE SETBACKS ON ALL SIDES. • BUILDING MATERIALS MAINLY USED WAS BRICK AND LIME-SURKL • WOODEN BEAMS WERE USED FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT. • DECORATED WROUGHT IRON RAILINGS WE'RE USED IN VERANDAHS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

PLANNING PROPOSALS • WIDER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIT SOHEMES PREPARED IN 1913. • NORTH EDGE OF RABINDRA SAROBAR WAS THE LAST CITY MUNICIPALITY PROPOSED.


KOLK

ATA


PHYSLCAL FEATURE • RABINDRA SAROBAR AND OTHER TANKS WERE DEVELOPED. • MORE OF LAND RECLAIMATION LAID TO FURTHER RECEDING OF THE WET LANDS TOWARDS THE SOUTH. PEOPLE • EVOLUTION OF NEIGHBOURHOODS THROUGH ACTIVITIES LIKE 'BAROAN' DURGA PUJA, INVOLVED GREATER COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION. • THE CALCUTTA ROWING CLUB, FOOTBALL STADIUM AND PARKS FOR RECREATION THAT CAME UP DURING THIS PERIOD SHOWED AN INCREASING INFTUENCE OF EUROPAAN LIFESTYFE.

PLANNING PROPOSALS NO NEW PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES WERE FORMULATED FOR SOUTH CALCUTTA. GREATER PART OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES WAS CONFINED TO THE CENTRAL CALCUTTA.

ARCHITECTURE THERE WAS LESSER ELABORATION AND ORNAMENTATION OF BUILDINGS. DECREASING PLOT SIZES DUE TO FALL IN ECONOMIC CONDITION OF PEOPLE LED TO VERY LESS SETBACKS •COURTYARD HOUSES WITH LONG CORRIDORS GAVE WAY TO SMALLER HOUSES WITH LESSER SETBACKS

SPATIAL FORM • DENSIFICATION ALONG THE MAJOR ROADS LIKE, RASHBEHARL AVENUE. LANSDOWNE ROAD, HAZRA ROAD, GARIAHAT ROAD AND ASUTOSH MUKHERJEE ROAD.


KOLK

ATA

Evolution of South Kolkata (1960 onwards)

PHYSICAL FEATURES • PREVIOUSLY LAID MAJOR ROAD LAYOUTS WERE PLANTED WITH TREES ALONG THE EDGES. • DEVELOPMENT OF PARKS & PLAYGROUNDS TOOK PLACE FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES SOCIAL • POST PARTITION INFLUX OF REFUGIES LAID TO MUSHROOMING UP OF SLUMS. • THESE LABOUR CLASS PEOPLE IN THE SLUMS EARNED DAILY WAGES THROUGH GRUELING HARDWORK. • MULTI-STORIED APARTMENTS CAUSE LESSER INTERACTION AMONG THE PEOPLE. • NEIGHBOURHOODS GOT LIMITED TO ONE MULTI-STORIED BUILDING ONLY.

PLANNING PROPOSALS • CALCUTTA WAS AISO AFFECTED BY THE COUNTRYWIDE INTERVENTIONS IN PLANNING. • IN 1961, THE CALCUTTA METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANISATION (CMPO) WAS FORMED.

ARCHITECTURE • THE CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP CHANGED TO FLAT OWNERSHIP KIND. • COMMENCEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION IN THE TECHNICAL INSTITUTES LIKE THE BENGAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY STRENGTHENED PROPAGATION OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS OF THE WEST. • CEMENT REPLACED EARLIER USED LIME SURKI AS BUILDING MATERIALS . • THUS LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURES ARE REPLACED BY FRAME STRUCTURES.

SPATIAL FORM •CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE APARTMENTS ALONG SOUTHEN AVENUE AND OTHER MAJOR ROADS LED TO DENSIFICATION .


KOLK

ATA

KOLKATA GROWTH

• THE TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ILLS OF CALCUTTA THE LARGE GROWTH THAT HAS OCCURRED IN CALCUTTA HAS MADE IT INCREASINGLY MORE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN ACCEPTABLE LEVELS IN URBAN SERVICES, AND IN RECENT YEARS MOST URBAN SERVICES HAVE ACTUALLY DETERIORATED. TRANSPORTATION SERVICES ARE AMONG THE MOST SEVERELY AFFECTED. THE IMPACT DUE TO POPULATION GROWTH ALONE HAS BEEN COMPOUNDED BY INCREASED RATES OF USAGE FOR BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE EFFECT OF IMPROVED PERSONAL INCOME LEVELS IN INCREASING DESIRES FOR PERSONAL MOBILITY

• FOR THE PURPOSE OF SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION,THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF ROADWAYS WERE ESTABLISHED,BASED UPON TRAFFIC FUNCTION.

• THE FIRST GROUP,REFERRED TO AS LOCAL STREETS,SERVES THE MOST BASIC FUNCTION-PROPERTY ACCESS-AND AS SUCH IS EXPECTED TO SERVE ONLY TRAFFIC DESTNED TO LOCATIONS ALONG THE ALLIGNMENT OF SUCH ROADS.

• AT THE OPPOSITE EXTREME IN TERMS OF FUNCTION ARE FACILITIES DESIGNED TO SERVE ONLY TRAFFIC MOVEMENT. IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT THIS FUNCTION IS PROPERLY SERVED,THESE FACILITIES,KNOWN AS EXPRESSWAYS,HAVE NO PROVISION FOR DIRECT ACCESS TO ABUTTING PROPERTY AND ARE DEVELOPED TO VERY HIGH STANDARDS OF DESIGN.

• STREETS MAKING UP THE THIRD AND FINAL CATEGORY ARE KNOWN AS ARTERIALS.THESE HAVE DUAL FUNCTION : THEY SERVE THROUGH-TRAFFIC MOVEMENT AS WELL AS PROVIDE ACCESS TO ABUTTING LAND.

• IN CENTRAL CALCUTTA A GRID PATTERN OF ARTERIAL STREETS IS RECOGNISABLE BUT IN OTHER PARTS OF THE AREA, ROADWAY DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN HAPHAZARD.

WHEN FOOTPATHS BECOME FOOD AND CLOTHING MARKETS AND CUSTOMERS

OCCUPY A SECOND LINE OF SPACE- THEN PEDESTRIANS ARE FORCED TO

TAKE TO THE STREETS. PERIODICALLY THE FOOTPATHS MAY BE CLEARED OF

HAWKERS- BUT THEY RETURN BECAUSE THERE IS NO ORGANISED EFFORT TO PROVIDE THEM WITH OTHER LOW –

COST SPACE. MANY OF THE HAWKERS ARE MIGRANTS WHO WOULD


KOLK

ATA

• SLOW MOVING TRAFFIC THAT CONTRIBUTES TO STREETS CONGESTION: HANDCARTS WITH HEAVY LOADS PUSHED AND PULLED;HORSE –DRAWN GHARRIES-POOR MAN’S TAXI; THE HEAD- LOAD CARRIERS BEARING VEGETABLES FROM THE RAILWAY STATIONS ; ANIMAL TRAFFIC LIKE BULLOCK- CARTS AND A TROOP OF GOATS ON THE WAY TO GRAZING ON THE MAIDAN. BESIDES THESE, MAN-PULLED RICKSAW, OF WHICH THERE ARE THOUSANDS IN THE CITY AND WHICH PERFORM THEIR GREATEST SERVICE DURING THE RAINS, WHEN STREETS ARE FLOODED BECAUSE OF POOR DRAINAGE.

• SURFACE TRANSPORT IS THE ONLY PUBLIC TRANSIT IN CALCUTTA. THE 400-ODD TRAMS THAT DALY PLY ON 42 MILES OF TRACK IN THE CITY ARE GREATLY OVERLOADED IN RUSH HOURS.THEY OFTEN CARRY AS MANY AS 200 PASSENGERS, WHEN THEIR SEATING CAPACITY DOES NOT EXCEED 80.

KOLKATA GROWTH


KOLK

ATA

Informal Settlements (Kolkata)


KOLK

ATA

Thank you for listening…


KOLK

ATA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata • www.studio-basel.com/assets/files/files/16_atlas_web.pdf • http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/2079/settlement-and-transportation-of-calcutta • http://www.bangalinet.com/calcutta1.htm

kolkata settlement

Education