knowledge preservation plm: a cultural perspective · prologue • plm deals with information...
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Knowledge preservation and PLM: a cultural perspective
Bruno BachimontUniversité de Technologie deUniversité de Technologie de
Compiègne
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ProloguePrologue• PLM deals with information related to product life :
– The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal process.– The product is in time. Information helps managing this property.
• Bad news :Bad news :– Information is also in time and has a lifecycle.
1. A piece of knowledge elaborated and mastered by some specialists.2 A piece of knowledge shared by society or designated communities2. A piece of knowledge shared by society or designated communities3. A forgotten piece of knowledge, whose medium is corrupted and content
unintelligible. The issue is knowledge preservation
– Digital information is much more fragile than ordinary one. Digital information requires new approaches
PLM should deal with the digital nightmare of knowledge preservation : welcome in hell !
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ContentsContents
• Memory gaps y g p– From knowledge management to memory management
• Memory Conflicts• Memory Conflicts– Two models : the static model, the dynamic model.
• Digital memoryDigital memory – Currently a deadlock, the dynamic model helps dealing with it.
M t• Memory management– Need for new tools and approaches :
• Criticizing contents, maintaining interpretation.g , g p
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MEMORY GAPSMEMORY GAPSTHE WILD LIFE OF KNOWLEDGE
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An usual perspective on KMAn usual perspective on KM
• KM deals with knowledge formats : from tacit to li it d lexplicit, and conversely.
• No attention paid to time, memory and intelligibility.intelligibility.
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Three challengesThree challengescontent
Perceptible medium
Trace Interpretation
Technological
Physical corruption
Coded resource
Published view
Technological Medium
Physical corruption
Obsolescence gapTechnical readability
p
Intelligibility gapCultural readabilityIntelligibility gapCultural readability
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Two complementary problematicsTwo complementary problematics
Knowledge and hypomnemata Knowledge and memoryKnowledge and hypomnemata• Knowledge is not (only) cognition.• Knowledge as such should be
materialized in people mind, social
Knowledge and memory• Knowledge management is
a problem of :p p ,codes and correlated with material artefacts (documents, books, tools, etc.) : the hypomnemata
• Knowledge is not a material object but
– Memory management– Knowledge preservation
• Knowing is something like g jthe interpretative process enabled by the hypomnemata.
• Knowledge relies on :– the preservation of the material
g gremembering (Plato).
What does that mean to bethe preservation of the material counterpart of the hypomnemata
– the interpretative capacity of understanding them.
What are the relevant artefacts for knowing
What does that mean to be able to remember/know
something ?something ?
How to preserve the interpretative capacity ?
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ADOPTING A KNOWLEDGE /ADOPTING A KNOWLEDGE / MEMORY UNDERSTANDING
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Two approachesTwo approaches• “classical” approach
– One has memories: • Objective traces (documents, vestiges, indices): enables History;• Subjective traces (memories) : enables remembrance.
– If one keeps memories intact, one gets a trusted memory.• The issue is the preservation of intact items.
– Remembrance relies on intact memoriesh h• An other approach
– Memories cannot remain intact:• Physical Corruption of medium• Unintelligibility and unreadability if contents remain unaccessed
– Through remembering as a process memories are reactivated and technically and intellectually actualized. Memories rely on remembrance– Memories rely on remembrance.
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Etruscans: intact memories, no bremembrance
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Aristotle: no memories, full bremembrance
• Why is it still possible to read Aristotle t d ?today?
• No original traces: the oldest come from the IXthcentury AD (Aristotle died in 322 BC).
• Many copies done because Aristotle has always been read and commentedbeen read and commented.
• Each succeeding generation has made his works intelligible for its time, according to its own interests.
• The preservation of the works of Aristotle pis the process of explaining what these works mean using language and concepts intelligible by today’s public.
• Preservation thus results from the• Preservation thus results from the attempts of scholars to understand and interpret Aristotle
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Re‐inventing the pastRe inventing the past
U d t diUnderstanding
ReadingReadings reduce the
Intelligibility gap
Readings reduce the cultural distance between an archived object and its interpretation
Reading
Archive item
interpretationReading
Archive item
Preserving integrity Preserving readabilityg g y g y
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A success story : musicA success story : music• Scores
– Keeping a user manual telling how to reproduce a given piece of music;
• Organology:– Coupled with scores, organology is an artisanal tradition preservingan artisanal tradition preserving and transmitting instrument elaboration ;
• Music School / ConservatoryMusic School / Conservatory– Preserving know‐how by a perpetual practice merging generations.g
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First conclusionsFirst conclusions
• Our experience from the long term history• Our experience from the long term history learns us that:
Contents are never completely preserved– Contents are never completely preserved• Libraries always burn one day…
We are nevertheless able to remember because– We are nevertheless able to remember, because remembrance is an invention and interpretation process based on critical tools and methods.p
• Memory is a dynamic process inventing its objects and faithfully using themobjects and faithfully using them.
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ESCAPING FROM THE DIGITALESCAPING FROM THE DIGITAL NIGHTMARE
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The original paradise before the FallThe original paradise before the Fall
Universal: every content may bedigitized
H thi b
Copy : bitwise copy: perfect andand eternal
Ubiquity: multiple access to the
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Homogneous: everything may be digitally
processed
same resource
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But…But…
In fact….
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The digital damnation: the four horsemen of the digital Apocalypsehorsemen of the digital Apocalypse
Platforms: Windows, Linux, MacOS, etc.
Formats (metadata) : XML, LaTeX, mpeg‐7, mxf, rdf, TEI,…
Environments : Word, WMP, Realplayer, VLC, EMACS, VI….
0010111001110110001100100010010001111101000101
Formats (codes) : unicode, ascii, iso‐latin1, mpeg, jpeg,tiff,aiff, pdf…
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The digital schizophreniaThe digital schizophrenia
• From the theoretical stance:– Everything should be digitized to be preserved– Digital memories are preserved intactTh i i t i thi i di it l– The main issue : turning everything in an digital counterpart and keep it intact.
• From the practical stance:p– Digital contents should evolved to remain accessible:
• Format obsolescence• Medium decay• Medium decay.
– The main issue : transforming contents to keep them alive without loosing their authenticity / fidelity and identityidentity.
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Why such a schizophrenia?Why such a schizophrenia?• We do not want to abandon the theoretical
t b it t it i th lstance because it seems to us it is the only way to preserve knowledge :
we fear to loose our memories and hence our– we fear to loose our memories, and hence our capacity of remembrance.
• But:But:– According to the dynamic model of memory, digital contents are nothing particular;g g p ;
– One should remember (!) how to do from our past experience of knowledge preservation.
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TURNING THE “OTHER” MEMORY MODEL INTO METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
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Two problemsTwo problems
Dealing with contents Dealing with interpretationsDealing with contents• Contents should evolve and
cannot remain identical– Physical and technical
Dealing with interpretations• Interpretation is a cognitive
and social process;• Interpretation should bey
transformations• Contents should be preserved
through their use– Interpretations to keep them alive
• Interpretation should be preserved according to a social need and a given community
• Question:Interpretations to keep them alive and intelligible
• Question:– How to transform content and
exploit it on a respectful and
Q– How to ensure the possibility of
interpretation ?• Answer :
i i l dexploit it on a respectful and authentic manner?
• Answer:– Some old disciplines to consider
with a closer look.
– Principles to manage and organize the memory process: OAIS and its designated community.
with a closer look.
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ContentsResources are unaccessiblein themselves: a mediation
<course title="…"><definition>
…</definition>
is necessary
How to assess that the published view is fair and i h ? </definition>
</course>right ?
How to compare and sort the different
t ti ? ?reconstructions? ??
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The problem of a reference bl h destablishing content identity
A R
?Anonymous Resources
M ViMany Views
Putative CanonicalCanonical reference document
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An old problem!An old problem!
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Manuscripts studiesManuscripts studies?
(original)
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Token Identity A unique material object
Digital Codicology
… …Formal Identity …A given formal presentationDigital Diplomatics
Content Identity
Content that should be invariant
Digital philology
Semantic Commentaries Digital HermeneuticsSemantic Identity and content
explications27
Digital Hermeneutics
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StrategiesStrategies
Focused on materials Focused on meaningFocused on materials• Museal approach
– Keeping operational the whole set‐up: contents, devices ;
Focused on meaning• Descriptive approach
– Scoring : Contents are too complex to be preserved,up: contents, devices ;
• Emulation approach– Keeping contents intact ; emulating
obsolete rendering devices on t t
complex to be preserved, emulated or migrated. A description is made and kept in order to re‐invent content with the future current technologies
contemporary systems• Migration approach
– Migrating contents from obsolete formats to contemporary ones in
g– Modeling : contents or objects
are modeled to extract the very objects meaning and express it in a consistent and faithful way.formats to contemporary ones in
order to use the current rendering devices (proposed by the market)
y But :
producing new descriptions / models that are documents
N d f th i ti Needs for their preservation.
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InterpretationsInterpretations
concept
This is not a conceptThis is not a concept (piece of knowledge)
This is not a pipep p
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An essential tensionAn essential tension
Formalised language “natural” languageFormalised language• Syntax is set up to control
semantic interpretation:
natural language• Semantics depends on
context– No ambiguity– Formal calculus– Formal reasoning
• Context cannot be fully explicit
bl• Expressions are not contextual• Problems :
R d d i it
• Problems :– Rich expressivity– Semantics should be
– Reduced expressivity– Need for a convention to
interpret syntactical expressions
negotiated according to context, actors, situations.
expressions.
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A necessary tradeoffA necessary tradeoffFreezing the context: from context to formalization
Making sense of the formal: from formalization to contextcontext to formalization
• Formalization as a means for reducing ambiguity, variability d h i i t bilit
from formalization to context• Putting the formalization in
context to apply formal t t l itand enhancing interoperability. constructs on real items.
forall x, H(x) ‐> A(x) forall x, H(x) ‐> A(x)
H, A: predicates, whose reference are defined through sets in a H A : interpret them in the effectivegreference model, based on set theory: how to relate these sets to effective reality?
H, A : interpret them in the effective contexts, according to actors’ knowledge.
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Context cannot be eliminatedContext cannot be eliminated
Formalizing knowledge and context
Tacit knowledge inherent to context and situationsand context to context and situations
The borderline can be deplacedThe borderline can be deplaced, never suppressed.
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A traditional approachA traditional approach• Historical examples :
– 1537 : royal library of France (édit de Montpellier)1530 llè d l– 1530 : collège des lecteurs royaux (former « Collège de France »)
• Lesson :• Lesson :– On one side, you keep
materials– On an other side you
Guillaume Budé1467 ‐ 1540
– On an other side, you preserve the reader, and maintain a continuous tradition of reading
François 1er1494 ‐ 1547
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Relying on context and current state of k l d l ftacit knowledge : example of OAIS
• Designated Community: g y– An identified group of potential Consumers who should beable to understand a particular set of information.
P
Preservation Planning
DescriptiveInfo.
RODU
Designated Community
queriesresult sets
Ingest Access
DataManagement
DescriptiveInfo.
orders
SIP
AIP AIP DIP
UCER
Community
ArchivalStorage
Administration
MANAGEMENT
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ConclusionsConclusions
• PLM needs KLM• KLM relies on contents and interpretations:
– Preserving contents and their authenticity/identity• Conceptual and critical organization of knowledge
– Preserving interpretation by managing / monitoring designated communities
• Social organization of knowledge• KLM needs tools to manage hypomnemata(ontologies document engineering metadata(ontologies, document engineering, metadata, etc.), and methods to manage communities (OAIS, CSCW, etc.).
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Thanking audience for being here and quietThanking audience for being here and quiet
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
Time flies….
Thank you for your attention!This was the excipit
Usual formula in XXIst century in colloquium