AP BiologyAP Biology2007-2008

Domain

Eubacteria

Domain

Archaea

Domain

Eukarya

Common ancestor

Kingdom: Animals

General Characteristics

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Animal Characteristics

Heterotrophs

must ingest others for nutrients

Multicellular

complex bodies

No cell walls

allows active movement

Sexual reproduction

Sperm + egg

Some also asexual

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Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms

Nematoda

Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

Annelida Echinodermata

mollusks

multicellularity

Ancestral Protist

tissues

bilateral symmetry

body cavity

segmentation

Animal Evolution

coelom

starfish vertebrates

endoskeleton

segmentedworms

insectsspiders

backbone

digestive sys

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Comparative Anatomy

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Body Symmetry

Arrangement of structures

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Asymmetry Irregularly shaped body

Often sessile

Sponges

No way to bisect and

have mirror images

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Radial symmetry

Can be divided along any plane

through a central axis into roughly

equal halves

Like a “radial” tire

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Bilateral symmetry

Can be divided down its length (only

along one plane) into similar right and

left halves (almost mirror image)

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Open circulatory systems Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities.

blood comes into direct contact organs and tissues.

forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body of the

organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the

vessels.

the blood is kept at a higher pressure which allows for more efficient

circulation within the organism, beneficial to large organisms

Closed circulatory systems

Circulatory systems

AP BiologyAP Biology2007-2008

Domain

Eubacteria

Domain

Archaea

Domain

Eukarya

Common ancestor

Kingdom: Animalia

Phyla Overview

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Invertebrate: Porifera

Sponges

no distinct tissues or organs

do have specialized cells

asymmetry

sessile – attached (as adults)

food taken into each

cell by endocytosis

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Invertebrate: Cnidaria

Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral

tissues, but no organs

two cell layers

radial symmetry

predators

tentacles surround

gut opening

extracellular

digestion

release enzymes

into gut cavity

absorption by cells

lining gut

medusapolyp

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Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Flatworms

tapeworm, planaria

mostly parasitic

bilaterally symmetrical

have right & left & then have

head (anterior) end & posterior end

cephalization = development of brain

concentration of sense organs in head

increase specialization in body plan

Animals nowface the world

head on!

acoelomate

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Invertebrate: Nematoda Roundworms

Bilateral symmetry

body cavity digestive system

tube running through length of body (mouth to anus)

many are parasitic hookworm

C. elegans

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Invertebrate: Mollusca slugs, snails, clams, squid

bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)

soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells

true coelem (body cavity) increases complexity & specialization of internal organs

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Invertebrate: Annelida Segmented worms

earthworms, leeches

segments increase mobility

redundancy in body sections

bilaterally symmetrical

true coelemfan worm leech

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Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber

Radial symmetry as adults

spiny endoskeleton

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Invertebrate: Arthropoda

Spiders, insects, crustaceans

most successful animal phylum

bilaterally symmetrical

segmented

specialized segments

allows jointed appendages

Exoskeleton

molt to grow

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Arthropod groups

insects6 legs, 3 body parts

crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennae

crab, lobster, barnacles,

shrimp

arachnids8 legs, 2 body parts

spiders, ticks, scorpions

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fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

internal bony skeleton

backbone encasing

spinal column

skull-encased brain

postanaltail notochord

hollow dorsalnerve cord

pharyngealpouches

Chordata aka Vertebrates

becomes brain & spinal cord

becomes vertebrae

becomes gills or Eustachian tube

becomes tail or tailbone

Oh, look…your first

baby picture!

vertebrate embryo

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Vertebrates: Fishsalmon, trout, sharks

450 mya

Characteristics

body structure

bony & cartilaginous skeleton

jaws & paired appendages (fins)

scales

body function

gills for gas exchange

two-chambered heart;

single loop blood circulation

ectotherms

reproduction

external fertilization

external development in

aquatic egg

gills

body

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lung

buccalcavity

glottisclosed

Vertebrates: Amphibian

Characteristics

body structure legs (tetrapods)

moist skin gas exchange

body function lungs (positive pressure) &

diffusion through skin for gas exchange

three-chambered heart;veins from lungs back to heart

ectotherms

reproduction external fertilization

external development in aquatic egg

metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

frogs

salamanders

toads

350 mya

lungs

body

heart

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Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics

body structure dry skin, scales, armor

body function lungs for gas exchange

thoracic breathing; negative pressure

three-chambered heart

ectotherms

reproduction internal fertilization

external development in amniotic egg

250 myadinosaurs, turtles

lizards, snakes

alligators, crocodile

embryoleatheryshell

chorion

allantoisyolk sac

amnion

lungs

body

heart

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Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics

body structure feathers & wings

thin, hollow bone;flight skeleton

body function very efficient lungs & air sacs

four-chambered heart

endotherms

reproduction internal fertilization

external development in amniotic egg

150 mya

trachea

anteriorair sacs

lung

posteriorair sacs

lungs

body

heart heart

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musclescontract

diaphragmcontracts

Vertebrates: Mammals

220 mya / 65 mya

Characteristics

body structure hair

specialized teeth

body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure

four-chambered heart

endotherms

reproduction internal fertilization

internal development in uterus

nourishment through placenta

birth live young

mammary glands make milk

mice, ferret

elephants, bats

whales, humans

lungs

body

heart heart

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Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups

monotremes egg-laying mammals

lack placenta & true nipples

duckbilled platypus, echidna

marsupials pouched mammals

offspring feed from nipples in pouch

short-lived placenta

koala, kangaroo, opossum

placental true placenta

nutrient & waste filter

shrews, bats, whales, humans

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That’s

the buzz!

Any

Questions?